Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is science?

A

the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment

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2
Q

what is the heartbeat of science?

A

questioning, the most important question is why

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3
Q

when science gives us problems?

A

technology will seek to fix them

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4
Q

define hypothesis

A

tentative statement about the natural world leading to deductions that can be tested

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5
Q

define law

A

descriptive generalization about how some aspect of the natural world behaves under stated circumstance

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6
Q

define theory

A

well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural word that can incorporate facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypotheses

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7
Q

define fact

A

observation that has been repeatedly confirmed and accepted as “true”

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8
Q

what is technology?

A

application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry

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9
Q

how did the human species use of technology begin?

A

conversion of natural resources into simple tools

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10
Q

what innovations do you invest in?

A

trust and appearance

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11
Q

7 mechanisms that affect invention and innovation

A

deliberate search for invention or innovation, deliberate search for one think that could possibly lead to something greater, totally unrelated developments have an effect on the main event, military needs, result of religion, weather and other natural forces, pure accident

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12
Q

In the past, ___

A

technology preceded science

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13
Q

today, ___

A

technology rarely precedes science

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14
Q

good science

A

replication is most important, adequate sample size, animal studies have limitations

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15
Q

bad science

A

dishonesty (p-hacking), watch out for exploratory studies, funding by for-profit organization

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16
Q

P-Hacking

A

manipulating variables to find statistical significance

17
Q

the straw man fallacy

A

occurs in the context of a debate. it doesn’t address the actual argument. it misrepresents and distorts the real argument and while it may contain a grain of truth it is blown so out of proportion it is hardly recognizable

18
Q

the red herring fallacy

A

an attempt to shift debate away from the issue that is the topic of an argument. it doesn’t distort it like a straw man. it just completely shifts the focus

19
Q

critical thinking

A

self-directed, self-disciplined, self-monitored, and self-corrective thinking

20
Q

implicit bias

A

unconscious understanding, actions, and decisions

21
Q

seven cognitive (learned) biases

A

confirmation bias, ingroup bias, gambler’s fallacy, neglecting probability, status-quo bias, negativity bias, projection bias

22
Q

confirmation bias

A

we love to agree with people who agree with us

23
Q

ingroup bias

A

overestimate the abilities and values of our immediate group

24
Q

gambler’s fallacy

A

put a tremendous amount of wight on previous events, believing it will influence future outcomes

25
neglecting probability
real vs. perceived statistical risk
26
status quo bias
fear of change, fuels conservative tendencies and routines
27
negativity bias
negative information is more important
28
projection bias
overestimate how typical and normal we are, we assume that consensus exists when there may be none
29
egocentric bias expression
humans do not naturally consider the rights and needs of others. we do not naturally recognize our self-serving perspective
30
sociocentric bias expression
we do not understand the degree to which we have uncritically internalized the dominant prejudices of our society or culture "culture bound"
31
three levels of thought
highest order, higher order, lower order
32
highest order thinking
explicitly reflective, routinely use our critical thinking tools, consistently fair
33
higher order thinking
selectively reflective (pick and choose), high skill level, lacks critical thinking vocab
34
lower order thinking
always gut intuition, largely self-serving and self-deceived
35
three kinds of questions
one system (type 1), no system (type 2), multi-system (type 3)
36
one system question
requires evidence and reasoning within a system, has a correct answer, results in knowledge
37
no system
calls for stating a subjective preference, a subjective opinion, cannot be assessed
38
multi-system
requires evidence and reasoning within multiple systems, better and worse answers, judgement call