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physiology > quiz #2 prep > Flashcards

quiz #2 prep Flashcards

1
Q

blood is separated into which two parts

A

plasma 55% and whole blood (hemocrit) 45%

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2
Q

blood composition

A

separated into two parts
plasma - making up everything except formed elements
plasma is a yellow straw like color
red substance is formed elements - red blood cells etc
buffy coat plus erythtocytes
45% whole blood - hemocrit

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3
Q

plasma

A

90% of plasma is water
elctrolytes, plasma proteins albumin, globulins, alpha +beta, gamma, fibrogen non protein nitrogenous substances, nutrients, repiratory gases and hormones

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4
Q

what are formed elements

A

red blood cells - erythrocytes
white blood cells - leukocytes
platelets

most formed elements only survive in the blood stream for a few days

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5
Q

what color are red blood cells

A

light pink - pinkish

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6
Q

what is a characteristic of a white blood cell

A

they have a large mass

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7
Q

platelets are

A

half cells

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8
Q

adult red blood cells

A

don’t have a nucleus
they divide but can not create protein
they are filled with hemoglobin (large protein)

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9
Q

structure and function of erythrocytes -red blood cells

A

are light in color because they are a concave disc - increasing the surface area,
allowing more oxygen to diffuse in,
cells packed full of hemoglobin,
has no generic organelles,
no nucleus which allows more space for hemoglobin, brought in by erythropoiesis and then used for gas exchange
can not create proteins

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10
Q

where is red bone marrow located

A

the ends of long bones or flatbones hips, shoulders, pelvis, skull, sternum

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11
Q

where are formed elements made

A

in red bone marrow

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12
Q

cells in red bone marrow are

A

stem cells

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13
Q

stem cells

A

are less predominate in adults

already have a designated task and are cells within red bone marrow

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14
Q

early red blood cells

A

have a nucleus
will copy dna to make rna
produces hemoglobin
nucleus is then ejected into the ECF, followed by the cell into the blood stream

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15
Q

reticulocyte

A

is a immature blood cell

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16
Q

how is the production of red blood cells regulated

A

homeostatis - your body should not over or under produce red blood cells

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17
Q

the number of red blood cells in our body

A

cannot be counted or measured

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18
Q

how is measurement of red blood levels taken

A

by measuring the O2 level

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19
Q

what is the homeostatic path to maintain balance of red blood cells

A

if not enough O2 in plasma —-> kidney trigger the release of erythroprotien ——-> red bone marrow stimulates to increase the number of red blood cells you produce (overtime) will increase when 02 carrying blood rises

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20
Q

blood functions

A 
takes CO2 out of the blood 
allows oxygen to go through the body 
contains a lot of proteins 
transport oxygen, glucose, and amino acids 
helps regulate body temperature 
immunity - white blood cells 
aides in protection 
ph balance due to proteins in the blood
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21
Q

hemoglobin

A

is made of four amino acids
chains in the middle Fe ion chains
transport 4 oxygen per 1 red blood cell

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22
Q

red blood cells

A

live 120 days and then reproduce new ones

new cells built around hemoglobin

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23
Q

which part of hemoglobin carries oxygen

A

hem

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24
Q

what is the result of too many red blood cells

A

thickens blood, gives it an increased viscosity, becomes harder to pump and increases blood pressure

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25
Q

hemoglobin

A

carries carbon dioxide and hydrogen

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26
Q

what are the 5 major types of leukocytes

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. eosinophils
  3. basinophils
  4. lymphocyte (small)
  5. monocytes
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27
Q

platelets

A

help form platelet blood
start with hematepotic stem cells (hemacytoblast) then make megakaryoblast stages I, II, III, IV platelets
positive feed back loop

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28
Q

hemostasis

A

prevention of blood loss

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29
Q

what are the physiological mechanisms

A

vasoconstriction
platelet plug
blood coagulation

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30
Q

vasoconstriction

A

blood vessels constrict, capillaries can not do this due to NO smooth muscles, arteries are better because they have more muscle damage cells release
cells get smaller

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31
Q

platelet plug

A 
bump into underlying collagen / connective tissues. make more and become sticky to make a ablock to stop injury. has to come to a stop 
1 adp
2 serotonin 
3 thromboxane 
produced after bumping
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32
Q

blood coagulation

A

turns blood to a solid, found in plasma, inactive until needed calcium, phospholipid and proteins

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33
Q

vascular spasm

A

smooth muscle contracts, causing vasoconstriction
formation of platelet plug - injury to the lining of the blood vessel
coagulation - fibrin forms a mesh that helps RBC and platelet forming a clot

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34
Q

lymphoid stem cells

A

form A B and T lymphocytes

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35
Q

myeloid stem cells

A

if becomes a myoblast then will form esonphils neutrophils basophils

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36
Q

monocytes

A

become a macrophages which are aggressive – used in phagocytosis – active processes use ATP

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37
Q

blood coagulation follows which two pathways

A

intrinsic

extrinsic

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38
Q

extrinsic pathway

A

don’t have what you need in your blood
need damaged to start producing tissue factor
tissue factor is caused by trauma

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39
Q

intrinsic pathway

A

complicated - everything you already have

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40
Q

plasma

A

90% of volume

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41
Q

plasma solutes

electrolytes

A

electrolytes - most abundant solutes by number
contain cations and anions
cations - Na, K, Mg
anions - chloride, phosphate, sulfate, bicarbonate
help maintain plasma osmotic pressure
and normal blood pH

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42
Q

plasma proteins

A

8% (by weight) of plasma
contribute to osmotic pressure
maintain water balance in blood and tissues
have other functions (transport, enzymatic)
albumin, globulins, alpha beta, gamma, fibrinogen

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43
Q

plasma proteins - albumin

A

60% of plasma proteins; produced by liver; main contributor to osmotic pressure

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44
Q

plasma proteins - globulins

A

36% of plasma proteins

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45
Q

plasma proteins - alpha, beta

A

produced by liver
most are transport proteins that bind lipids
metal ions
fat soluble vitamins

46
Q

plasma proteins - gamma

A

antibodies released by plasma cells

47
Q

plasma proteins - fibrinogen

A

4% of plasma proteins
produced by liver
forms fibrin threads of blood clot

48
Q

plasma composition

non-protein nitrogenous substances

A

by products of cellular metabolism

such as urea, uric acid, creatine and ammonium salts

49
Q

plasma composition

nutrients (organic)

A

materials absorbed from digestive tract and transported for use throughout body
includes glucose and other simple carbs, fatty acids, glycerol, cholesterol and vitamins

50
Q

plasma composition

respiratory gases

A

o2 and co2 bound to hemoglobin inside RBC’s

51
Q

hormones

A

steroid, thyroid carried by plasma proteins

52
Q

erythropoiesis

A

makes red blood cells
hemocytoblast - a type of stem cell
goes to a proerythroblast
ejects the nucleus (reticulocyte - young red blood) and becomes a red blood cell - erythrocyte

53
Q

reticulocyte -

A

young red blood

immature

54
Q

erythropoietin

A

the process
a glycoprotein hormone
stimulates the formation of erythrocytes
small amount of EPO circulates in the blood at all times and sustains red blood cell production at basal rate
senses 02 levels in the blood
produced in kidneys

55
Q

Leukocytes - neutrophil

A

pagocytize bacteria
multi lobed nucleus
cytoplasmic granules

56
Q

Leukocytes - eosinophil

A

bilobed nucleus
red cytoplasmic granules
release histamine + other mediators of inflammation
contain heprin (an anticoagulant)

57
Q

Leukocytes - basophil

A

bi lobed nucleus
large purplish black cytoplasmic granules
release histamine + other mediators of inflammation
contain heprin (an anticoagulant)

58
Q

Leukocytes - lymphocyte

A

spherical or indented nucleus
pale blue cytoplasm
mount immune response by direction
cell attack or via antibodies

59
Q

Leukocytes - monocyte

A

“u” or kidneys shaped nucleus
grayish blue cytoplasm
phagocytosis
develop into macrophages in the tissues

60
Q

thymus

A

t lymphocyte and b lymphocyte
t to thymus to get further mature
b to lymph nodes

61
Q

platelets

A

made in red bone marrow
hematoptic —- megakaryblast —— platelets
mega is when they are too big it explodes stages 1-4 burst in red bone marrow
positive feed back look - platelet plug
hemostasis helps prevent blood loss

62
Q

hemostasis

A

helps prevent blood loss
platelet plug
blood coagulation
platelet plug

63
Q

hemostasis - platelet plug

A

when there is a tear collagen fibers are exposed, this causes platelets to stick together at site

ADP - cause platlets to swell become sticky
serotonin - swell and stick together but also vasoconstriction
thromboxane - swell and stick together - these happen with daily damage

64
Q

hemostasis - coagulation

A 
turns the plasma to a soild 
requires Ca + 
extrinsic and intrinsic pathway starts 
intrinsic - forms more pro thrombin 
extrinsic - not currently in blood - requires tissue factor - quick
65
Q

hemostasis - vasoconstriction

A

is when the smooth muscle around a blood vessel constricts (except capillary)
it does this due to a chemical released when injured

66
Q

defence systems

A

innate

adaptive

67
Q

innate defence system

A

works like its the first time its seen the pathogen for the first time (50 first dates)

68
Q

adaptive defence system

A

develops memory and reacts differently each time

69
Q

innate surface barriers

A

skin - dendritic cells, is good at phagocytosis
mucus - acid conditions, cilia
internal defences - including phagocytosis, natural killer cells, inflammation, antimicrobial, fever

70
Q

innate barriers internal defences

A

phagocytosis, natural killer cells, inflammation, antimicrobial, fever

71
Q

phagocytosis

A

bacteria is taken into cell, destroyed by lysosome, then ejected from the cell in bits
allows other cells to help identify the bacteria in the future
innate

72
Q

phagocyte

A

a cell that preforms phagocytosis

73
Q

natural killer cell

A 
innate 
defensive cell (a type of lymphocyte) that can kill cancer cells + virus infected body cells before adaptive immune system is activated 
creates a channel making the cell explode
74
Q

inflammation

A

innate
redness, swollen, painful, warm - signs
should be local if bacteria is contained
mast cells - produce histamine (causes vasoconstriction)
but increases capillary permeability - allowing white blood cells to get out of blood system
epithelial tissue in capillary display
a protein which make neutrophil display a protein
diapeodisis = cell “crawling” allows white blood cells to reach a cut

75
Q

diapeodisis

A

= cell “crawling” allows white blood cells to reach a cut

76
Q

interferon

A

not one chemical
a protein
a family of chemicals
chemicals are produced if you have a viral infection
viral infections try to take over DNA and protein synthesis
cells produced interferon when infected,
uses exocytosis to leave cell and bind to other cell receptors
makes unaffected cells produce antiviral proteins, which kill the virus kill if it reaches healthy cell

77
Q

compliment proteins

A

effective against bacteria in the blood but not active yet
they are always present
inactive as long as they don’t have a bacterial infection
look for something on the cell membrane - a glycoprotein (antigen)

78
Q

antigen

A

found on the outside of a cell, is a glycoprotein
self antigens - every cell has a marker that helps us recognize what is our own cells
foreign cells are antigens

79
Q

the process of inflammation

A

leukocytosis - neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow
margination - neutrophils cling to capillary wall
diapedesis - neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries
chemotaxis - neutrophils follows chemical trail

80
Q

fever

A

an abnormally high body temperature; a systematic response to invading microorganisms

81
Q

b cells are

A

responsible to making antigens

82
Q

antibodies

A

huge protein (amino acid) take different shapes most common “Y” have four chains - can only identify one antigen
have to use arms to attach
makes a compliment
protein if unable to identify

83
Q

an antibody

A

identifies bacteria —-> antigen is found —–> activated

84
Q

classic pathways

A

activated by antibodies
coats pathogen surfaces
macs formed from activated components
that insert into target cells

85
Q

antigen

A

protein/glycoprotein found in cell membrane of self calls or foreign

86
Q

blood transfusions

A

determine what antigen it carries

87
Q

MHC proteins

A 
are a type of self antigen 
found in your cells 
in cell membrane 
you have MHC membranes proteins 
everyone has MHC proteins (all different) 
all are different - except twins 
MHC markers job is to identify self 
putting something on the outside to provide - we have lots of different cell types
88
Q

how are MHC markers divided

A

type 1 MHC and type 2 MHC markers

89
Q

cytokines

A

small proteins that act as a chemical messenger between various parts of the immune system
produced by b cells
produced by your immune system

90
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

genetic disorder that effects the function of the lungs
thick sticky mucus is produced
deletion of CFTR protein in epithelial cell membrane, which removes the chloride channel
causing increases absorption of sodium water
** both parents must be carriers of the gene **

risk factors - white northern ancestry

91
Q

hemophilia A

A

antihemophillic factor protein is the clotting protein that hemophilla patients lack
x-linked disease
prevalent in males
family history

p: bleeding disorder due to lack of 8 clotting factor
sx: mucus membrane bleeding; nose bleeds; gums bleeding. severe menstral bleeding, severe brusing
risk factors - family history, being male

92
Q

systemic lupus

A

lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease
these people have hyper active B cells
butterfly rash, suspetible to UV rays, plural inflammation
female predominance
more common among African, Hispanic, Asian, + aboriginals

93
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

autoimmune disease that affects major joints of the body
pain is caused by synovial fluid thickening
women,

WBC release cytokines which attack synovial membrane, synovial cells fight back and thicken membranes (pannus) pannus invades and destroys healthy cartilage, and bone,
membrane space narrows
bones contact and begin to fuse

Sx - inflammation, pain, deformity

Risk factors - females
ages- 40-60
variations of HLA genes

WBC attack joints

94
Q

von willebrand disease

A

VWF + clotting factor are effected
the clotting factor completely stops the intrinsic clotting pathway - preventing coagulation
genetic

95
Q

leukemia

A

type of concern in which growth and development of wbc is abnormal

homeostasis is disrupted as a result of inversions
deletions and translocation of genes
wbc do not mature therefore cannot fight infection properly
WBC crowd out RBCs and platelets causing a lack of RBC and this causes bleeding bruising, tiredness SOB etc

acute lymphocytic leukemia is most common
risk factor - old male, white, chemical exposure, family history

96
Q

hemocytoblast

A

unspecificed stem cell

97
Q

anemia

A

lack red blood cells with many causes
sickle cell
funny shaped
hemoglobin clumps into chains instead of spreading out
premature death of cells
results in fatigue and delayed growth
risk f - African, middle east central south American

98
Q

systemic lupus

A

chronic auto immune disease that can cause inflammation in any part of the body
immune system cannot distinguish between healthy and non healthy cell
have hyperactive Bcells that increase production of antibodies that go after the bodies own proteins
Sx - rashes (butterfly, cough , pleural infection, percardosis, renal failure, inflammation in joints

risk factors - female, African, Hispanic, Asian pop are more common among aboriginals

99
Q

fibrin

A

holds platelets together

100
Q

firbogen

A

a soluble blood protein that is converted to insoluble fibrin during blood clotting

101
Q

name a function of a basophil

A

contains heprin and realeases histamine and other chemicals involved in inflammation

102
Q

both clotting pathways lead to the formation of a new protein called

A

fibrin

103
Q

platelet plug formation is an example of what kind of feed back loop and why

A

positive because it has to come to an end because if not your blood will all clot

104
Q

are proteins involved in the process of inflammation

A

yes, compliment proteins are present in the body and will be a part of the reaction to an infection or injury resulting by some kind of trauma

105
Q

does the normal pH of urine inhibit bacterial growth

A

yes, and it does this because the urine is acidic which doesn’t allow bacteria to thrive in this environment

106
Q

compliment proteins work best against what

A

bacteria – they do this because they are carried by natural killer cells which then attack the bacteria and fill it with extracellular fluid and make it explode there for killing the bacteria

107
Q

natural killer cells are a type of cell that destroy cells in what way

A

they cut them and make them smaller

108
Q

what are the three types of cells that preform phagocytosis

A

macrophages
dendritic cells
neutrophils

109
Q

does hemostasis help maintain homeostasis

A

yes !!
where hemostasis is the prevention of blood loss and homeostasis is the balance that needs to be kept in the body – these go hand in hand

110
Q

antigens are usually large complex molecules such as ____________

A

glycoproteins

111
Q

a function of an antibody is to _________

A

identify antigens

they have a marker and are Y in shape

physiology (5 decks)

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