Quiz 1 Flashcards
A parasite that does not require its host
Faculative
A host where parasite develops to maturity
Definitive
A host that supports the immature parasite
Intermediate
A host used for transport.
Paratenic
T/F - paratenic hosts are usually neccessary for part of the parasite’s life cycle
False
Time from ingestion to invasion/causing signs
Pre-patent period
What carriers parasites on outside of body
Mechanical vector
Term for single host reproduction
Direct life cycle
Term for multiple host reproduction
Indirect life cycle
Forms of sexual reproduction
Conjugation (nuclear exchange)
Syngamy (fusion of gametes)
Forms of asexual reproduction
Binary fission
Multiple fission/schizogony
What is the motile feeding form of parasites
Trophozoites
What is the resistant, resting stage
Cyst
What is a reportable parasitic disease affecting cattle (SPELLING!)
Tritrichomonas foetus
Which parasite only has a trophozoite phase
Tritrichomonas
Trichomonas gallinae
Histomonas meleagridis
What are three key features of Tritrichomonas foetus
3 anterior flagella
1 recurrent flagellum
Undulating membrane
Where does Tritrichomonas foetus live in the bull and cow
In the preputial cavity of bull
Vagina, uterus, oviducts of cow
Reproduction Tritrichomonas foetus
Binary fission
How is Tritrichomonas foetus transmitted
Coitus
Is Tritrichomonas foetus transmission direct or indirect
Direct
What does Tritrichomonas foetus cause in cows
Early abortion (*) Endometritis, retained placenta
What does Tritrichomonas foetus cause in bulls
Asymptomatic!
Can bulls infected with Tritrichomonas foetus be used in breeding
No!
Dx of Tritrichomonas foetus
Samples from preputial, placenta, fetus, uterus, vagina
Smear, culture, ELISA
Can you use float to diagnose Tritrichomonas foetus
No!
What causes oral ulcers in birds
Trichomonas gallinae
Key morphological feature of Trichomonas gallinae
4 anterior flagella
Is transmission of Trichomonas gallinae direct or indirect
Direct
Transmission of Trichomonas gallinae
Fecal-oral:
- Crop milk of mother to young
- Raptor predation on infected birds
- Cloacal drinking
What causes cankor in doves
Trichomonas gallinae
T/F adult birds are usually asympomatic with Trichomonas gallinae
True - c/s usually only in young birds
Dx Trichomonas gallinae
History C/S Gross lesions Organisms in saliva Smears of necrotic lesions
When do samples need to be collected to dx Trichomonas gallinae
Within 48h of death
What causes ‘Blackhead disese’
Histomonas meleagridis
Morphology of Histomoas meleagridis
Pleomorphic
- Amoeboid form: in intestinal lumen. In tissues, its found singularly or in clusters. Absent flagellum
- Transitional form in lumen
Which parasites lack a cyst stage
Tritrichomonas foetus
Trichomonas gallinae
Histomonas malleagridis
What is a flagellate parasite of turkeys, chickens and other gallinaceous birds
Histomonas meleagridis
Is life cycle of Histomonas meleagridis direct or indirect
Direct
Uses Heterakis gallinarum as paratenic host
Which parasite utilizes a paratenic host? What is this host
Histomonas mealagridis
Uses Heterakis gallinarum or earth worms
Where does Heterakis gallinarum develop
Up to L3 on ground
Egg ingested, hatched in CECUM
Transmission of Histomonas meleagridis
Direct - CLOACAL DRINKING
C/S Histomonas meleagridis
Yellow droppings
Ruffled feathers
Hanging wings/tail
Cyanosis of head – due to 2ry infection with E.coli or Clostridium
Are turkeys or chickens more affected by Histomonas meleagridis?
Turkeys!
Principle lesions of Histomonas meleagridis are found where
Cecum
Liver
Dx Histomonas meleagridis
C/S
Heterakis eggs in fecal float
Lesions (necropsy)
Is giardia zoonotic?
Yes!
Which assemblages of giardia are zoonotic
A1 (humans, ruminants, cats, dogs)
A2 (humans, dogs)
A3 (wild ruminants, humans, cats)
B (humans, monkeys, rabbits dogs)
E (sheep, goats, pigs, dogs)
Is giardia reportable?
In humans only
Morphology of giardia trophozoite
Single celled Fragile Tear drop shape Binucleate** 2 median bodies Ventral discs 4 flagella
Where is trophozoite of giardia found
Diarrhea
Morphology of giardia cyst
4 nuclei – containing 2 trophozoites
Ventral discs
What is infective form of giardia
cyst
Reproduction of giardia
Longitudinal binary fission (every 12hr)
C/S giardia
Pale, greasy feces
Sulfur smell, belching*
Vit B12 deficiency
Weight loss, dry skin, poor coat
D/x giardia
Cysts in fecal float
ELISA
IFAT
What causes Amoebiasis (ameobic dysentery) in dogs, humans, primates?
Entamoeba histolytica
Each Entamoeba histolytica cyst has how many trophs?
4
Each giardia cyst has how many trophs
2
Is Entamoeba histolytica zoonotic
Yes!
T/F - Entamoeba histolytica is of serious importance to domestic animals
False - mainly to humans/primates
C/S amoebiasis **
Abdomonial pain Intermittent diarrhea Anorexia Malaise Feces with blood and mucus
What forms flask shaped ulcers. Where? **
Entamoeba histolytica
Cecum, colon, rectal mucosa (maybe liver)
Can amoebiasis be life threatening? **
YES - pulmonary, CNS involvement
Dx Entamoeba histolytica
Fecal float ELISA PCR Radiograph Ultrasound MRI
What is an important pathogen of captive reptiles? Is it zoonotic?
Entamoeba invadens
Zoonotic!*
Life cycle of Entamoeba invadens
Direct
Cecal-oral contamination
Where in body is Entamoeba invadens found
Intestines
Morphology of Entamoeba invadens trophs and cysts
Trophs: central endosome
Cysts: 1-4 nuclei, central endosome
Where would Entamoeba invadens lesions be found
Intestinal tract
Dx entamoeba invadens
ELISA IFAT PCR DNA Hemagluttination
Which parasite is a normal commensal of cecum and colon? Is it zoonotic?
Balantidium coli
Zoonotic!
Morphology of Balantidium coli
Ciliate
Trophs: large, kidney shaped macronucleus, small micronucleus, cystostome (mouth). Covered in CILIA! *
Cysts: round, clear wall, kidney shaped macronucleus
Macronuclei are found in
Balantidium coli
Central endosomes are found in
Entamoeba invadens
Life cycle Balantidium coli
Direct
Fecal oral* (cysts)
Where does Balantidium coli encyst in body?
Distal gut
What is normal cause of infection with Balantidium coli
Sewage water
C/s Balantidium coli*
Asymptomatic!
Recurrent watery diarrhea Nausea Epigastric pain Vomiting Colic
Which organisms may invade previous created lesions in gut, causing deep ulcers and even perforations
Balantidium coli
Dx Balantidium coli
Trophozoites in diarrhea
Cysts in formed stool
A snake has intestinal ulceration. What is the likely cause? How would you make a confirmatory diagnosis?
Entamoeba invadens
ELISA, IFAT, PCR
A dog owner complains of intermittent diarrhea, abdominal pain and lack of appetite. These signs are waxing and waning. What do you suspect the client to have? Is this a life threatening condition?
Entamoeba histolytica
Can be life threatening if it spreads to the pulmonary tract or CNS
A farmer complains his dairy cows keep aborting in early pregnancy. His bull seems fine. What do you suspect?
Tritrichomonas foetus
Bulls are asymptomatic - stop breeding
A chicken farmer brings in a group of young hatchlings with mouth ulcers. He says the adult chickens seem fine. What do you suspect?
Trichomonas gallinae
Adults tend to be asymptomatic
A cat is brought in for having pale, sulfer smelling feces. What do you suspect
Giardia
A dog owner comes in and is mentioning how she sometimes has these watery diarrhea stool. What do you suspect
Ballintinium coli - can be asymptomatic