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QUIZ #3 Flashcards

1
Q

innate immunity

A

reacts the same way each time

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2
Q

adaptive immunity

A

has memory

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3
Q

adaptive immunity is divided into

A

humerol & cell mediated immunity

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4
Q

Pineal gland E

A

is a hormone secreting gland part of the diencephalon of the brain
thought to be involved in setting the biological clock and influencing reproductive function

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5
Q

hypothymus E

A

region of the diencephalon forming the floor of 3rd ventricle of the brain

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6
Q

thyroid gland E

A

one of the largest endocrine gland in the body

straddles the anterior trachea - secretes hormone that stimulates enzymes concerned with glucose

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7
Q

parathyroid gland E

A

small endocrine gland located posterior to the trachea, regulates blood calcium level

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8
Q

thymus E

A

lymphoid organ and endocrine gland active in immune response, site of maturation of T lymphocyte

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9
Q

adrenal gland E

A

hormone producing glands located superior to the kidneys, produces aldosterone

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10
Q

pancreas E

A

gland located behind the stomach, produces both endocrine and exocrine secretions
produces insulin and hormones

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11
Q

ovary E

A

female reproductive organ

which ova or eggs are produced

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12
Q

testis E

A

male reproductive organ

which sperm produces sperm

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13
Q

characteristics of steroid based hormones

A 
four carbon rings 
3 rings have 6C one has 5C 
hydrophobic 
requires a protein (usually albumin) to be transported around the body 
makes up sex hormones 
or aldosterone and cortisol
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14
Q

characteristics of amino acid based hormones

A

R
Na - C - COOH
H

hydrophilic
makes up most hormones
a little bit charged

*** special types - derived from tyrosine **
t3 and t4 = thyroid hormones but work like steroids, need to bind to a protein
norepinephrine and epinephrine = from adrenal glands therefore hormone classic pathway, hormones when excreted.

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15
Q

hormone production

A

plays a role in homeostasis

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16
Q

aldosterone

A

comes from the adrenal gland
helps kidneys to do with sodium
moves it back into the blood
need large amounts of sodium for action potential and h20 regulation

makes require protein to make Na channel
(channel mediated facilitated diffusion)
makes another enzyme produced to create ATP to provide energy for the sodium potassium pump to move sodium in and out of the cell

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17
Q

how amino acid hormones function

A 
hormones to blood stream 
have a specific destination 
look for receptor protein 
attach 
can not enter the cell as they are too big due to chain 
look for target receptor protein 
follows a chain reaction 
can possibly turn receptor protein into a channel
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18
Q

process of amino acid hormone activation

A

amino attaches to receptor protein
activates G protein within the cell
G protein activates adenylate cyclase (emzyme)
adenylate cyclase cause ATP to change CAMP
CAMP activates protein kinase
kinase enzyme activates another protein that carries out the effect of the hormone

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19
Q

how steroids hormone function

A

separates from albumin at cell membrane
steroids can move into cell membrane by simple diffusion
attaches to receptor protein
if in the wrong cell it moves through the other side
receptor protein carries it into the nucleus through the pores
causes MrNA to be produced to make needed DNA
travels to ribosomes
produces needed protein

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20
Q

diabetes type I

A

symptoms - polyuria (frequent urination)
risk factor - gentic
patho - excessive glucose in the blood
leads to excessive glucose in the kidney filtrate where it acts as an osmotic diuretic

lack of insulin due to the death of beta cells in the pancreas

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21
Q

diabetes type II

A

symptoms - polyuria
risk factor -obesity
patho - the receptor protein on cell is no longer able to bind to insulin (can be diet controlled)

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22
Q

graves disease

A

symptoms- goiter; enlarged thyroid gland caused by the anti-bodies attacking the thyroid gland
risk factor - previous auto immune disorder
patho - a thyroid autoimmune disorder that is characterised by abnormal stimulation of thyroid gland

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23
Q

artherosclerosis

A

symptoms -chest pain or angina pain where artery blocked, causes shortness of breathe and fatigue
risk factor -obesity, high blood pressure
patho - most common cause of coronary artery disease.

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24
Q

humoral immune response

A

b cells work by identifying by identifying foreign antigens

they also act as antigen presenting cells (displaying self + foreign) to be fully activated b cell IL4 is required from helper T cell
next, b cells begin to clump
these cells then produce plasma cells which produce antibodies
b cells produces occasional memory b cell for fast reaction in future infections

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25
humoral immune response - agglutination
causes the foreign antigens to clump together. clumps form a mass and cannot circulate and alerts phagocytosis cells to destroy bacteria clump together by attaching one arm to another ***** require phagocytic cells *****
26
humoral immune response - neutralization
antibodies coat the outside of bacteria or virus to cover its toxins that are on the outside ***** require phagocytic cells *****
27
humoral immune response- parcipitaction
antibodies attach to chemicals that come out of the bacteria ***** require phagocytic cells *****
28
active humoral immunity
``` natural, active infection/contacts with pathogen neutralization agglutination parciptaction ``` artificial vaccines creating memory cells so if we come in contact with the flu your body can react quickly
29
passive humoral immunity
natural antibodies pass from mother to fetus or from mothers breast milk, eventually antibodies die so limited immunity artificial from an injection antibodies are delivered mostly needed for tetanus no memory cells form
30
antibodies structure
two long chains and two short chains of amino acids also known as light and heavy the function of antibodies it to identify foreign antigen antibodies can only identify one specific antigen the function cell
31
helper T cells
cell mediated immunity display a type of protein receptor called CD4 these cells bind onto self + foreign and then are activated with help of IL2 once activated - they produce to memory, and other cells with begin to 'help' other cells helps by producing IL2, IL4, macrophage inhibitor and chemotaxins
32
cell mediated immunity
consists of t - lymphocytes that direct adaptive immunity or attack cellular targets
33
IL2 - interleukin two
stimulates t cell growth both helper t cells and cytoxic cells it helps fully activate them
34
IL4 - interleukin four
this works on B cells | helping to fully activate them
35
macrophage
inhibition factor - slows macrophages down so they remain in the area of the infection
36
chemotaxins
lure neutrophils and macrophages to the area
37
cytoxic T cells
display protein receptor CD8 good at dealing with virus infected cells these cells display self + foreign antigen , activating T cells activated t cells then produce memory + two types of proteins one being perforin - makes a hole in your own cell membrane granzyme emzyme - this enters the hole in the cell and digests the contents of the cell. only t cell that destroys
38
chemicals that cytoxic t cells produce
lymphotoxin - causes fragmentation of DNA gamma interferon - enhances B and T cell growth tumor necrosis factor - slows down tumor growth by damaging blood vessels supplying the tumor
39
regulatory T cells
come into action at the end of an infection | roll is to turn off the immune system
40
ABO blood groups
A type - A antigen B type - B antigen AB type - has both A and B antigens O type - no antigens presents
41
RH +
has antigen but doesn't produce
42
RH -
no antigen present, will produce when contacted to RH+
43
ABO blood groups
based on the presences or absences of two agglutinins, typeA + typeB Types - a, b, ab, o A - have anti b B - have anti a AB - both anti A + anti B O - no antigens
44
RH blood group
classifies blood as rh + or rh - based on the rh antibodies presence or absence in the blood rh + can receive rh - but rh - cannot receive rh +
45
basic functions of the nervous system
- input information (sensory input) - processing information (integrate) - out putting information (motor input)
46
central nervous system
brain + spinal cord | integrative control centre
47
peripheral nervous system
cranial nerves + spinal nerves
48
sensory (afferent) division
peripheral nervous system somatic + visceral sensory nerve fibres conducts impulses from receptors to CNS
49
motor (efferent) division
peripheral nervous system motor nerve fibres conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands)
50
divisions of motor system | somatic nervous system
``` somatic motor (voluntary) conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles ```
51
autonomic nervous system | divisions of motor system
``` visceral motor (involuntary) conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles and glands ```
52
the autonomic nervous system divisions
sympathetic division - mobilizes body systems during activity "stressful situations" parasympathetic division - conserves energy promotes "house keeping" functions during rest
53
neurons
transmit electrical messages
54
neuroglial cells
astrocytes micro glial obligodendrocytes
55
astrocytes
most abundant CNS neroglial help connet neurons with capillarie controls levels of K+ controls capillary permability neuroglial cells
56
microglial
good at phagocytosis defensive cells in CNS neuroglial cells
57
obligodendrocytes
have cillia on them form myelin sheath neuroglial cells
58
schwan cell
wraps around axon + forms a mylien sheath in PNS | not continuous
59
dendrites
have cell membrane as well as ICF collect information convert info into a graded potential
60
axon
has cell membrane + ICF | creates graded potential + action potential (only in axon)
61
resting membrane potential
membrane potential is a separation of charge across a membrane -70mV within the cell require this or it would not be able to create electrical messages
62
how is action potential generated
depolarization re polarization hyper-polarization
63
depolarization
neurons has become more positive
64
hyper-polarization
neuron has returned to resting (-70mV)
65
re polarization
a situation where the neuron becomes more negative than resting
66
cell mediated immunity
consists of lymphocytes that direct adaptive immunity or attack cellular targets
67
how is action potential generated
depolarization - action potential triggers, Na+ channel to open. causing cell to be + repolarization - + cell causes slow to open, K+ channel to open hyperpolarization - too much K+ leaves due to closing channel Na+ K+ pump - returns cell to -70mV
68
MS
symptoms- ms is an autoimmune disease. Attacks nerves + creates gap in the messages risk factor -lack of vitamin D patho -damage to the myelin sheath + imbedded or halted nerve messages cause weakness + tingling / numbness
69
stroke
symptoms- weakness/drooping on the opposite side of the bleed risk factor - AVM is a genetic condition of abnormal, weak connections between arteries and veins patho - sudden loss of blood supply to an area of the brain due to a blockage, caused by blood clot or thickening of vessel walls

physiology (5 decks)

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