lab 6 Flashcards
What are the Unikonts?
The Unikonts are an odd compilation of unicellular to multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes, ranging from amoeba to humans.
What is the triple gene fusion characteristic shared by Unikonts?
Unikonts share a triple gene fusion of enzymes involved in the synthesis of pyrimidine.
Describe the movement of Amoebozoa.
Amoebozoa move by thick, tubular pseudopodia, not slender ones like in Rhizaria.
What distinguishes Amoebozoa from Bikont eukaryotes?
Amoebozoa have the fusion of genes for synthesis of pyrimidine which Bikont eukaryotes lack.
Explain the feeding mechanism of Amoeba proteus.
Amoeba proteus feeds by phagocytosis using its thick pseudopodia.
What causes intestinal amoebiasis?
Entamoeba histolytica, a type of Tubulinid amoeba, causes intestinal amoebiasis.
What is the significance of chitin in Opisthokonts?
Both fungi and some animals synthesize chitin for cell walls and outer coverings.
How do Fungi and some animals absorb nutrients?
They use extracellular digestion and absorption of nutrients.
What are the two sister clades of the Dikarya?
Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.
What is the result of the fusion of hyphae from plus and minus strains in Ascomycota?
Dikaryotic cells with one plus and one minus haploid nucleus.
What is the name of the sexual reproductive structure in Ascomycota?
Ascocarp.
At what point do the two nuclei of each dikaryotic cell in Ascomycota fuse to form a diploid cell?
At the upper surface of the ascocarp.
How many haploid ascospores are produced in each ascus in Ascomycota?
Eight (8).
What is the sexually reproductive diploid cell in Basidiomycota?
Basidium.
What happens when hyphae of plus and minus strains fuse in Basidiomycota?
They form dikaryotic cells with one plus and one minus nucleus.
What is the name of the dikaryotic above-ground fruiting body in Basidiomycota?
Basidiocarp.
Where do the nuclei of each dikaryotic cell in Basidiomycota fuse to form a diploid basidium?
On the gills under the cap of a mushroom, or under a bracket fungus.
How many haploid basidiospores are produced by meiosis in Basidiomycota?
Four.
What polysaccharide are fungal walls made of?
Chitin
Describe the basic body form of fungal hyphae.
Haploid filamentous hyphae that grow and intertwine into a haploid mycelium.
What types of spores do fungi produce?
Both asexual and sexual spores.
Explain the relationship between fungi and plants during land colonization.
Fungi and plants may have aided each other in survival. Evidence today is seen in mycorrhizae.
What is the function of arbuscular mycorrhizae in plants?
They absorb minerals and ions from the soil and share them with the plant, receiving organic nutrients in return.
What are Zygomycetes primarily known for and what is their mode of reproduction?
They are known as saprobes, decomposers, and parasites. Reproduction involves the fusion of gametangia to form a zygosporangium.
Describe the key reproductive steps in the life cycle of Rhizopus (a Zygomycete).
Gametangia from plus and minus mating strains fuse to form a zygosporangium, leading to diploid zygospore formation and subsequent spore release.
What is the main morphological feature distinguishing Ascomycetes?
The ascus, a sac-shaped structure containing haploid spores resulting from sexual reproduction.
Name a culinary delicacy belonging to Ascomycetes.
Truffles and morels
What is the name of the unicellular ascomycete used to make bread and beer?
Yeast
What equipment is needed to embed and microtome lichens for internal structure observation?
Equipment to embed and microtome lichens is required.
What material are fungal cell walls primarily composed of?
Fungal cell walls are primarily composed of chitin.
How can lichens be softened to make preparation easier?
Lichens may be softened in water.
What type of lichen is Physcia stellaris?
Physcia stellaris is a foliose lichen.
What should you be able to locate under the 4x, 10x, and 40x lenses in the prepared sample?
Branched hyphae and round green algae.
What characteristics can help identify the phylum-level clade of the fungus?
Observing the type of fruiting body present.
How can you clear observe the algae and hyphae in the preparation?
Algae with iris diaphragm wide open, hyphae with iris closed.
What structures should be compared in the prepared brown fruiting body to the three fungal phyla’s reproductive structures?
Structures seen in the preparation to reproductive structures studied.
What should be observed in Figure 6.20 to confirm similarities to the studied structure?
Similarity between the shape and the button removed.
Where can ascus sacs and ascospores be located on Figure 6.20?
Locate ascus sacs and ascospores on Figure 6.20.
Locate the cap, gills, and stalk of the Wrinkled Peach mushroom in Figure 6.13.
Cap, gills, and stalk can be found on the Wrinkled Peach mushroom in Figure 6.13.
What are the main body forms of lichens mentioned in the notes?
The main body forms of lichens are crustose, foliose, and fruticose.
Describe the symbiotic relationship of lichens with their hosts.
Lichens have a mutualistic relationship with hosts where both benefit and rely on each other.
How do lichens reproduce asexually according to the notes?
Lichens reproduce asexually by fragmentation, where a piece containing hyphae and algae grows in a new location.
What is the common color of the thallus in lichens described in the notes?
The thallus of lichens is described as a gray color.
