Quiz # 2 Review

Question 1

Object permanence

Answer 1

the understanding, which develops throughout the first year, that an object continues to exist even when you cannot see or touch it.

Question 2

Language

Answer 2

is a set of rules combining elements that are inherently meaningless into utterances that convey meaning.

Question 3

language development

Answer 3

• acquiring language begins in the womb because newborns recognize the language their mothers spoke during pregnancy
• first few months: babies coo and respond to rhythms and emotions in voices.
• 4 to 6 months: babies begin to recognize key consonant and vowel sounds of their native language
• 6 months to 1 year: Infants become able to distinguish words from the flow of speech
• end of first year: infants start to name things based on familiar concepts and use symbolic gestures to communicate.
• 18-24 months: children begin to speak in two- and three-word phrases (telegraphic speech) and understand verbs from the context in which they occur.
• 2 to 6 years: children rapidly acquire new words, inferring their meaning from the grammatical and social contexts in which they hear them

Question 4

Jean Piagets stages (first and last)

Answer 4

1st sensorimotor (birth to age 2): child learns object permanence and 4th formal operation (12 to adulthood) development of abstract reasoning.

Question 5

moral development

Answer 5

children may be born with a “moral sense” which can be nurtured or extinguished. Parental methods of discipline often have different conseqwuences for children’s moral behavior, though children’s own temperaments may affect how parents treat them and how much attention they require.
- young children’s ability to delay gratification and regulate their impulses is associated with later internalized moral standards and conscience.

Question 6

power assertion

Answer 6

is associated with children who are aggressive and fail to internalize moral standards.

Question 7

induction

Answer 7

is associated with children who develop empathy and internalized moral standards and who can resist temptation.

Question 8

gender identity

Answer 8

the fundamental sense of being male or female (or transgender) . it is independent of whether the person conforms to the social and cultural rules of gender.

Question 9

gender schema

Answer 9

a cognitive schema (mental network) of knowledge, beliefs, metaphors, and expectations about what it means to be male or female.

Question 10

adolescence

Answer 10

middle childhood ( to 12), begins with physical changes of puberty, the brain undergoes major pruning of synapses.
conflict with parents, mood swings, rebellion, reckless behavior, depression, boy externalize, girls internalize

Question 11

puberty

Answer 11

the age at which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction.

Question 12

menarche

Answer 12

the onset of menstruation during puberty.

Question 13

The psychology of adolescents

Answer 13

conflict with parents, mood swings and depression, and higher rates of reckless, rule-breaking, and risky behavior.
peers become important
boy externalize their emotions and girls internalize their emotions
depends upon the larger culture in which they live

Question 14

trust vs mistrust (erik erickson)

Answer 14

is the challenge that occurs during the baby’s first year, when the baby depends on others to provide food, comfort, cuddling and warmth. if needs are not met, the child may never develop the essential trust of others necessary to get along in the world.

Question 15

autonomy (independence) vs shame and doubt (erickson)

Answer 15

is the challenge that occurs when the child is a toddler. the child is learning to be independent and must do so without feeling too ashamed or uncertain about his or her actions.

Question 16

initiative vs guilt

Answer 16

is the challenge that occurs as the preschooler develops. The child is acquiring new physical and mental skills, setting goals and enjoying newfound talents but must also learn to control impulses. The danger lies in developing too strong a send of guilt over his or her wishes and fantasies.

Question 17

competence vs inferiority

Answer 17

is the challenge for school-age children, who are learning to make things, use tools, and acquire the skills for adult life. Children who fail these lessons of mastery and competence may come out of this stage feeling inadequate and inferior.

Question 18

identity vs role confusion

Answer 18

is the greatest challenge of adolescence, when teenagers must decide who they are, what they are going to do and what they hope to make of their lives. Erickson used the term identity crisis to describe what he considered to be the primary conflict of this stage. Those who resolve it will emerge with a strong identity, ready to plan for the future. Those who do not will sink into confusion unable to make decisions.

Question 19

intimacy versus isolation

Answer 19

is the challenge of young adulthood. Once you have decided who you , said Erickson, you must share yourself with another and learn to make commitments. No matter how successful you are in your work, you are not complete until you are capable of intimacy.

Question 20

generativity vs stagnation

Answer 20

is the challenge of the middle years. Now that you know who you are and have intimate relationships, will you sink into complacency and selfishness or will you experience generativity,— creativity and renewal? Parenthood is the most common route to generativity, but people can be productive, creative and nurturing in other ways, in their work or their relationships with the younger generation.

Question 21

ego integrity vs despair

Answer 21

is the final challenge of old age. as they age, people strive to reach the ultimate goals of wisdom, spiritual tranquility, and acceptance of their lives. just as the healthy child will not fear life, said erikson, the healthy adult will not fear death.

Question 22

emerging adulthood

Answer 22

describes a life phase between 18 and 25 in which young adults accept some responsibilities of adulthood and delay others.

Question 23

Middle years

Answer 23

are the prime of most people’s lives. in women menopause cause some physical symptoms but rarely the emotional distress portrayed in the media. In men, testosterone and sperm production decline.

Question 24

Peoples view of aging

Answer 24

are influenced by the culture they live in and by the promises of technology, realistic and unrealistic, to prolong life and health.

Question 25

Resilience

Answer 25

children who experience violence or neglect are at risk of many problems later in life but most children are resilient and are able to overcome early adversity. Psychologists now study not only the sad consequences of neglect, poverty, and violence but also the reasons for resilience under adversity.

Question 26

How to bring up baby.

Answer 26

many child-rearing experts claim to have the one right way to make children smarter, nicer and more successful. Research in child development can help people think critically about such claims and also offers some general guidelines: Set high but realistic expectations, explain the reasons for your rules, encourage empathy, and reward good behavior.

Question 27

prenatal development, harmful influences

Answer 27

Rubella: can affect the fetus’s eyes,ears and heart , most common is deafness.
xrays, radiation, pollutants and toxic substances: can cause fetal deformities and cognitive abnormalities that can last throughout life
sexually transmitted diseases: can cause mental impairments, blindness, and other physical disorders.
cigarette smoking: during pregnancy increases the likelihood of miscarriage, premature birth, an abnormal fetal heartbeat and an underweight baby.
chronic or severe maternal stress: can affect the fetus, increasing risk of later cognitive and emotional problems and vulnerability to adult diseases such as hypertension.

Question 28

Phineas Gage

Answer 28

scientist draw conclusion on brain trauma that parts of the frontal lobes are involved in social judgement, rational decision making and the ability to set goals and to make and carry through plans