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Parasitology > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

You have a dog with microvilli and gastric gland destruction due to parasitic infestation. Which parasite is the likely causative agent?

A

Cryptosporidium

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2
Q

Which parasite has an acid fast oocyst

A

Cryptosporidium

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3
Q

Cryptosporidium can have extracellular stages in what kind of host

A

In hosts that are immuno-compromised (parvo pups, kittens with feLeuk)

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4
Q

Your client’s 8 year old son has a pet snake suspected of having Cryptosporidium. Your client read that crypto is very zoonotic - should she be worried

A

No, not zoonotic in snakes or lizards

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5
Q

What does cryptosporidium cause in snakes

A

Gastric hypertrophy

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6
Q

Identify

A

Cryptosporidium oocyst

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7
Q

How many sporocysts/sporozoites in a Cryptosporidium oocyst?

A

1 sporocyst/ 4 sporozoites

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8
Q

Where does Cryptosporidium inhabit? Is it different for immunocompromised patients?

A

In the microvillus border

Immuno-compromised: gallbladder, respiratory system, kidneys

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9
Q

Transmission of Cryptosporidium

A

Fecal-oral

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10
Q

Which food does Dr P say will give your Cypto

A

Oysters!

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11
Q

Why is cypto spread through swimming pools?

A

Kids go swimming with the runs (fecal-oral) and Crypto is RESISTANT TO CHLORINE

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12
Q

Name 4 unique ways you can get Crypto

A
  1. Oysters
  2. Swimming in a pool with someone who has/had Crypto
  3. From your boots at a dairy farm
  4. Mucosal scrapings (?)
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13
Q

T/F - Cryptosporidium can cause life threatening illness in humans

A

True - immuno-comprosided can have life-threatening infection (AIDS patients)

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14
Q

Can Crypto be passed in bird feces?

A

Yes! Which is how molluscs get it. We eat them raw, and then we get it

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15
Q

A dairy farmer calls you to look at some week old calves with projectile yellow, watery diarrhea. What do you immediately suspect>

A

Cryptosporidium

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16
Q

Can adult cows be infected with Crypto

A

Yes, they can act as reservoir hosts

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17
Q

Which type of horse is especially suceptible to Cryptosporidium

A

Arabian foals with SCID

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18
Q

A 4 year old lab comes in. He has had watery diarrhea but is otherwise healthy. Would you suspect Crypto

A

No - dogs are resistant unless immunocompromised

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19
Q

A kitten with feline leukemia is suspected of having Crypto. Paromomycin is the drug of choice for cyrptosporidum. Would you use it with this kitten?

A

NO! Causes acute renal failure in cats

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20
Q

Are pigs susceptible to Crypto?

A

Yes but they seldom show c/s

Spread zoonotic disease

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21
Q

Chronic wasting disease, with these effects, occurs in snakes as a result of

A

Cryptosporidium

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22
Q

Your client is a dairy farmer and hes had 10 cows abort in the past few weeks. What is immediately on your differentials list? (2)

A

Neospora caninum

Sarcocystis

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23
Q

Give three ways of diagnosis Cryptosporidium.

A

1) Acid-fast staining!
2) IHC

30 IFA/ELISA

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24
Q

Whats this

A

Cryptosporidium oocysts (acid fast stain)

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25
Q

Whats this

A

Sarcocystis (in skeletal muscle)

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26
Q

What’s this

A

Sarcocystis (in muscle)

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27
Q

What is the lifecycle of Sarcocystis

A

Indirect - obligatory 2 hosts (predator-prey life cycle)

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28
Q

Explain steps of Sacrocystis life cycle

A

1) DH (predator) sheds sporulated oocysts in feces
2) IH (prey) ingests the oocysts
3) Sporozoites released in IH.
4) Merozoites/Tachyzoites travel to and invade skeletal and caridac muscle, where they become Sarcocysts (containing bradyzoites)
5) DH eats IH –> infected with sarcocyst
6) Sarcocyst infects intestinal tissue –> Asexual repro –> Oocyst
7) Oocyst shed in feces (and cycle continues)

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29
Q

What’s this

A

Sarcocystis

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30
Q

What does Sarcocystis cause in cows (name 2)

A

ABORTION (last trimester)

Hemorrhagic vaginitis

Dyspnea, salivation, diarrhea

Decreased milk and condtion

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31
Q

What does Sarcocystis cause in sheep

A

ABORTION

Anorexia, ataxia

Encephalomyelitis?

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32
Q

T/F - Sarcocystis causes abortions in pigs

A

False (just poor growth, diarrhea, myositis)

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33
Q

Your client’s horse is displaying neurological signs - ataxia, head tilt, ear drooping, muscle atrophy. What is on your differential list?

A

Sarcocystis

(causes Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis)

Also Neospora hughesi

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34
Q

Is Sarcocystis zoonotic? How do you educate clients

A

Yes! - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

DONT EAT UNDERCOOKED MEAT

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35
Q

What is the most common cause of neurological signs in horses (full name)

A

Sarcocystis neurona

36
Q

What is the definitive host of Sarcocystis neurona? Intermediate hosts?

A

DH: opossum

IH: armadillo, skunk, racoon, sea otter, cat

37
Q

T/F Along with the skunk, raccoon, and sea otters, horses can sometimes be an intermediate host of Sarcocystis neurona?

A

False! They are ‘dead-end’ or ‘abherrant’ hosts

38
Q

What is an emerging protozoal pathogen in marine mammals

A

Sarcocystis neurona

39
Q

How do you test for Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis? What is the definitive test?

A
  • CSF testing (!) - western blot or IFAT sample
  • PCR
  • Necopsy - definitive test :(
40
Q

What sample do you take for EPM testing?

A

CSF from lumbosacral region

41
Q

How do you diagnosis Sarcocystis in the definitive host

A

(usually asymptomatic)

Fecal float (sporocysts)

42
Q

How do you diagnose Sarcocystis in intermediate host

A

Biopsy/necropsy

  • Shizonts in endothelial cells

- Sarcocysts in muscles

43
Q

Two ways to control Sarcocystis

A

1) Burn/bury dead livestock
2) Encourage clients not to feed raw meat to pets

44
Q

Who are the definitive hosts of Toxoplasma gondii

A

Cats!! (domestic and wild)

45
Q

Where does sexual reproduction of Toxoplasma gondii occur?

A

Intestinal epithelium in cats —> oocysts are shed

46
Q

What is the intermediate host of Toxoplasma gondii

A

Rats!

47
Q

What is a special way Toxoplasma gondii has increased its likelihood of reaching the definitive host?

A

It can alter behaviour of IH (rats) to make them less fearful of cats —> predator/prey

48
Q

Where does extrainestinal phase of Toxoplasma gondii exist

A

(faculative host only)

  • Tachyzoite: parenchymal regions (*transplacental) - fast dividing
  • Bradyzoite: cysts in brain, heart, skeletal muscle, eye - slow dividing
49
Q

Whats this? What is a defining feature?

A

Toxoplasma gondii (thin cell wall!)

50
Q

Is Toxoplasma gondii zoonotic?

A

YES! Congenital birth deformities (hydrocephalus, convulsions…etc)

51
Q

Who is the faculative intermediate host of Toxoplasma gondii?

A

All vertebrates and birds

52
Q

Which has the shortest Toxoplasma gondii PPP: ingesting cysts, sporulated oocysts or tachyzoites

A

Cysts have fastest PPP

53
Q
A
54
Q

T/F there is minimal shedding of T. gondii oocysts from cats

A

FALSE - up to 100 million are shed

55
Q

T/F - it is easy to disinfect Toxoplasma gondii oocysts with bleach or UV lights

A

FALSE - they cant be destroyed with these products

56
Q

Is cat immunity to Toxoplasma gondii lifelong?

A

No - can be reinfected

57
Q

What is the relationship between Toxoplasma gondii and Isospora felis?

A

If a cat has recovered from T. gondii and is then subsequently infected with Isospora felis, the cat will re-excrete T. gondii oocysts

HOWEVER

If the cat was infected with I. felis first and then T. gondii, it will not re-excrete after recovery

58
Q

What are two differentials for abortions in sheep

A

Sarcocystis

T. gondii (**)

59
Q

Is T. gondii common in dogs?

A

No

C/S: respiratory, neuromuscular, GI

60
Q

T/F if a cow herd is suffering from abortion, Toxoplasma gondii will be on your differential list

A

NO - rare and asymptomatic in cows

61
Q

T/F - Toxoplasma gondii has few effects on pigs

A

True

Pigs are usually asymptomatic, but it may cause abortion

62
Q

A bird is brought in with ocular and neurological lesions. Which protozoan do you suspect

A

Toxoplasma gondii

63
Q

Toxoplasma gondii and which other protozoa are assciated with high mortality and severe protozoal encephalitis in marine mammals?

A

With Sarcocystis neurona

64
Q

T/F - if you flush Toxoplasma oocysts down the drain they will be killed

A

False - and this is a way marine mammals can become infected :(

65
Q

T/F - fecal float is gold standard diagnostic test for T. gondii in all species

A

False - only in cats (only cats shed oocysts!)

66
Q

Give three ways of diagnosing Toxoplasma gondii

A
  1. Fecal float (*cats only)
  2. Serology (IgM –> active infection ; IgG –> previous exposure, immunity)
  3. IHC
67
Q

A sheep farmer has ewes with Toxoplasma. You run a serology on 10 sheep. One comes back with high IgG - do you cull?

A

No, IgG indicates previous exposure and immunity

IgM would indicate an acitve infection

68
Q

Whats this

A

Neosporum caninum

69
Q

Which speices does Neosporum caninum infect?

A

Basically all animals

70
Q

Who is the definitive host of Neospora caninum

A

Dogs (incl wild canids)

71
Q

Transmission Neospora caninum

A

Fecal oral

Ingestion of cysts from infected animals

72
Q

Does Neosporum caninum cross the placenta?

A

Yes - transplacental transmission of trachyzoites has been recorded in many animals

73
Q

Is Neospora caninum zoonotic

A

Yes

74
Q

A dog is presented with pneumonia and difficulty urinating. Which protozoan do you suspect?

A

Neospora caninum

75
Q

Which protozoa causes abortions in dogs

A

Neospora caninum

76
Q

Which protozoa causes ‘abortion storms’ in cattle?

A

Neospora caninum

77
Q

How is Neospora caninum transmitted to puppies and calves? What are the c/s?

A

Vertical transmission!

C/S

  • CNS signs
  • Polyadiculoneuritis (hindlimb hyperextension)
78
Q

T/F it’s probably a bad idea to breed a bitch with Neospora

A

TRUE - repeat transmission to future litters

79
Q

Give 3 ways of diagnosis Neospora caninum

A
  1. Cysts or tachyzoites in CNS, heart, liver of fetuses
  2. PCR
  3. Serology
80
Q

What’s this

A

Neospora caninum cyst

81
Q

What causes blindness in foals (due to cysts forming in ocular muscles)

A

Neospora hughesi

82
Q

What are your two differentials for Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis

A
  1. Neospora hughesi
  2. Sarcocystis neurona
83
Q

A puppy comes in with hind limb paralysis. Which protozoan could cause this?

A

Neospora caninum

84
Q

Can a horse get EPM in a country without oppossums?

A

No - opposums are DH

85
Q

Can Toxoplasma gondii proliferate in faculative intermediate hosts?

A

Yes - asexual proliferation occurs

86
Q

What does autoinfection mean? Which parasite does this occur in?

A

Sporozoites leave oocyst before entering feces - they can then re-enter the host’s system

Two types:
- Thin walled: re-infect host

Thick walled: exit host in feces (infectious to others)

Occurs in Cryptosporidium

Parasitology (6 decks)

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