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OLD "MIC 665" > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 classifications of epithelial tissues based on shape?

A

squamous - thin and flat
columnar - tall
cuboidal - cube
pseudostratified - many forms

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2
Q

What are the 2 classifications of epithelial tissues based on cell layers?

A

simple - one layer
stratified - two or more layers

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3
Q

transitional epithelium usually appears _________ when relaxed and __________ when stretched.

A

cuboidal

squamous

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4
Q

Do simple or stratified epithelium not transport much?

A

stratified

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5
Q

Is simple or stratified epithelium close to the skin?

A

stratified

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6
Q

Does simple or stratified epithelium participate in ion, water, and gas transport?

A

simple

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7
Q

What is transcytosis?

A

transport of molecules between two surfaces via vesicular transport

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8
Q

Is transcytosis energy dependent or independent?

A

energy dependent

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9
Q

What is paracellular transport?

A

transport between cells

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10
Q

Is paracellular transport energy dependent or independent?

A

energy independent (relies on gradient)

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11
Q

What are the 2 pathways to pass a tight junction?

A

pore pathway
leaky pathway

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12
Q

What is the pore pathway?

A

paracellular transport that’s highly selective and gated

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13
Q

What is the leaky pathway?

A

paracellular transport that’s slow and not selective

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14
Q

Epithelial cells separate ____ environments

A

2

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15
Q

Gut epithelia is _____ cell layers thick

A

1

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16
Q

Gut epithelial is columnar shaped or squamous shaped?

A

columnar

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17
Q

Gut epithelia is polarized or non-polarized?

A

polarized

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18
Q

Why are villi closely associated with blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Why?

A

absorb nutrients and drain into mesentric lymph nodes

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19
Q

What are single lacteal in villi?

A

closed ended lymphatic vessel that conducts lymphocyes and immune cells and drain them to mesenteric lymph nodes

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20
Q

Are tight junctions permiable?

A

yes

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21
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

connections between adjacent epithelial cells

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22
Q

Where are tight junctions located, closer to the apical or basolateral side and why?

A

apical
epithelial cells are polarized

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23
Q

Why is polarity required in epithelial cells?

A

distinguishes apical from basolaterial side
- aids in directional transport
- microbial sensing on basolateral side
- secretion on apical side

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24
Q

Is Na+ actively or passively transported?

A

actively

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25
Q

_____ uses the gradient of Na+ which makes it passive while Na+ is active transport

A

H2O

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26
Q

Why molecule is transported via transcytosis?

A

IgA (large)

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27
Q

What is the process of IgA being moved from basolateral to apical side?

A
  1. IgA bound to J chain binds to pIg receptor
  2. receptors is cleaved and whole complex is endocytosed into epithelial cell
  3. once on apical side, its released and a carb binds to IgA to keep it in mucus
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28
Q

Is the large and small intestine simple or stratified epithelium?

A

simple

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29
Q

Is the bronchi/bronchioles simple or stratified epithelium?

A

simple

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30
Q

Is the vagina, esophagus, and tonsils simple or stratified?

A

stratified

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31
Q

Epithelial cells at the mucosal barrier are held together by ___________

A

tight junctions

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32
Q

What side of epithelia are commensal bacterias located?

A

apical

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33
Q

What are mucins?

A

proteins in mucus that make it slick

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34
Q

What are mucins made of?

A

glycoproteins (AA and sugar)

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35
Q

Why is mucin able to dissolve in water to keep mucus hydrated?

A

sugar side chains are hydrophillic

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36
Q

Mucus prevents bio______

A

biofilms

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37
Q

Does commensal bacteria live in mucus?

A

yes

38
Q

What cells produce mucin glycoproteins?

A

goblet cells

39
Q

Where are goblet cells found the most?

A

colon (large intestine)

40
Q

What cells secrete alpha defensins (AMP)?

A

Paneth cells

41
Q

How is IgA and mucus important for one another?

A

mucus keeps IgA in place

42
Q

What are the steps to releasing mucin?

A
  1. transport mucin granules to apical surface
  2. release granule
  3. mucin in lumen exposed to water and hydrates to from mucus
43
Q

Mucin make mucus _________

A

viscous (thick)

44
Q

Mucins are heavily ___________

A

glycosylated

45
Q

Why is mucus layer thinner in small intestine and discontinuous?

A

ILF anf peyers patches M cells need to sample antigens

46
Q

Is the mucus layer in large intestine thick/thin and continuous/discontinuous?

A

thick
continuous

47
Q

Why is mucin negatively charged and why is it important that its negatively charged?

A

heavily glycosylated
retains AMP

48
Q

What is the chemical barrier of the mucosal barrier?

A

AMP and IgA

49
Q

What 3 ways can microbes get past the mucosal barrier?

A

secrete protease
enter via M cells (no mucus present)
disrupt tight junctions

50
Q

Protective layer of mucus contains what 3 things?

A

mucins
AMP
IgA

51
Q

What are AMPs?

A

kill pathogens via peptide-mediated membrane disruption to electrochemical gradient

52
Q

What are the 2 types of AMPs?

A

cathelicidins
defensins

53
Q

What is the only type of cathelicidins in humans?

A

hCAP18

54
Q

Where 2 cell types are human cathelicidins expressed from?

A

neutrophils
epithelial cells

55
Q

cathelicidins are processed into ________

A

LL37

56
Q

cathelicidins isn’t just an AMP it can also act as
a _____________

A

chemotaxin

57
Q

What defensins are released via the constitutive pathway?

A

beta defensins

58
Q

What defensin promotes pro-inflammatory mediators?

A

theta

59
Q

AMP can be enzyme _________ or peptides like ___________ and __________-

A

lysozyme

defensins
cathelicidins

60
Q

What are lysozymes?

A

AMP that degrade peptidoglycan layer of bacterial wall

61
Q

Where are lysozymes found?

A

tears, salivia, mucus, breast milk

62
Q

What is the most common producer of lysozymes?

A

paneth cells

63
Q

What AMP cleaves B-1,4-linkage of peptidoglycan?

A

lysozyme

64
Q

Both gram + and - bacteria have peptidoglycan walls but gram _____ has a second wall which makes it able to avoid _______

A

gram -

lysozymes

65
Q

What secretes catonic AMP?

A

epithelial cells

66
Q

How do cationic AMPs destroy bacteria?

A

create holes or act as a detergent

67
Q

How do cationic AMP target bacterial cells and not host cells?

A

host cells are uncharged (lipids) while bacterial membranes are negative

68
Q

What are the 3 types of cationic AMPs?

A

defensins
cathelicidins
histamines

69
Q

Where is the highest levels of defensins on the epithelial layer?

A

crypts

70
Q

What defensins don’t require paneth cells?

A

beta

71
Q

In mice neutrophils don’t secrete ________

A

defensins

72
Q

AMP can also target viruses. Which type best?

A

envelope virus

73
Q

Plasma cells in the lamina produce IgA in the _______ form and plasma cells in the blood produce IgA in the _________ form

A

lamina properia - dimeric
blood - monomer

74
Q

Are plasma cells in inductive sites?

A

no (they are effector cells and found in lamina properia)

75
Q

Where is the mucos layer the thickest?

A

colon

76
Q

mucins that are not secreted but adherent to epithelial cells create a barrier called ___________

A

glycocalyx

77
Q

Which AMP breaks the beta 1,4-linkage in peptidoglycan

A

lysozymes

78
Q

Where in the intestines is the highest concentration of defensins?

A

crypts

79
Q

Which AMP is not expressed in mice neutrophils but is expressed in human neutrophils?

A

alpha defensins

80
Q

How do M cells transport antigens? Para or trans-cellular

A

transcellular

81
Q

How do DC sample antigens on lumen side?

A

extend their denrites between epithelial cells

82
Q

M cells are found on ___________ associated epithelium

A

FAE
follicle assocaited epithelium

83
Q

Does FAE have goblet cells?

A

yes but barley

84
Q

What is the purpose of FAE?

A

place where microbes have close contact with epithelium for sampling

85
Q

Do M cells have microvilli?

A

no they need to directly sample antigen
(sunken in area)

86
Q

M cells are connected to ___________ via tight junctions

A

enterocytes

87
Q

Can enterocytes sense microbes?

A

yes but they cant transport them

they secrete CCL20 cytokine

88
Q

What immune cell in gut doesn’t induce a T cell response or local inflammation but normally do in systemic immune system?

A

macrophages

89
Q

Why are macrophages in gut not directly involved in initiating adaptive immunity?

A

they don’t active immune cells they pass off antigen to DC which actives cells

90
Q

What cell maintains homeostasis by eliminating debris and secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines?

A

macrophages

OLD "MIC 665" (5 decks)

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