Quiz 3 Flashcards
What is Hydra Vulgaris?
A freshwater cnidarian known for its regenerative properties and relevance in studies of tissue differentiation and cellular processes.
Hydra Vulgaris is utilized in research due to its ability to regenerate from small tissue fragments.
Why is Hydra Vulgaris significant in scientific research?
It contributes to studies in regeneration, developmental biology, aging, and human health.
Its regenerative abilities provide insights into cellular health and aging, which parallels human biology.
What are the major germ layers in embryonic development?
Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.
These layers give rise to various tissues and organs in animals.
Define cephalization.
The concentration of sensory organs and nervous system components in the head region.
This process is significant in the evolution of complex animal forms.
What is the spongocoel?
The central cavity in sponges where water flows in.
It plays a crucial role in the sponge’s feeding and respiratory processes.
What are the three types of sponge body forms?
Asconoid, syconoid, and leuconoid.
Each type varies in complexity and structure.
What is mesoglea?
A jelly-like layer found between the epidermis and gastrodermis in cnidarians.
This layer provides support and buoyancy to the organism.
Fill in the blank: The process where the blastula reorganizes into two layers of gastrula is called _______.
gastrulation
What is a planula?
A ciliated form of cnidarians.
It is an early larval stage in the life cycle of cnidarians.
True or False: Hydra is a solitary species.
True
While some cnidarians are colonial, Hydra typically exists as a solitary organism.
What characterizes the Hydrozoa clade?
Includes solitary and colonial species like Hydra and Obelia.
This clade exhibits diverse forms and life cycles.
What type of spicules do Hexactinellida sponges have?
Six-pointed (triaxon) silica spicules.
These sponges are also referred to as glass sponges.
What is a gemmule?
A survival structure in sponges, often clustered within a spicule shell.
Gemmules are important for asexual reproduction and survival in harsh conditions.
What does the term ‘strobila’ refer to in cnidarians?
A stage in the life cycle where the polyp produces free-swimming medusae.
This is part of the asexual reproduction process in certain cnidarians.
What is the significance of the clade Anthozoa?
Includes sea anemones and corals, exhibiting radial symmetry and small polyps.
This clade plays a crucial role in marine ecosystems.
What is the primary function of the digestive system that originates from the endoderm germ layer?
It evolved from no digestive system to a complete digestive system in animals.
This evolution reflects the complexity of animal anatomy and physiology.
List the three clades of Phylum Cnidaria mentioned.
- Hydrozoa
- Scyphozoa
- Anthozoa
Each clade contains distinct organisms with unique characteristics.
The Animalia (Metazoa) clade
division of the Opisthokonta. Animals are a
monophyletic group of multicellular, aerobic, diploid, heterotrophic organisms
Level of organization
cellular –> tissue –> organ –> organ system.
evolution cells organized into tissue layers
first two (diploblastic)
then three layers (triploblastic)
Animals at the next level of evolution (diploblastic) have how many germ layers
2 endoderm and ectoderm
How many germ layers do triploblastic have
All 3
Ectoderm
Forms skin and nervous tissue
Endoderm
Forms digestive and respiratory systems
Mesoderm
Forms bone muscles and blood
Cnidaria are
Diploblastic
The bilateria are
Triploblastic
Incomplete digestive system
Mouth only
Complete digestive system
Mouth and anus
Animals that have no cavity around their organs
Acoelomate
Animals that have body cavity surrounded with mesoderm
Coelomate
Sessile
Immobile, sponged but have motile larvae
Sponges are
mostly asymmetrical
no germ layers, no body cavity
several types of cells:
o an outer layer of “epidermal” cells for protection
o an inner layer of choanocytes (collar cells) used to create a current for
feeding.
o Between these two layers are amoebocytes
Spicules and spongin are the structural support of
Sponges
a unique characteristic of the Porifera
Spicules or demospongin as suppor
Asconoid sponges
e simplest sponge body form. It consists of an outer
layer of epidermal cells and an inner layer of choanocytes with amoebocytes
sandwiched in between
Syconoid body forms
side walls that have wave-like folds forming
incurrent and radial canals, but a single spongocoel and osculum. Scypha
(Grantia) is a syconoid sponge.
Leuconoid sponges have
complex system of chambers lined with collar cells,
and canals that empty into an osculum. Typical bath sponges are leuconoid
sponges that often have many oscula.
Calcarea
spicules made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3.). All three body forms
are found in this group. Scypha (Grantia) is a syconoid sponge in the Calcarea
Hexactinellida, or “glass sponges,
lacy skeleton out of 6-pointed (triaxon)
silicon spicules
Flagellated choanocytes provide the glass sponge what
supply the sponge with food and aeration. This sponge form a mutualistic relationship with spongicola shrimp. A pair of shrimp enter the sponge when they are larvae.
Demospongia contains
vast majority of sponges including many freshwater and
commercial marine sponges.
spongin,
silica spicules, a network of protein fibers
Cnidaria have
They also have stinging cells called nematocysts in their tentacles and a nerve
net that weaves through the epidermal layer
Eumetazoa embryonic development
zygote divides mitotically into a solid ball of cells (cleavage stages.) That ball of
cells hollows out into a blastula. One side of the blastula rolls in to form a two-layered
gastrula with an outer ectoderm, an inner endoderm, and an opening into the open gut
called the blastopore.
Cnidarians have 2 tissue layers
an epidermis and a gastrodermis
A mouth forms from the
Blastopore
The Anthozoa “Class-level” Clade
Anthozoans are large-bodied polyps. There is no medusa stage. Corals, sea fans, and sea
anemones are anthozoans
Scyphozoans
Truejellyfish
Obelia
colonial hydrozoan. Many feeding polyps exist on one branching organism.
There are also reproductive polyps that produce tiny medusae by asexual means.
Hydrozoa “Class-level” Clade
small, slender polyp or medusa body form Portuguese man of war
protostomes, the blastopore becomes
the mouth at the anterior end
deuterostomes, the anus forms in
the region of the blastopore at the posterior
end
The Protostomia can be divided into two subgroups
Lophotrochozoa and the
Ecdysozoa.
The Lophotrochozoa have either
either trochophore larvae or ciliated structures
around the mouth called lophophores
Ecdysozoans shed their
outside cuticle or shell.
Annelids are the
Segmented worms
Annelid characteristics are
Triploblastic
Organ system level of organization
Bilateral symmetry
Coelomate – true coelom body cavity bounded by mesoderm on all sides
Complete digestive system with a mouth and anus
Cephalization
Segmentation – repeating body parts allowing specialization
Possess a closed circulatory system
Setae, paired bristle-like appendages made of chitin, are found in most annelids
The Oligochaete “Subclass” has
as few setae and
includes the earthworm.
The Polychaete “Class” has
as many setae and includes the marine
worms.
The Hirudinea “Subclass,” the leeches, are
re highly specialized and have no seta
The clitellum is used in
Mating
What is the Longfin Inshore Squid used for in research?
The Longfin Inshore Squid is a model organism particularly used for neuroscience research due to its large axons.
What significant discoveries have been made using the Longfin Inshore Squid?
Discoveries about nerve cell function, synaptic transmission, and neuronal signaling similar to human biology.
Why is the Longfin Inshore Squid practical for experimental studies?
It has a short generation time and is easy to manage in laboratory settings.
In which fields has research on the Longfin Inshore Squid advanced our understanding?
Neurobiology, physiology, and evolutionary biology.
What evolutionary insights does the Longfin Inshore Squid provide?
It highlights evolutionary similarities in neurobiology fields and advances our understanding of invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems.
How has research on the Longfin Inshore Squid benefited human health?
It has contributed to developing medical treatments for nerve damage and neurological disorders.
What is a triploblastic gastrula?
Mesoderm cells that arise from the endoderm in the space between the ectoderm and the endoderm.
What is bilateria?
A clade of bilaterally symmetrical animals, separated into two clades: the Protostomia and the Deuterostomia.
What distinguishes a protostome?
The blastopore becomes the mouth at the anterior end.
What distinguishes a deuterostome?
The anus forms in the region of the blastopore at the posterior end.
What is a blastopore?
An opening into the gut.
What are lophotrochozoa?
Organisms that have either trochophore larvae or ciliated structures around the mouth called lophophores.
What is a trochophore?
Diamond-shaped larvae with two bands of cilia.
What is ecdysozoa?
Organisms that shed their outside cuticle or shell.
What is an acoelomate?
An organism where the mesoderm is solid and no body cavity exists.
What is a coelomate?
An organism with a body cavity surrounded on all sides by mesoderm.
What is a eucoelomate?
An organism with a body cavity bounded on only one side by mesoderm.
What is a typhosole?
An adaptation in the intestine that increases surface area to break down a mainly herbivorous diet.
What are chaetae?
Long setae bundled together into bristle-like structures.
What is the function of the clitellum?
It forms a mucous coating over both worms while they each release sperm.
What is a seminal receptacle?
The structure where sperm is stored.
What is a seminal vesicle?
The structure where sperm is produced.
What is a cocoon in the context of earthworms?
A structure that forms around each worm where stored sperm is released along with eggs.
What is a parapodium?
Lateral leafy appendages with chaetae on each segment.
What is an eversible pharynx?
An adaptation equipped with sharp jaws to capture prey, mainly small fish.
What is the muscular foot in mollusks used for?
Movement.
What is the mantle’s function?
Aids in respiration, mostly by gills, and excretion by kidneys.
What is a radula?
A structure that scrapes food as the foot glides in gastropoda.
What is the visceral mass?
Located above the foot, inside the shell of gastropoda.
What are ctenidia?
Also known as comb gills, used for feeding and gas exchange.
What is the umbo in clams?
The central part of clams.
What is the function of the adductor muscle in clams?
Holds the valves of the clamshell shut.
What are labial palps?
Structures that draw food into the mouth of clams.
What is a pen in cephalopods?
Remnants of a shell.
What is the function of a siphon in cephalopods?
Allows cephalopoda to swim by jet propulsion.
What is the function of an auricle in cephalopods?
Senses chemicals in the water.
What is a gastrovascular cavity?
An incomplete digestive system with only one opening for mouth/anus.
What is a complex life cycle?
Life cycles that require an intermediate and final host.
What is an intermediate host?
Fleas, mice, rats, and rabbits can be intermediate hosts that help tapeworms complete their life cycle.
What is a scolex?
A specialized structure containing hooks and suckers at the anterior end for attachment to the host’s intestinal wall.
What is a proglottid?
A segment filled with sexual reproductive organs following the scolex.
What is the branching gastrovascular cavity in an organism?
It refers to the intestine of the organism.
What are the main components of the digestive system in the organism?
Mouth, pharynx, and anus.
What is the function of the nerve cord in the nervous system?
It transmits signals throughout the body.
What is the significance of the ganglion in the nervous system?
It acts as a brain for processing information.
What is the Phylum of segmented worms?
Annelida.
What are the three classes of Phylum Annelida?
Oligochaeta, Polychaeta, and Hirudinea.
What is a characteristic of Oligochaeta?
Visible segmentation along its body for flexible movement.
What is a preserved specimen of Oligochaeta?
Lumbricus terrestris (earthworm).
What muscles are visible in the prepared slide of Lumbricus terrestris?
Circular and longitudinal muscles.
What is a characteristic of Polychaeta?
Has bristled parapodia for swimming.
What is a preserved specimen of Polychaeta?
Nereis virens (sandworm/clamworm).
What structures are visible in the prepared slide of Nereis virens?
Bristle-like structures that help with sensory processes.
What is a characteristic of Hirudinea?
They have suckers at both ends.
What is a preserved specimen of Hirudinea?
A leech.
What can be seen in the prepared slide of a leech?
A muscular pharynx and storage pouches.
What is the Phylum of snails, slugs, clams, and cephalopods?
Mollusca.
What class includes snails and slugs?
Gastropoda.
What is a characteristic of Gastropoda?
Has a coiled shell and muscular foot.
What is a preserved specimen of Bivalvia?
Mercenaria mercenaria (quahog).
What are the features of Bivalvia?
Two hinged shells and gills.
What class includes squid, octopus, and nautilus?
Cephalopoda.
What is a preserved specimen of Cephalopoda?
Loligo pealeii (squid).
What is the Phylum of flatworms?
Platyhelminthes.
What class includes marine and freshwater planaria?
Turbellaria.
What is a characteristic of Turbellaria?
Flattened body with eyespots.
What is a prepared slide of Turbellaria?
Planaria, whole mount.
How do live Planaria move?
By gliding.
What class includes parasitic flukes?
Trematoda.
What is a prepared slide of a Trematoda?
Clonorchis sinensis, whole mount.
What is the branching gastrovascular cavity in an organism?
It refers to the intestine of the organism.
What are the main components of the digestive system in the organism?
Mouth, pharynx, and anus.
What is the function of the nerve cord in the nervous system?
It transmits signals throughout the body.
What is the significance of the ganglion in the nervous system?
It acts as a brain for processing information.
What is the Phylum of segmented worms?
Annelida.
What are the three classes of Phylum Annelida?
Oligochaeta, Polychaeta, and Hirudinea.
What is a characteristic of Oligochaeta?
Visible segmentation along its body for flexible movement.
What is a preserved specimen of Oligochaeta?
Lumbricus terrestris (earthworm).
What muscles are visible in the prepared slide of Lumbricus terrestris?
Circular and longitudinal muscles.
What is a characteristic of Polychaeta?
Has bristled parapodia for swimming.
What is a preserved specimen of Polychaeta?
Nereis virens (sandworm/clamworm).
What structures are visible in the prepared slide of Nereis virens?
Bristle-like structures that help with sensory processes.
What is a characteristic of Hirudinea?
They have suckers at both ends.
What is a preserved specimen of Hirudinea?
A leech.
What can be seen in the prepared slide of a leech?
A muscular pharynx and storage pouches.
What is the Phylum of snails, slugs, clams, and cephalopods?
Mollusca.
What class includes snails and slugs?
Gastropoda.
What is a characteristic of Gastropoda?
Has a coiled shell and muscular foot.
What is a preserved specimen of Bivalvia?
Mercenaria mercenaria (quahog).
What are the features of Bivalvia?
Two hinged shells and gills.
What class includes squid, octopus, and nautilus?
Cephalopoda.
What is a preserved specimen of Cephalopoda?
Loligo pealeii (squid).
What is the Phylum of flatworms?
Platyhelminthes.
What class includes marine and freshwater planaria?
Turbellaria.
What is a characteristic of Turbellaria?
Flattened body with eyespots.
What is a prepared slide of Turbellaria?
Planaria, whole mount.
How do live Planaria move?
By gliding.
What class includes parasitic flukes?
Trematoda.
What is a prepared slide of a Trematoda?
Clonorchis sinensis, whole mount.
