Learning outcomes 1-3 NURS 230

Question 1

what is physiology?

Answer 1

physiology is the study of the body and it parts, The function of why things work the way they do.

Question 2

what are the structural levels of organization

Answer 2

1. atoms
2. molecules
3. organelles
4. cell
5. tissues
6. organ
7. organ system
8. organisms

Question 3

how many body systems are there

Answer 3

11

Question 4

name all the systems of the body

Answer 4

integumentary 
skeletal
muscular 
nervous 
respiratory 
digestive 
urinary 
reproductive 
endocrine 
cardiovascular 
lymphatic

Question 5

what is involved in the integumentary system

Answer 5

hair, nails, skin

Question 6

what is involved in the skeletal system

Answer 6

bones, joints

Question 7

what is involved in the muscular system

Answer 7

skeletal muscles

Question 8

what is involved in the lymphatic system

Answer 8

red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels. thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes

Question 9

what is involved in the respiratory system

Answer 9

nasal cavity, pharynx, laraynx, trachea, bronchus, lungs

Question 10

what is involved in the digestive system

Answer 10

oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

Question 11

What is homeostasis ?

Answer 11

The balance of substances in the body, with a rise comes a decline a bodily equilibrium

Question 12

what is involved in the nervous system

Answer 12

brain spinal cord, nerves

Question 13

what is involved in the endocrine system

Answer 13

pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testis

Question 14

what is involved in the cardiovascular system

Answer 14

heart, blood vessels

Question 15

what is involved in the urinary system

Answer 15

kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

Question 16

what is involved in the MALE reproductive system

Answer 16

prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens

Question 17

what is involved in the FEMALE reproductive system

Answer 17

mammary glands, ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tube

Question 18

what are feedback loops controlled by

Answer 18

homeostasis controls feed back loops both negative and positive

Question 19

explain what a negative feed back loop does

Answer 19

change variables back to there original state

Question 20

what is an example of a negative feedback loop

Answer 20

a home thermostat, blood sugar rise & fall, body temperature

Question 21

what is an example of a positive feedback loop

Answer 21

child birth - where the release of oxytocin creates contractions

Question 22

physiology =

Answer 22

how the body functions

Question 23

pathophysiology =

Answer 23

when things go wrong in the body

Question 24

what does the nervous system do

Answer 24

regulates things

Question 25

homeostasis

Answer 25

is the maintenance of constant physical and chemical conditions within the body

Question 26

ECF stands for

Answer 26

Extra Cellular Fluid

Question 27

extracellular fluid consists of

Answer 27

plasma and interstitial fluid

Question 28

ICF stands for

Answer 28

Intercellular fluid

Question 29

intercellular fluid - where is it located ?

Answer 29

Inside the cell.

Question 30

extracellular fluid - where is it located ?

Answer 30

outside the cell.

Question 31

what happens when a cell needs more fluid?

Answer 31

cells will take care of themselves and get more fluid from the interstitial fluid if needed.

Question 32

what are the three components of negative feedback loops

Answer 32

1. receptor - which detects change in temp 2. control center 3. effector

Question 33

what is a key fact about positive feed back loops

Answer 33

they must have an end, can be dangerous & need to be able to be turned off

Question 34

what are the four types of organic molecules

Answer 34

1. carbohydrates 2. lipids 3. proteins 4. nucleic acid

Question 35

what compounds must all organic molecules contain

Answer 35

Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen

Question 36

what is the best way to consume glucose

Answer 36

starch - plant based

Question 37

what is a key fact about enzymes

Answer 37

ALL enzymes' are proteins

Question 38

give three unique features of RNA

Answer 38

1. Single strand 2. one base is different (uracil) 3. ribose is the sugar * can pass through the cell membrane * * mRNA & tRNA *

Question 39

describe cholesterol

Answer 39

4 rings, 3 of which have 6C , 1 has 5C and 1OH, very hydrophobic OH bond will give it a charge and be attached to the head of a phospholipid

Question 40

what are the functions (3) that steroids and cholesterol promote

Answer 40

stabilize the cell membrane, increase fluidity of the membrane, influences structure of the cell membrane. the more present the more rigid

Question 41

in a phospholipid describe the differences between head & tail

Answer 41

the tail is hydrophobic & the head is hydrophilic

Question 42

a carb + a protein =

Answer 42

glycoprotein

Question 43

a carb + a lipid =

Answer 43

glycolipid

Question 44

membrane can be influenced by bond. add double bonds to relax and insert kinks

Answer 44

fatty acids

Question 45

functions of proteins in the cell membrane

Answer 45

1. they are carriers (glucose) 2. ion transport channel - because of charge 3. all enzymes are proteins 4. are anchored to something 5. act as receptors 6. normally have a charge

Question 46

speed things up

Answer 46

enzymes

Question 47

facts about carbs

Answer 47

only on extracellular fluid side of the cell long chains messages and signals from the outside

Question 48

how do substances cross the cell membrane

Answer 48

through active and passive transport

Question 49

active transport

Answer 49

requires ATP

Question 50

passive process

Answer 50

does not require ATP, has its own kinetic energy

Question 51

types of passive transport (5)

Answer 51

``` diffusion simple diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis passive filtration ```

Question 52

types of active transport (1)

Answer 52

sodium potassium pump

Question 53

diffusion (2)

Answer 53

uses a concentration gradient | high to low

Question 54

simple diffusion

Answer 54

``` crosses the phospholipid bilayer with ease small no charge often oxygen cellular respiration occurs brings oxygen in puts carbon dioxide out high to low ```

Question 55

facilitated diffusion

Answer 55

``` requires a protein the way ions way allows larger charged molecules or ions to cross glucose uses this passive process high to low ```

Question 56

sodium in facilitated diffusion

Answer 56

high, outside of ECF, diffuses in

Question 57

potassium in facilitated diffusion

Answer 57

high, inside of ICF; diffuses out

Question 58

why are sodium & potassium so important in the body ?

Answer 58

they send electrical signals to the brain

Question 59

how do sodium levels effect your body

Answer 59

blood volume, which effects blood pressure

Question 60

carrier mediated

Answer 60

glucose - outside to inside | ecf to icf

Question 61

how doe glucose get into a cell

Answer 61

uses kinetic energy to rearrange and get it

Question 62

how is water diffused

Answer 62

osmosis

Question 63

osmosis

Answer 63

high to low water levels - ususally uses a channel due to changed properties but can also get through the phospholipid bilayer

Question 64

when water diffuses what is required

Answer 64

a protein channel, and a aqua protein

Question 65

passive filtration

Answer 65

no ATP needed often occurs in the kidneys requires a PRESSURE gradient High to Low pressure

Question 66

active process

Answer 66

requires ATP

Question 67

active transport

Answer 67

movement from LOW to HIGH concentration

Question 68

sodium potassium pump

Answer 68

maintains homeostasis, pump uses ATP, active process, sodium (Na) ICF => ECF, potassium (K) ECF => ICF

Question 69

homeostasis is the maintenance of constant conditions in the ECF true or false

Answer 69

true

Question 70

extracellular fluid includes

Answer 70

interstitial fluid and plasma

Question 71

when you put a collection of cells together what do you form

Answer 71

a tissue

Question 72

negative feed back loops have 3 components, what are they

Answer 72

a receptor, an effector, and a control center

Question 73

the platelet plug is an example of what

Answer 73

a positive feedback loop

Question 74

when glucose levels in the body drop the pancreas responds by producing ....

Answer 74

glucogen, which is sent to the liver, glygogen production which lowers glucose

Question 75

organic molecules all contain which atom

Answer 75

carbon

Question 76

when you join small organic molecules together to make a larger molecule you use which process

Answer 76

dehydration synthesis

Question 77

key concepts for physiology are

Answer 77

homeostasis & proteins