Quiz 1

Question 1

what is science?

Answer 1

the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment

Question 2

what is the heartbeat of science?

Answer 2

questioning, the most important question is why

Question 3

when science gives us problems?

Answer 3

technology will seek to fix them

Question 4

define hypothesis

Answer 4

tentative statement about the natural world leading to deductions that can be tested

Question 5

define law

Answer 5

descriptive generalization about how some aspect of the natural world behaves under stated circumstance

Question 6

define theory

Answer 6

well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural word that can incorporate facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypotheses

Question 7

define fact

Answer 7

observation that has been repeatedly confirmed and accepted as “true”

Question 8

what is technology?

Answer 8

application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry

Question 9

how did the human species use of technology begin?

Answer 9

conversion of natural resources into simple tools

Question 10

what innovations do you invest in?

Answer 10

trust and appearance

Question 11

7 mechanisms that affect invention and innovation

Answer 11

deliberate search for invention or innovation, deliberate search for one think that could possibly lead to something greater, totally unrelated developments have an effect on the main event, military needs, result of religion, weather and other natural forces, pure accident

Question 12

In the past, ___

Answer 12

technology preceded science

Question 13

today, ___

Answer 13

technology rarely precedes science

Question 14

good science

Answer 14

replication is most important, adequate sample size, animal studies have limitations

Question 15

bad science

Answer 15

dishonesty (p-hacking), watch out for exploratory studies, funding by for-profit organization

Question 16

P-Hacking

Answer 16

manipulating variables to find statistical significance

Question 17

the straw man fallacy

Answer 17

occurs in the context of a debate. it doesn’t address the actual argument. it misrepresents and distorts the real argument and while it may contain a grain of truth it is blown so out of proportion it is hardly recognizable

Question 18

the red herring fallacy

Answer 18

an attempt to shift debate away from the issue that is the topic of an argument. it doesn’t distort it like a straw man. it just completely shifts the focus

Question 19

critical thinking

Answer 19

self-directed, self-disciplined, self-monitored, and self-corrective thinking

Question 20

implicit bias

Answer 20

unconscious understanding, actions, and decisions

Question 21

seven cognitive (learned) biases

Answer 21

confirmation bias, ingroup bias, gambler’s fallacy, neglecting probability, status-quo bias, negativity bias, projection bias

Question 22

confirmation bias

Answer 22

we love to agree with people who agree with us

Question 23

ingroup bias

Answer 23

overestimate the abilities and values of our immediate group

Question 24

gambler’s fallacy

Answer 24

put a tremendous amount of wight on previous events, believing it will influence future outcomes

Question 25

neglecting probability

Answer 25

real vs. perceived statistical risk

Question 26

status quo bias

Answer 26

fear of change, fuels conservative tendencies and routines

Question 27

negativity bias

Answer 27

negative information is more important

Question 28

projection bias

Answer 28

overestimate how typical and normal we are, we assume that consensus exists when there may be none

Question 29

egocentric bias expression

Answer 29

humans do not naturally consider the rights and needs of others. we do not naturally recognize our self-serving perspective

Question 30

sociocentric bias expression

Answer 30

we do not understand the degree to which we have uncritically internalized the dominant prejudices of our society or culture “culture bound”

Question 31

three levels of thought

Answer 31

highest order, higher order, lower order

Question 32

highest order thinking

Answer 32

explicitly reflective, routinely use our critical thinking tools, consistently fair

Question 33

higher order thinking

Answer 33

selectively reflective (pick and choose), high skill level, lacks critical thinking vocab

Question 34

lower order thinking

Answer 34

always gut intuition, largely self-serving and self-deceived

Question 35

three kinds of questions

Answer 35

one system (type 1), no system (type 2), multi-system (type 3)

Question 36

one system question

Answer 36

requires evidence and reasoning within a system, has a correct answer, results in knowledge

Question 37

no system

Answer 37

calls for stating a subjective preference, a subjective opinion, cannot be assessed

Question 38

multi-system

Answer 38

requires evidence and reasoning within multiple systems, better and worse answers, judgement call