QUIZ 1 Flashcards
All life is divided into three Domains:
Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya
Archaea and Bacteria
tiny, microscopic prokaryotes lacking a nucleus and
other membrane-bound organelles
extremophiles (archaen)
live and thrive under environmental conditions too extreme for other
organisms. two ex. halo and thermophiles
Halophiles
survive high salt concentrations, they require them
Halobacterium
may be rod or cocci shape and pink/dark red. need high salinity environment to thrive
Thermophiles
such as Pyrococcus, thrive at high temperatures around 90°C.
“Methanogens
anaerobes producing methane gas, found in swamp gas.”
Bacteria
diverse prokaryotes with significant environmental impacts, roles as recyclers, pathogens, and symbiotic partners
heterotrophs (bacteria)
deriving energy from pre-existing complex molecules.
Autotrophs (bacteria)
chemoautotrophs (create organic compounds from chemical reactions) and photoautotrophs (sunlight to atp) create their own energy.
coccus
spherical shape
bacillus
rod shaped
spirillum
spiral shape, s shape
diplo
two cells together
strepto
chain of cells
staphylo
cluster of cells
Bacterial species are named using
binomial nomenclature. name of the genus comes first and is
capitalized.
Gram stain
distinguishes bacteria based on cell wall characteristics. staining method helps in identifying and treating bacterial infections.
Gram-positive
stain purple
Klebsiella pneumoniae
single or pair rod shaped, gram negative, causes pnuemonia
Gram-negative
stain pink
Neisseria meningitidis
pair of cocci (diplo), negative, causes meningitis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
single rod shaped, negative, infections
Bacillus anthracis
single or chain of rods, positive, spores/anthrax
Staphylococcus epidermidis
clusters of cocci, positive, infections
Oscillatoria
a filamentous cyanobacterium consisting of a long chain of squarish cells.
cyanobacteria
capable of converting solar energy into carbon compounds usable for ATP
production, cyan color
Anabaena
Photosynthetic cyanobacterium with heterocysts, mutualistic relationship with the water fern, Azolla,
heterocysts
take atmospheric nitrogen and turn it into water soluble
nitrate that can be taken up by plant roots.
dependent variable
what is measured to show the
outcome
independent variable
variable you
are testing
Domain Eukarya
(organisms with a nucleus and
membrane-bound internal organelle
Excavate clade
Parabasalids and Euglenozoans, Excavate cells
have a feeding groove on one side of the cell. They are all related through
DNA evidence,
four Supergroups in Domain Eukarya.
Excavata, SAR, Archaeplastida, and Unikonta
Parabasalid Clade of Excavata
flagellated and have a parabasal body comprised of
densely packed Golgi bodies, reduced mitochondria,
anaerobes, either parasitic, mutualistic or commensal
symbionts.
Trichonympha (ex. of parabasalid)
obligate mutualistic symbiont in termite intestines, digests wood and has a large nucleus with many flagella.
Euglenozoan Clade of Excavata
diverse clade of predatory heterotrophs,
photoautotrophs and parasites,rod within the flagella, subgroups are the Kinetoplastids
and the Euglenids
Kinetoplastid Subclade of Euglenozoa
one large mitochondrion with a disk-like mass of DNA
called a kinetoplast, free living or parasitic
Trypanosoma cruzi (kinetoplastid seen in this)
causative agent of
African Sleeping Sickness, kinetoplast may
be seen near the origin of the flagellum.
Euglenid subclade of Euglenozoa
two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the
cell, have a pellicle
that allows them
very flexible movement
Supergroup SAR
Stramenopiles, Alveolates
and Rhizaria
The Stramenopile Clade
two flagella, one short and one long with hairlike bristles.
Diatom subclade of Stramenopiles
unicellular phytoplankton with perforated silica cell walls, major producers in the planktonic community, pennate (slender, bilaterally symmetrical) and centric (like a wheel) shapes, looks golden
Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) subclade of Stramenopiles
are multicellular, mostly marine.
no tissue organization, Fucoxanthin gives them brown color, Store excess glucose as laminaran
Fucus and Laminaria
blade, stipe, and holdfast
Airbladders aid in floating, while holdfasts anchor them
Ciliate subclade of Alveolates
cilia for movement and feeding
Predatory in nature
The Alveolate Clade
small vesicles (alveoli) under the plasma membrane, diverse group consisting of photoautotrophs and heterotrophs
Plasmodium falciparum (apicomplexan subclade)
causes malaria
Paramecium
common ciliate. Paramecia have a large
macronucleus that controls cell metabolism and a micronucleus fo reproduction
Zoochlorella symbionts
visible inside the cells of Paramecium bursaria
Dinoflagellate subclade of Alveolates
Enclosed in cellulose plates
Have two flagella causing spinning motion, produce a neurotoxin that is
harmful to vertebrates and invertebrates
Apicomplexan subclade of Alveolates
Intracellular parasites infecting most animal species, Transmission via mosquitoes as disease vectors
The Rhizarian Clade
fine pseudopodia
Some amoeboid, others flagellated non-amoeboids, Unification by DNA evidence
Foraminiferan subclade
forming calcium carbonate shells (tests), fresh water and marine environments
Aerobe
require oxygen for respiration and survival
Anaerobe
do not require oxygen for survival
Mutualistic Symbiosis:
Both organisms involved benefit from the relationship.
Parasitic Symbiosis
One organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of the other organism (the host), which is harmed.
Obligate
require a specific environmental condition to survive.
Commensal Symbiosis
One organism benefits while the other is neither harmed nor helped
Facultative
Organisms that can survive in multiple conditions but prefer one.
Trichonympha and Termite Relationship
termite is the host, and Trichonympha (a type of protozoan) is the symbiont, Trichonympha helps the termite digest cellulose from wood, a mutually beneficial relationship
