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BIO131L > QUIZ 1 > Flashcards

QUIZ 1 Flashcards

1
Q

All life is divided into three Domains:

A

Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya

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2
Q

Archaea and Bacteria

A

tiny, microscopic prokaryotes lacking a nucleus and
other membrane-bound organelles

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3
Q

extremophiles (archaen)

A

live and thrive under environmental conditions too extreme for other
organisms. two ex. halo and thermophiles

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4
Q

Halophiles

A

survive high salt concentrations, they require them

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5
Q

Halobacterium

A

may be rod or cocci shape and pink/dark red. need high salinity environment to thrive

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6
Q

Thermophiles

A

such as Pyrococcus, thrive at high temperatures around 90°C.

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7
Q

“Methanogens

A

anaerobes producing methane gas, found in swamp gas.”

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8
Q

Bacteria

A

diverse prokaryotes with significant environmental impacts, roles as recyclers, pathogens, and symbiotic partners

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9
Q

heterotrophs (bacteria)

A

deriving energy from pre-existing complex molecules.

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10
Q

Autotrophs (bacteria)

A

chemoautotrophs (create organic compounds from chemical reactions) and photoautotrophs (sunlight to atp) create their own energy.

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11
Q

coccus

A

spherical shape

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12
Q

bacillus

A

rod shaped

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13
Q

spirillum

A

spiral shape, s shape

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14
Q

diplo

A

two cells together

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15
Q

strepto

A

chain of cells

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16
Q

staphylo

A

cluster of cells

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17
Q

Bacterial species are named using

A

binomial nomenclature. name of the genus comes first and is
capitalized.

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18
Q

Gram stain

A

distinguishes bacteria based on cell wall characteristics. staining method helps in identifying and treating bacterial infections.

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19
Q

Gram-positive

A

stain purple

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20
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae

A

single or pair rod shaped, gram negative, causes pnuemonia

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20
Q

Gram-negative

A

stain pink

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21
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

A

pair of cocci (diplo), negative, causes meningitis

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22
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

single rod shaped, negative, infections

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23
Q

Bacillus anthracis

A

single or chain of rods, positive, spores/anthrax

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24
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis

A

clusters of cocci, positive, infections

25
Q

Oscillatoria

A

a filamentous cyanobacterium consisting of a long chain of squarish cells.

26
Q

cyanobacteria

A

capable of converting solar energy into carbon compounds usable for ATP
production, cyan color

27
Q

Anabaena

A

Photosynthetic cyanobacterium with heterocysts, mutualistic relationship with the water fern, Azolla,

28
Q

heterocysts

A

take atmospheric nitrogen and turn it into water soluble
nitrate that can be taken up by plant roots.

29
Q

dependent variable

A

what is measured to show the
outcome

30
Q

independent variable

A

variable you
are testing

31
Q

Domain Eukarya

A

(organisms with a nucleus and
membrane-bound internal organelle

32
Q

Excavate clade

A

Parabasalids and Euglenozoans, Excavate cells
have a feeding groove on one side of the cell. They are all related through
DNA evidence,

32
Q

four Supergroups in Domain Eukarya.

A

Excavata, SAR, Archaeplastida, and Unikonta

33
Q

Parabasalid Clade of Excavata

A

flagellated and have a parabasal body comprised of
densely packed Golgi bodies, reduced mitochondria,
anaerobes, either parasitic, mutualistic or commensal
symbionts.

34
Q

Trichonympha (ex. of parabasalid)

A

obligate mutualistic symbiont in termite intestines, digests wood and has a large nucleus with many flagella.

35
Q

Euglenozoan Clade of Excavata

A

diverse clade of predatory heterotrophs,
photoautotrophs and parasites,rod within the flagella, subgroups are the Kinetoplastids
and the Euglenids

36
Q

Kinetoplastid Subclade of Euglenozoa

A

one large mitochondrion with a disk-like mass of DNA
called a kinetoplast, free living or parasitic

37
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi (kinetoplastid seen in this)

A

causative agent of
African Sleeping Sickness, kinetoplast may
be seen near the origin of the flagellum.

38
Q

Euglenid subclade of Euglenozoa

A

two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the
cell, have a pellicle
that allows them
very flexible movement

39
Q

Supergroup SAR

A

Stramenopiles, Alveolates
and Rhizaria

40
Q

The Stramenopile Clade

A

two flagella, one short and one long with hairlike bristles.

41
Q

Diatom subclade of Stramenopiles

A

unicellular phytoplankton with perforated silica cell walls, major producers in the planktonic community, pennate (slender, bilaterally symmetrical) and centric (like a wheel) shapes, looks golden

42
Q

Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) subclade of Stramenopiles

A

are multicellular, mostly marine.
no tissue organization, Fucoxanthin gives them brown color, Store excess glucose as laminaran

43
Q

Fucus and Laminaria

A

blade, stipe, and holdfast
Airbladders aid in floating, while holdfasts anchor them

44
Q

Ciliate subclade of Alveolates

A

cilia for movement and feeding
Predatory in nature

44
Q

The Alveolate Clade

A

small vesicles (alveoli) under the plasma membrane, diverse group consisting of photoautotrophs and heterotrophs

45
Q

Plasmodium falciparum (apicomplexan subclade)

A

causes malaria

45
Q

Paramecium

A

common ciliate. Paramecia have a large
macronucleus that controls cell metabolism and a micronucleus fo reproduction

46
Q

Zoochlorella symbionts

A

visible inside the cells of Paramecium bursaria

47
Q

Dinoflagellate subclade of Alveolates

A

Enclosed in cellulose plates
Have two flagella causing spinning motion, produce a neurotoxin that is
harmful to vertebrates and invertebrates

48
Q

Apicomplexan subclade of Alveolates

A

Intracellular parasites infecting most animal species, Transmission via mosquitoes as disease vectors

49
Q

The Rhizarian Clade

A

fine pseudopodia
Some amoeboid, others flagellated non-amoeboids, Unification by DNA evidence

49
Q

Foraminiferan subclade

A

forming calcium carbonate shells (tests), fresh water and marine environments

50
Q

Aerobe

A

require oxygen for respiration and survival

51
Q

Anaerobe

A

do not require oxygen for survival

52
Q

Mutualistic Symbiosis:

A

Both organisms involved benefit from the relationship.

53
Q

Parasitic Symbiosis

A

One organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of the other organism (the host), which is harmed.

54
Q

Obligate

A

require a specific environmental condition to survive.

55
Q

Commensal Symbiosis

A

One organism benefits while the other is neither harmed nor helped

56
Q

Facultative

A

Organisms that can survive in multiple conditions but prefer one.

57
Q

Trichonympha and Termite Relationship

A

termite is the host, and Trichonympha (a type of protozoan) is the symbiont, Trichonympha helps the termite digest cellulose from wood, a mutually beneficial relationship

BIO131L (5 decks)

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