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physiology > QUIZ #3 > Flashcards

QUIZ #3 Flashcards

1
Q

innate immunity

A

reacts the same way each time

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2
Q

adaptive immunity

A

has memory

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3
Q

adaptive immunity is divided into

A

humerol & cell mediated immunity

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4
Q

Pineal gland E

A

is a hormone secreting gland part of the diencephalon of the brain
thought to be involved in setting the biological clock and influencing reproductive function

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5
Q

hypothymus E

A

region of the diencephalon forming the floor of 3rd ventricle of the brain

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6
Q

thyroid gland E

A

one of the largest endocrine gland in the body

straddles the anterior trachea - secretes hormone that stimulates enzymes concerned with glucose

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7
Q

parathyroid gland E

A

small endocrine gland located posterior to the trachea, regulates blood calcium level

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8
Q

thymus E

A

lymphoid organ and endocrine gland active in immune response, site of maturation of T lymphocyte

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9
Q

adrenal gland E

A

hormone producing glands located superior to the kidneys, produces aldosterone

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10
Q

pancreas E

A

gland located behind the stomach, produces both endocrine and exocrine secretions
produces insulin and hormones

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11
Q

ovary E

A

female reproductive organ

which ova or eggs are produced

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12
Q

testis E

A

male reproductive organ

which sperm produces sperm

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13
Q

characteristics of steroid based hormones

A 
four carbon rings 
3 rings have 6C one has 5C 
hydrophobic 
requires a protein (usually albumin) to be transported around the body 
makes up sex hormones 
or aldosterone and cortisol
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14
Q

characteristics of amino acid based hormones

A

R
Na - C - COOH
H

hydrophilic
makes up most hormones
a little bit charged

*** special types - derived from tyrosine **
t3 and t4 = thyroid hormones but work like steroids, need to bind to a protein
norepinephrine and epinephrine = from adrenal glands therefore hormone classic pathway, hormones when excreted.

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15
Q

hormone production

A

plays a role in homeostasis

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16
Q

aldosterone

A

comes from the adrenal gland
helps kidneys to do with sodium
moves it back into the blood
need large amounts of sodium for action potential and h20 regulation

makes require protein to make Na channel
(channel mediated facilitated diffusion)
makes another enzyme produced to create ATP to provide energy for the sodium potassium pump to move sodium in and out of the cell

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17
Q

how amino acid hormones function

A 
hormones to blood stream 
have a specific destination 
look for receptor protein 
attach 
can not enter the cell as they are too big due to chain 
look for target receptor protein 
follows a chain reaction 
can possibly turn receptor protein into a channel
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18
Q

process of amino acid hormone activation

A

amino attaches to receptor protein
activates G protein within the cell
G protein activates adenylate cyclase (emzyme)
adenylate cyclase cause ATP to change CAMP
CAMP activates protein kinase
kinase enzyme activates another protein that carries out the effect of the hormone

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19
Q

how steroids hormone function

A

separates from albumin at cell membrane
steroids can move into cell membrane by simple diffusion
attaches to receptor protein
if in the wrong cell it moves through the other side
receptor protein carries it into the nucleus through the pores
causes MrNA to be produced to make needed DNA
travels to ribosomes
produces needed protein

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20
Q

diabetes type I

A

symptoms - polyuria (frequent urination)
risk factor - gentic
patho - excessive glucose in the blood
leads to excessive glucose in the kidney filtrate where it acts as an osmotic diuretic

lack of insulin due to the death of beta cells in the pancreas

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21
Q

diabetes type II

A

symptoms - polyuria
risk factor -obesity
patho - the receptor protein on cell is no longer able to bind to insulin (can be diet controlled)

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22
Q

graves disease

A

symptoms- goiter; enlarged thyroid gland caused by the anti-bodies attacking the thyroid gland
risk factor - previous auto immune disorder
patho - a thyroid autoimmune disorder that is characterised by abnormal stimulation of thyroid gland

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23
Q

artherosclerosis

A

symptoms -chest pain or angina pain where artery blocked, causes shortness of breathe and fatigue
risk factor -obesity, high blood pressure
patho - most common cause of coronary artery disease.

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24
Q

humoral immune response

A

b cells work by identifying by identifying foreign antigens

they also act as antigen presenting cells (displaying self + foreign) to be fully activated b cell IL4 is required from helper T cell
next, b cells begin to clump
these cells then produce plasma cells which produce antibodies
b cells produces occasional memory b cell for fast reaction in future infections

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25
Q

humoral immune response - agglutination

A

causes the foreign antigens to clump together.
clumps form a mass and cannot circulate and alerts phagocytosis cells to destroy bacteria

clump together by attaching one arm to another

** require phagocytic cells **

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26
Q

humoral immune response - neutralization

A

antibodies coat the outside of bacteria or virus
to cover its toxins that are on the outside

** require phagocytic cells **

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27
Q

humoral immune response- parcipitaction

A

antibodies attach to chemicals that come out of the bacteria

** require phagocytic cells **

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28
Q

active humoral immunity

A 
natural, active
infection/contacts with pathogen 
neutralization 
agglutination 
parciptaction

artificial
vaccines
creating memory cells
so if we come in contact with the flu your body can react quickly

29
Q

passive humoral immunity

A

natural
antibodies pass from mother to fetus or from mothers breast milk, eventually antibodies die so limited immunity

artificial
from an injection antibodies are delivered
mostly needed for tetanus
no memory cells form

30
Q

antibodies structure

A

two long chains and two short chains of amino acids
also known as light and heavy

the function of antibodies it to identify foreign antigen

antibodies can only identify one specific antigen

the function cell

31
Q

helper T cells

A

cell mediated immunity
display a type of protein receptor called CD4
these cells bind onto self + foreign and then are activated with help of IL2
once activated - they produce to memory, and other cells with begin to ‘help’ other cells

helps by producing IL2, IL4, macrophage inhibitor and chemotaxins

32
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

consists of t - lymphocytes that direct adaptive immunity or attack cellular targets

33
Q

IL2 - interleukin two

A

stimulates t cell growth
both helper t cells and cytoxic cells
it helps fully activate them

34
Q

IL4 - interleukin four

A

this works on B cells

helping to fully activate them

35
Q

macrophage

A

inhibition factor - slows macrophages down so they remain in the area of the infection

36
Q

chemotaxins

A

lure neutrophils and macrophages to the area

37
Q

cytoxic T cells

A

display protein receptor CD8
good at dealing with virus infected cells
these cells display self + foreign antigen , activating T cells

activated t cells then produce memory + two types of proteins one being perforin - makes a hole in your own cell membrane

granzyme emzyme - this enters the hole in the cell and digests the contents of the cell.

only t cell that destroys

38
Q

chemicals that cytoxic t cells produce

A

lymphotoxin - causes fragmentation of DNA
gamma interferon - enhances B and T cell growth
tumor necrosis factor - slows down tumor growth by damaging blood vessels supplying the tumor

39
Q

regulatory T cells

A

come into action at the end of an infection

roll is to turn off the immune system

40
Q

ABO blood groups

A

A type - A antigen
B type - B antigen
AB type - has both A and B antigens
O type - no antigens presents

41
Q

RH +

A

has antigen but doesn’t produce

42
Q

RH -

A

no antigen present, will produce when contacted to RH+

43
Q

ABO blood groups

A

based on the presences or absences of two agglutinins, typeA + typeB

Types - a, b, ab, o

A - have anti b
B - have anti a
AB - both anti A + anti B
O - no antigens

44
Q

RH blood group

A

classifies blood as rh + or rh - based on the rh antibodies presence or absence in the blood

rh + can receive rh - but rh - cannot receive rh +

45
Q

basic functions of the nervous system

A
  • input information (sensory input)
  • processing information (integrate)
  • out putting information (motor input)
46
Q

central nervous system

A

brain + spinal cord

integrative control centre

47
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

cranial nerves + spinal nerves

48
Q

sensory (afferent) division

A

peripheral nervous system

somatic + visceral sensory nerve fibres
conducts impulses from receptors to CNS

49
Q

motor (efferent) division

A

peripheral nervous system
motor nerve fibres
conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands)

50
Q

divisions of motor system

somatic nervous system

A 
somatic motor (voluntary) 
conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles
51
Q

autonomic nervous system

divisions of motor system

A 
visceral motor (involuntary) 
conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles and glands
52
Q

the autonomic nervous system divisions

A

sympathetic division - mobilizes body systems during activity “stressful situations”

parasympathetic division - conserves energy
promotes “house keeping” functions during rest

53
Q

neurons

A

transmit electrical messages

54
Q

neuroglial cells

A

astrocytes
micro glial
obligodendrocytes

55
Q

astrocytes

A

most abundant CNS neroglial
help connet neurons with capillarie
controls levels of K+
controls capillary permability

neuroglial cells

56
Q

microglial

A

good at phagocytosis
defensive cells in CNS

neuroglial cells

57
Q

obligodendrocytes

A

have cillia on them
form myelin sheath

neuroglial cells

58
Q

schwan cell

A

wraps around axon + forms a mylien sheath in PNS

not continuous

59
Q

dendrites

A

have cell membrane as well as ICF
collect information
convert info into a graded potential

60
Q

axon

A

has cell membrane + ICF

creates graded potential + action potential (only in axon)

61
Q

resting membrane potential

A

membrane potential is a separation of charge across a membrane
-70mV within the cell
require this or it would not be able to create electrical messages

62
Q

how is action potential generated

A

depolarization
re polarization
hyper-polarization

63
Q

depolarization

A

neurons has become more positive

64
Q

hyper-polarization

A

neuron has returned to resting (-70mV)

65
Q

re polarization

A

a situation where the neuron becomes more negative than resting

66
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

consists of lymphocytes that direct adaptive immunity or attack cellular targets

67
Q

how is action potential generated

A

depolarization - action potential triggers, Na+ channel to open. causing cell to be +

repolarization - + cell causes slow to open, K+ channel to open

hyperpolarization - too much K+ leaves due to closing channel

Na+ K+ pump - returns cell to -70mV

68
Q

MS

A

symptoms- ms is an autoimmune disease. Attacks nerves + creates gap in the messages
risk factor -lack of vitamin D
patho -damage to the myelin sheath + imbedded or halted nerve messages cause weakness + tingling / numbness

69
Q

stroke

A

symptoms- weakness/drooping on the opposite side of the bleed
risk factor - AVM is a genetic condition of abnormal, weak connections between arteries and veins
patho - sudden loss of blood supply to an area of the brain due to a blockage, caused by blood clot or thickening of vessel walls

physiology (5 decks)

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