quiz #2 prep Flashcards
1
Q
blood is separated into which two parts
A
plasma 55% and whole blood (hemocrit) 45%
2
Q
blood composition
A
separated into two parts
plasma - making up everything except formed elements
plasma is a yellow straw like color
red substance is formed elements - red blood cells etc
buffy coat plus erythtocytes
45% whole blood - hemocrit
3
Q
plasma
A
90% of plasma is water
elctrolytes, plasma proteins albumin, globulins, alpha +beta, gamma, fibrogen non protein nitrogenous substances, nutrients, repiratory gases and hormones
4
Q
what are formed elements
A
red blood cells - erythrocytes
white blood cells - leukocytes
platelets
most formed elements only survive in the blood stream for a few days
5
Q
what color are red blood cells
A
light pink - pinkish
6
Q
what is a characteristic of a white blood cell
A
they have a large mass
7
Q
platelets are
A
half cells
8
Q
adult red blood cells
A
don’t have a nucleus
they divide but can not create protein
they are filled with hemoglobin (large protein)
9
Q
structure and function of erythrocytes -red blood cells
A
are light in color because they are a concave disc - increasing the surface area,
allowing more oxygen to diffuse in,
cells packed full of hemoglobin,
has no generic organelles,
no nucleus which allows more space for hemoglobin, brought in by erythropoiesis and then used for gas exchange
can not create proteins
10
Q
where is red bone marrow located
A
the ends of long bones or flatbones hips, shoulders, pelvis, skull, sternum
11
Q
where are formed elements made
A
in red bone marrow
12
Q
cells in red bone marrow are
A
stem cells
13
Q
stem cells
A
are less predominate in adults
already have a designated task and are cells within red bone marrow
14
Q
early red blood cells
A
have a nucleus
will copy dna to make rna
produces hemoglobin
nucleus is then ejected into the ECF, followed by the cell into the blood stream
15
Q
reticulocyte
A
is a immature blood cell
16
Q
how is the production of red blood cells regulated
A
homeostatis - your body should not over or under produce red blood cells
17
Q
the number of red blood cells in our body
A
cannot be counted or measured
18
Q
how is measurement of red blood levels taken
A
by measuring the O2 level
19
Q
what is the homeostatic path to maintain balance of red blood cells
A
if not enough O2 in plasma —-> kidney trigger the release of erythroprotien ——-> red bone marrow stimulates to increase the number of red blood cells you produce (overtime) will increase when 02 carrying blood rises
20
Q
blood functions
A
takes CO2 out of the blood allows oxygen to go through the body contains a lot of proteins transport oxygen, glucose, and amino acids helps regulate body temperature immunity - white blood cells aides in protection ph balance due to proteins in the blood
21
Q
hemoglobin
A
is made of four amino acids
chains in the middle Fe ion chains
transport 4 oxygen per 1 red blood cell
22
Q
red blood cells
A
live 120 days and then reproduce new ones
new cells built around hemoglobin
23
Q
which part of hemoglobin carries oxygen
A
hem
24
Q
what is the result of too many red blood cells
A
thickens blood, gives it an increased viscosity, becomes harder to pump and increases blood pressure
25
hemoglobin
carries carbon dioxide and hydrogen
26
what are the 5 major types of leukocytes
1. neutrophils
2. eosinophils
3. basinophils
4. lymphocyte (small)
5. monocytes
27
platelets
help form platelet blood
start with hematepotic stem cells (hemacytoblast) then make megakaryoblast stages I, II, III, IV platelets
positive feed back loop
28
hemostasis
prevention of blood loss
29
what are the physiological mechanisms
vasoconstriction
platelet plug
blood coagulation
30
vasoconstriction
blood vessels constrict, capillaries can not do this due to NO smooth muscles, arteries are better because they have more muscle damage cells release
cells get smaller
31
platelet plug
```
bump into underlying collagen / connective tissues. make more and become sticky to make a ablock to stop injury. has to come to a stop
1 adp
2 serotonin
3 thromboxane
produced after bumping
```
32
blood coagulation
turns blood to a solid, found in plasma, inactive until needed calcium, phospholipid and proteins
33
vascular spasm
smooth muscle contracts, causing vasoconstriction
formation of platelet plug - injury to the lining of the blood vessel
coagulation - fibrin forms a mesh that helps RBC and platelet forming a clot
34
lymphoid stem cells
form A B and T lymphocytes
35
myeloid stem cells
if becomes a myoblast then will form esonphils neutrophils basophils
36
monocytes
become a macrophages which are aggressive -- used in phagocytosis -- active processes use ATP
37
blood coagulation follows which two pathways
intrinsic
| extrinsic
38
extrinsic pathway
don't have what you need in your blood
need damaged to start producing tissue factor
tissue factor is caused by trauma
39
intrinsic pathway
complicated - everything you already have
40
plasma
90% of volume
41
plasma solutes
| electrolytes
electrolytes - most abundant solutes by number
contain cations and anions
cations - Na, K, Mg
anions - chloride, phosphate, sulfate, bicarbonate
help maintain plasma osmotic pressure
and normal blood pH
42
plasma proteins
8% (by weight) of plasma
contribute to osmotic pressure
maintain water balance in blood and tissues
have other functions (transport, enzymatic)
albumin, globulins, alpha beta, gamma, fibrinogen
43
plasma proteins - albumin
60% of plasma proteins; produced by liver; main contributor to osmotic pressure
44
plasma proteins - globulins
36% of plasma proteins
45
plasma proteins - alpha, beta
produced by liver
most are transport proteins that bind lipids
metal ions
fat soluble vitamins
46
plasma proteins - gamma
antibodies released by plasma cells
47
plasma proteins - fibrinogen
4% of plasma proteins
produced by liver
forms fibrin threads of blood clot
48
plasma composition
| non-protein nitrogenous substances
by products of cellular metabolism
| such as urea, uric acid, creatine and ammonium salts
49
plasma composition
| nutrients (organic)
materials absorbed from digestive tract and transported for use throughout body
includes glucose and other simple carbs, fatty acids, glycerol, cholesterol and vitamins
50
plasma composition
| respiratory gases
o2 and co2 bound to hemoglobin inside RBC's
51
hormones
steroid, thyroid carried by plasma proteins
52
erythropoiesis
makes red blood cells
hemocytoblast - a type of stem cell
goes to a proerythroblast
ejects the nucleus (reticulocyte - young red blood) and becomes a red blood cell - erythrocyte
53
reticulocyte -
young red blood
| immature
54
erythropoietin
the process
a glycoprotein hormone
stimulates the formation of erythrocytes
small amount of EPO circulates in the blood at all times and sustains red blood cell production at basal rate
senses 02 levels in the blood
produced in kidneys
55
Leukocytes - neutrophil
pagocytize bacteria
multi lobed nucleus
cytoplasmic granules
56
Leukocytes - eosinophil
bilobed nucleus
red cytoplasmic granules
release histamine + other mediators of inflammation
contain heprin (an anticoagulant)
57
Leukocytes - basophil
bi lobed nucleus
large purplish black cytoplasmic granules
release histamine + other mediators of inflammation
contain heprin (an anticoagulant)
58
Leukocytes - lymphocyte
spherical or indented nucleus
pale blue cytoplasm
mount immune response by direction
cell attack or via antibodies
59
Leukocytes - monocyte
"u" or kidneys shaped nucleus
grayish blue cytoplasm
phagocytosis
develop into macrophages in the tissues
60
thymus
t lymphocyte and b lymphocyte
t to thymus to get further mature
b to lymph nodes
61
platelets
made in red bone marrow
hematoptic ---- megakaryblast ------ platelets
mega is when they are too big it explodes stages 1-4 burst in red bone marrow
positive feed back look - platelet plug
hemostasis helps prevent blood loss
62
hemostasis
helps prevent blood loss
platelet plug
blood coagulation
platelet plug
63
hemostasis - platelet plug
when there is a tear collagen fibers are exposed, this causes platelets to stick together at site
ADP - cause platlets to swell become sticky
serotonin - swell and stick together but also vasoconstriction
thromboxane - swell and stick together - these happen with daily damage
64
hemostasis - coagulation
```
turns the plasma to a soild
requires Ca +
extrinsic and intrinsic pathway starts
intrinsic - forms more pro thrombin
extrinsic - not currently in blood - requires tissue factor - quick
```
65
hemostasis - vasoconstriction
is when the smooth muscle around a blood vessel constricts (except capillary)
it does this due to a chemical released when injured
66
defence systems
innate
| adaptive
67
innate defence system
works like its the first time its seen the pathogen for the first time (50 first dates)
68
adaptive defence system
develops memory and reacts differently each time
69
innate surface barriers
skin - dendritic cells, is good at phagocytosis
mucus - acid conditions, cilia
internal defences - including phagocytosis, natural killer cells, inflammation, antimicrobial, fever
70
innate barriers internal defences
phagocytosis, natural killer cells, inflammation, antimicrobial, fever
71
phagocytosis
bacteria is taken into cell, destroyed by lysosome, then ejected from the cell in bits
allows other cells to help identify the bacteria in the future
innate
72
phagocyte
a cell that preforms phagocytosis
73
natural killer cell
```
innate
defensive cell (a type of lymphocyte) that can kill cancer cells + virus infected body cells before adaptive immune system is activated
creates a channel making the cell explode
```
74
inflammation
innate
redness, swollen, painful, warm - signs
should be local if bacteria is contained
mast cells - produce histamine (causes vasoconstriction)
but increases capillary permeability - allowing white blood cells to get out of blood system
epithelial tissue in capillary display
a protein which make neutrophil display a protein
diapeodisis = cell "crawling" allows white blood cells to reach a cut
75
diapeodisis
= cell "crawling" allows white blood cells to reach a cut
76
interferon
not one chemical
a protein
a family of chemicals
chemicals are produced if you have a viral infection
viral infections try to take over DNA and protein synthesis
cells produced interferon when infected,
uses exocytosis to leave cell and bind to other cell receptors
makes unaffected cells produce antiviral proteins, which kill the virus kill if it reaches healthy cell
77
compliment proteins
effective against bacteria in the blood but not active yet
they are always present
inactive as long as they don't have a bacterial infection
look for something on the cell membrane - a glycoprotein (antigen)
78
antigen
found on the outside of a cell, is a glycoprotein
self antigens - every cell has a marker that helps us recognize what is our own cells
foreign cells are antigens
79
the process of inflammation
leukocytosis - neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow
margination - neutrophils cling to capillary wall
diapedesis - neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries
chemotaxis - neutrophils follows chemical trail
80
fever
an abnormally high body temperature; a systematic response to invading microorganisms
81
b cells are
responsible to making antigens
82
antibodies
huge protein (amino acid) take different shapes most common "Y" have four chains - can only identify one antigen
have to use arms to attach
makes a compliment
protein if unable to identify
83
an antibody
identifies bacteria ----> antigen is found -----> activated
84
classic pathways
activated by antibodies
coats pathogen surfaces
macs formed from activated components
that insert into target cells
85
antigen
protein/glycoprotein found in cell membrane of self calls or foreign
86
blood transfusions
determine what antigen it carries
87
MHC proteins
```
are a type of self antigen
found in your cells
in cell membrane
you have MHC membranes proteins
everyone has MHC proteins (all different)
all are different - except twins
MHC markers job is to identify self
putting something on the outside to provide - we have lots of different cell types
```
88
how are MHC markers divided
type 1 MHC and type 2 MHC markers
89
cytokines
small proteins that act as a chemical messenger between various parts of the immune system
produced by b cells
produced by your immune system
90
cystic fibrosis
genetic disorder that effects the function of the lungs
thick sticky mucus is produced
deletion of CFTR protein in epithelial cell membrane, which removes the chloride channel
causing increases absorption of sodium water
**** both parents must be carriers of the gene ****
risk factors - white northern ancestry
91
hemophilia A
antihemophillic factor protein is the clotting protein that hemophilla patients lack
x-linked disease
prevalent in males
family history
p: bleeding disorder due to lack of 8 clotting factor
sx: mucus membrane bleeding; nose bleeds; gums bleeding. severe menstral bleeding, severe brusing
risk factors - family history, being male
92
systemic lupus
lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease
these people have hyper active B cells
butterfly rash, suspetible to UV rays, plural inflammation
female predominance
more common among African, Hispanic, Asian, + aboriginals
93
Rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune disease that affects major joints of the body
pain is caused by synovial fluid thickening
women,
WBC release cytokines which attack synovial membrane, synovial cells fight back and thicken membranes (pannus) pannus invades and destroys healthy cartilage, and bone,
membrane space narrows
bones contact and begin to fuse
Sx - inflammation, pain, deformity
Risk factors - females
ages- 40-60
variations of HLA genes
WBC attack joints
94
von willebrand disease
VWF + clotting factor are effected
the clotting factor completely stops the intrinsic clotting pathway - preventing coagulation
genetic
95
leukemia
type of concern in which growth and development of wbc is abnormal
homeostasis is disrupted as a result of inversions
deletions and translocation of genes
wbc do not mature therefore cannot fight infection properly
WBC crowd out RBCs and platelets causing a lack of RBC and this causes bleeding bruising, tiredness SOB etc
acute lymphocytic leukemia is most common
risk factor - old male, white, chemical exposure, family history
96
hemocytoblast
unspecificed stem cell
97
anemia
lack red blood cells with many causes
sickle cell
funny shaped
hemoglobin clumps into chains instead of spreading out
premature death of cells
results in fatigue and delayed growth
risk f - African, middle east central south American
98
systemic lupus
chronic auto immune disease that can cause inflammation in any part of the body
immune system cannot distinguish between healthy and non healthy cell
have hyperactive Bcells that increase production of antibodies that go after the bodies own proteins
Sx - rashes (butterfly, cough , pleural infection, percardosis, renal failure, inflammation in joints
risk factors - female, African, Hispanic, Asian pop are more common among aboriginals
99
fibrin
holds platelets together
100
firbogen
a soluble blood protein that is converted to insoluble fibrin during blood clotting
101
name a function of a basophil
contains heprin and realeases histamine and other chemicals involved in inflammation
102
both clotting pathways lead to the formation of a new protein called
fibrin
103
platelet plug formation is an example of what kind of feed back loop and why
positive because it has to come to an end because if not your blood will all clot
104
are proteins involved in the process of inflammation
yes, compliment proteins are present in the body and will be a part of the reaction to an infection or injury resulting by some kind of trauma
105
does the normal pH of urine inhibit bacterial growth
yes, and it does this because the urine is acidic which doesn't allow bacteria to thrive in this environment
106
compliment proteins work best against what
bacteria -- they do this because they are carried by natural killer cells which then attack the bacteria and fill it with extracellular fluid and make it explode there for killing the bacteria
107
natural killer cells are a type of cell that destroy cells in what way
they cut them and make them smaller
108
what are the three types of cells that preform phagocytosis
macrophages
dendritic cells
neutrophils
109
does hemostasis help maintain homeostasis
yes !!
where hemostasis is the prevention of blood loss and homeostasis is the balance that needs to be kept in the body -- these go hand in hand
110
antigens are usually large complex molecules such as ____________
glycoproteins
111
a function of an antibody is to _________
identify antigens
| they have a marker and are Y in shape
