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BIO131L > lab 6 > Flashcards

lab 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Unikonts?

A

The Unikonts are an odd compilation of unicellular to multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes, ranging from amoeba to humans.

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2
Q

What is the triple gene fusion characteristic shared by Unikonts?

A

Unikonts share a triple gene fusion of enzymes involved in the synthesis of pyrimidine.

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3
Q

Describe the movement of Amoebozoa.

A

Amoebozoa move by thick, tubular pseudopodia, not slender ones like in Rhizaria.

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4
Q

What distinguishes Amoebozoa from Bikont eukaryotes?

A

Amoebozoa have the fusion of genes for synthesis of pyrimidine which Bikont eukaryotes lack.

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5
Q

Explain the feeding mechanism of Amoeba proteus.

A

Amoeba proteus feeds by phagocytosis using its thick pseudopodia.

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6
Q

What causes intestinal amoebiasis?

A

Entamoeba histolytica, a type of Tubulinid amoeba, causes intestinal amoebiasis.

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7
Q

What is the significance of chitin in Opisthokonts?

A

Both fungi and some animals synthesize chitin for cell walls and outer coverings.

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8
Q

How do Fungi and some animals absorb nutrients?

A

They use extracellular digestion and absorption of nutrients.

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9
Q

What are the two sister clades of the Dikarya?

A

Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.

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10
Q

What is the result of the fusion of hyphae from plus and minus strains in Ascomycota?

A

Dikaryotic cells with one plus and one minus haploid nucleus.

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11
Q

What is the name of the sexual reproductive structure in Ascomycota?

A

Ascocarp.

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12
Q

At what point do the two nuclei of each dikaryotic cell in Ascomycota fuse to form a diploid cell?

A

At the upper surface of the ascocarp.

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13
Q

How many haploid ascospores are produced in each ascus in Ascomycota?

A

Eight (8).

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14
Q

What is the sexually reproductive diploid cell in Basidiomycota?

A

Basidium.

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15
Q

What happens when hyphae of plus and minus strains fuse in Basidiomycota?

A

They form dikaryotic cells with one plus and one minus nucleus.

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16
Q

What is the name of the dikaryotic above-ground fruiting body in Basidiomycota?

A

Basidiocarp.

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17
Q

Where do the nuclei of each dikaryotic cell in Basidiomycota fuse to form a diploid basidium?

A

On the gills under the cap of a mushroom, or under a bracket fungus.

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18
Q

How many haploid basidiospores are produced by meiosis in Basidiomycota?

A

Four.

19
Q

What polysaccharide are fungal walls made of?

A

Chitin

20
Q

Describe the basic body form of fungal hyphae.

A

Haploid filamentous hyphae that grow and intertwine into a haploid mycelium.

21
Q

What types of spores do fungi produce?

A

Both asexual and sexual spores.

22
Q

Explain the relationship between fungi and plants during land colonization.

A

Fungi and plants may have aided each other in survival. Evidence today is seen in mycorrhizae.

23
Q

What is the function of arbuscular mycorrhizae in plants?

A

They absorb minerals and ions from the soil and share them with the plant, receiving organic nutrients in return.

24
Q

What are Zygomycetes primarily known for and what is their mode of reproduction?

A

They are known as saprobes, decomposers, and parasites. Reproduction involves the fusion of gametangia to form a zygosporangium.

25
Q

Describe the key reproductive steps in the life cycle of Rhizopus (a Zygomycete).

A

Gametangia from plus and minus mating strains fuse to form a zygosporangium, leading to diploid zygospore formation and subsequent spore release.

26
Q

What is the main morphological feature distinguishing Ascomycetes?

A

The ascus, a sac-shaped structure containing haploid spores resulting from sexual reproduction.

27
Q

Name a culinary delicacy belonging to Ascomycetes.

A

Truffles and morels

28
Q

What is the name of the unicellular ascomycete used to make bread and beer?

A

Yeast

29
Q

What equipment is needed to embed and microtome lichens for internal structure observation?

A

Equipment to embed and microtome lichens is required.

30
Q

What material are fungal cell walls primarily composed of?

A

Fungal cell walls are primarily composed of chitin.

31
Q

How can lichens be softened to make preparation easier?

A

Lichens may be softened in water.

32
Q

What type of lichen is Physcia stellaris?

A

Physcia stellaris is a foliose lichen.

33
Q

What should you be able to locate under the 4x, 10x, and 40x lenses in the prepared sample?

A

Branched hyphae and round green algae.

34
Q

What characteristics can help identify the phylum-level clade of the fungus?

A

Observing the type of fruiting body present.

35
Q

How can you clear observe the algae and hyphae in the preparation?

A

Algae with iris diaphragm wide open, hyphae with iris closed.

36
Q

What structures should be compared in the prepared brown fruiting body to the three fungal phyla’s reproductive structures?

A

Structures seen in the preparation to reproductive structures studied.

37
Q

What should be observed in Figure 6.20 to confirm similarities to the studied structure?

A

Similarity between the shape and the button removed.

38
Q

Where can ascus sacs and ascospores be located on Figure 6.20?

A

Locate ascus sacs and ascospores on Figure 6.20.

39
Q

Locate the cap, gills, and stalk of the Wrinkled Peach mushroom in Figure 6.13.

A

Cap, gills, and stalk can be found on the Wrinkled Peach mushroom in Figure 6.13.

40
Q

What are the main body forms of lichens mentioned in the notes?

A

The main body forms of lichens are crustose, foliose, and fruticose.

41
Q

Describe the symbiotic relationship of lichens with their hosts.

A

Lichens have a mutualistic relationship with hosts where both benefit and rely on each other.

42
Q

How do lichens reproduce asexually according to the notes?

A

Lichens reproduce asexually by fragmentation, where a piece containing hyphae and algae grows in a new location.

43
Q

What is the common color of the thallus in lichens described in the notes?

A

The thallus of lichens is described as a gray color.

BIO131L (5 decks)

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