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Psy101 > midterm review > Flashcards

midterm review Flashcards

1
Q

wilhelm wundt

A

founded the first psychology laboratory in leipzeig, germany in 1879 and emphasized the analysis of experience through trained introspection.

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2
Q

phrenolgy

A

the now discredited theory that different brain areas account for specific character and personality traits, which can be “read” from bumps on the skull.

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3
Q

cognitive perspective

A

a psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior.

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4
Q

piagets Theory of cognitive stages

A

he said as children develop, their minds constantly adapt to new situations and experiences.

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5
Q

object permanence

A

the understanding, which develops throughout the first year, that an object continues to exist even when you cannot see it or touch it.

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6
Q

conservation

A

the understanding that the physical properties of objects–such as the number of items in a cluster or the amount of liquid in a glass-can remain the same even when their form or appearance changes.

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7
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

piaget, from birth to two, infant learns through concrete actions : looking, touching, putting things in mouth, sucking, grasping

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8
Q

preoperational stage

A

from ages 2 to 7, the chidren’s uses of symbols and language accelerates, children still lack the cognitive abilities necessary for understanding abstract principles and mental operations.

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9
Q

concrete operations

A

ages 7 to 12 during which the child comes to understand conservation, increasingly become able to take other people’s perspectives and they make fewer logical errors.

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10
Q

formal operations age

A

from 12 to adulthood, people become capable of abstract reasoning, can reason about situations not experienced and think about future.

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11
Q

biological perspective

A

focuses on how bodily events affect behavior, feelings, and thoughts.

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12
Q

learning perspective

A

is concerned with how the environment and experience affect a person’s (or non human’s) actions.

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13
Q

behaviorist

A

focus on environmental rewards and punishers, acts and events taking place in the environment.

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14
Q

social-cognitive learning theory

A

people learn by not only adapting their behavior to the environment, but also by imitating others and by thinking about the events happening around them.

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15
Q

sociocultural perspective

A

a psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior.

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16
Q

sigmund freud

A

the founder of psychoanalysis, which was the first psychodynamic theory.

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17
Q

modern psychodynamic theories

A

share an emphasis on unconscious processes and a belief in the formative role of childhood experiences and early unconscious conflicts.

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18
Q

id

A

which is present at birth , it is the life or sex instinct and the death or aggressive instinct.

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19
Q

ego

A

is the referee between the needs of instinct and the demands of society, represents reason and good sense.

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20
Q

superego

A

is the voice of conscience, representing morality and parental authority.

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21
Q

oral stage

A

1 year old when babies experience the world through their mouth, those fixated at this stage as adults will seek out oral gratification.

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22
Q

anal stage

A

ages 2-3 years old, when toilet training and the control of bodily wastes are keys issues, adults stuck in this stage became “anal retentive” holding everything in, obsessive about cleanliness and neatness, or the oppositve

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23
Q

phallic stage

A

3 to 5 years old, oedipal stage, the child unconsciously wishes to possess the parent of the other sex and to get rid of the parent of the same sex

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24
Q

latency stage

A

a non sexual stage in preparation for the genital stage

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25
Q

genital stage

A

which begins at puberty and leads to adult sexuality.

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26
Q

Carl Jung

A

said that all human beings share a vast collective unconscious, containing the universal memories, symbols and themes, he called archetypes. (evil, heros, mothers, fathers)

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27
Q

trust vs mistrust (erik erickson)

A

is the challenge that occurs during the baby’s first year, when the baby depends on others to provide food, comfort, cuddling and warmth. if needs are not met, the child may never develop the essential trust of others necessary to get along in the world.

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28
Q

autonomy (independence) vs shame and doubt (erickson)

A

is the challenge that occurs when the child is a toddler. the child is learning to be independent and must do so without feeling too ashamed or uncertain about his or her actions.

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29
Q

initiative vs guilt

A

is the challenge that occurs as the preschooler develops. The child is acquiring new physical and mental skills, setting goals and enjoying newfound talents but must also learn to control impulses. The danger lies in developing too strong a sense of guilt over his or her wishes and fantasies.

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30
Q

competence vs inferiority

A

is the challenge for school-age children, who are learning to make things, use tools, and acquire the skills for adult life. Children who fail these lessons of mastery and competence may come out of this stage feeling inadequate and inferior.

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31
Q

identity vs role confusion

A

is the greatest challenge of adolescence, when teenagers must decide who they are, what they are going to do and what they hope to make of their lives. Erickson used the term identity crisis to describe what he considered to be the primary conflict of this stage. Those who resolve it will emerge with a strong identity, ready to plan for the future. Those who do not will sink into confusion unable to make decisions.

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32
Q

intimacy versus isolation

A

is the challenge of young adulthood. Once you have decided who you , said Erickson, you must share yourself with another and learn to make commitments. No matter how successful you are in your work, you are not complete until you are capable of intimacy.

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33
Q

generativity vs stagnation

A

is the challenge of the middle years. Now that you know who you are and have intimate relationships, will you sink into complacency and selfishness or will you experience generativity,— creativity and renewal? Parenthood is the most common route to generativity, but people can be productive, creative and nurturing in other ways, in their work or their relationships with the younger generation.

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34
Q

ego integrity vs despair

A

is the final challenge of old age. as they age, people strive to reach the ultimate goals of wisdom, spiritual tranquility, and acceptance of their lives. just as the healthy child will not fear life, said erikson, the healthy adult will not fear death.

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35
Q

object relations school

A

a psychodynamic approach that emphasizes the importance of the first two years of life and an infants formative relations, especially with the mother.

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36
Q

psychodynamic theories

A

theories that explain behavior and personality in terms of unconscious energy dynamics within the individual

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37
Q

secure attachment

A

ainsworth said mothers who are sensitive and responsive to their babies’ needs create securely attached infants

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38
Q

insecure attachment

A

these factors promote insecure attachment:1. abandonment and deprivation in the first year or two of life2. parenting that is abusive, neglectful, or erratic because the parent is chronically irresponsible or clinically depressed.3. The child’s own genetically influenced temperament.4. stressful circumstances in the child’s family.

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39
Q

humanist psychology

A

a psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth, resilience, and the achievement of human potential.

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40
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

to Carl Rogers, love or support given to another person with no condition s attached, to create a fully functioning person

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41
Q

rollo may

A

emphasized philosophy of existentialism, which focuses on the inherent challenges of human existence that result from having free will, such as the search for meaning in life

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42
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

concepts of peak experiences and self-actualization, emphasize human potential and the strengths of human nature. someone who strives for a meaningful, challenging and satisfying life.

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43
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

a field of psychology emphasizing evolutionary mechanisms that may help explain human commonalities in cognition, development, emotion, social practices and other areas of behavior.

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44
Q

retina

A

neural tissue lining the back of the eyeballs interior, which contain the receptors for vision. retina is an extension of the brain

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45
Q

lens

A

structure of the eye that the cornea bends incoming light rays to, the lens of the eye works by subtly changing its shape, becoming more or less curved to focus light from objects that are close by and far away.

46
Q

perception

A

the process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information.

47
Q

Poor prenatal care and intelligence

A

if a pregnant women is malnourished, contracts infections, smokes, is exposed to second hand smoke, has insufficient levels of folic acid, or drinks alcohol regularly, her child is at risk of having learning disabilities and a lower IQ.

48
Q

Malnutrition and intelligence

A
  1. Malnutrition: The average IQ gap between severely malnourished and well-nourished children can be as high as 20 points.
49
Q

Exposure to toxins and intelligence

A
  1. Exposure to toxins: many children, especially poor and minority children are exposed to dangerous levels of lead from dust, contaminated soil, lead paint, and old lead pipes, and lead can damage the brain and nervous system. Even exposure to fairly low safe levels can cause attention problems, have lower iq scores and do worse in school than other children.
50
Q

Stressful family experiences and intelligence

A
  1. Stressful family experiences: factors that predict reduced intellectual competence include having a father who does not live with the family; a mother with a history of mental illness; parents with limited work skills and stressful events such as domestic violence, early in life can on average reduce a child’s iq score by 4 pts per risk factor
51
Q

affect of Living in severely disadvantaged and impoverished neighborhoods on intelligence

A
  1. living in severely disadvantaged and impoverished neighborhoods. When children grow up in neighborhoods that are falling apart, are unsafe, have high crime rates, and lack opportunities for education and exercise, their IQs decline over time, even after they have moved to better areas; the drop is comparable to that seen when a child misses a year of school.
52
Q

naturalistic observaton

A

allows description of a behavior as it occurs in the natural environment. Allows the researcher little or no control of the situation. Observations may be biased. Does not allow firm conclusions about cause and effect.

53
Q

case study

A

good source of hypotheses. provides in-dept information on an individual. Unusual cases can shed light on situations or problems that are unethical or impractical to study in other ways.
vital information may be missing, making the case hard to interpret. the person’s memories or self-reports may be selective or inaccurate. The individual may not be representative or typical.

54
Q

laboratory observation

A

allows more control than naturalistic observation. Allows use of sophisticated equipment.
Allows researcher only limited control of the situation. Observations may be biased. does not allow firm conclusions about cause and effect.
behavior may differ from behavior in natural environment.

55
Q

test

A

yields information on personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes and abilities. Difficult to construct tests that are reliable and valid.

56
Q

Survey

A

Provides a large amount of information on large numbers of people. If the sample is nonrepresentative or biased, it may be impossible to generalize from the results.
Responses may be inaccurate or untrue.

57
Q

correlational study

A

show whether two or more variables are related.

usually does not permit identification of cause and effect.

58
Q

experiment

A

allows the researcher to control the situation. permits the researcher to identify cause and effect and to distinguish placebo effects from treatment effects.
The situation is artificial and results may not generalize well to the real world.
it is sometimes difficult to avoid experimenter effects.

59
Q

theory

A

an organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelationships.

60
Q

hypothesis

A

a statement that attempts to predict or to account for a set of phenomena; scientific hypotheses specify relationships among events or variables and are empirically tested.

61
Q

standard deviation

A

a commonly used measure of variablility that indicates the average difference between scores in a distribution and their mean; more precisely, the square root of the average squared deviation from the mean

62
Q

Harlow and rhesus monkey

A

monkey preferred terry cloth mother for comfort over wire mother with food for comfort. contact comfort; the pleasure of being touched and held is crucial not only for the newborns but also for everyone throughout life because it releases a flood of pleasure-producing and stress-reducing endorphins.

63
Q

medulla

A

a structure in the brain stem responsible for certain automatic functions, such as breathing and heart rate.

64
Q

hypothalamus

A

a brain structure involved in emotions and drives vital to survival (hunger, thirst, emotion, sex and reproduction); it regulates the autonomic nervous system. controls biological clock,

65
Q

amygdala

A

brains “fear center”. a brain structure involved in the arousal and regulation of emotion and the initial emotional response to sensory information.

66
Q

cerebullum

A

where higher forms of thinking takes place. cauliflower-like, the largest brain structure, consisting of the upper part of the brain; divided into two hemispheres, it is in charge of most sensory, motor, and cognitive processes.

67
Q

cerebral cortex

A

contains almost 3/4ths of all the cells in the human brains. a collection of several thin layers of cells covering the cerebrum; it is largely responsible for higher mental functions.

68
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the functioning of blood vessels, glands, and internal (visceral) organs such as the bladder, stomach, and heart. when you see someone you have a crush on and your heart pounds, your hands get sweaty, and your cheeks feel hot, you can blame your autonomic nervous system.

69
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

acts like the accelerator of a car, mobilizing the body for action and an output of energy. The subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes bodily resources and increases the output of energy during emotion and stress. (flight, flee or cope)

70
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

is like a brake: it tends to slow things down and keep them running smoothly, enabling the body to conserve and store energy. the subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that operates during relaxed states and that conserves energy.

71
Q

Phineas Gage

A

scientist draw conclusion on brain trauma that parts of the frontal lobes are involved in social judgement, rational decision making and the ability to set goals and to make and carry through plans

72
Q

Bandura and observational learning for children

A

Had a nursery school children watch short film of two men, rocky and johnny, playing with toys. in the film Johnny refuses to share his toys and Rocky responds by clobbering him. Rocky’s aggressive actions are rewarded because he ends up with all the toys. After the video each child was left alone in playroom full of toys. The children that watched the film were more aggressive in their playing than the children in the control group who did not watch the video.

73
Q

Bobo the doll

A

experiment showed how modeling aggressive behavior to children causes aggressive behavior in children.

74
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs from bottom to top

A
  1. (bottom) basic survival needs:sleep, food and water
  2. security needs: shelter and safety
  3. social needs: belonging and affection, love
  4. esteem needs: self-respect and the respect of others
  5. (top) when all other needs have been met, were those for self-actualization and self-transcendence.
75
Q

Latane and Darley Study

A

bystander apathy: in crowds when someone is in trouble individuals will often fail to take action or call for help because they assume someone else will do so.

76
Q

3 Psychoactive drugs

A

marijuana, is a mild psychedelic, common effects are relaxation, euphoria, increased appetite, reduced ability to store new memories, others depending on mental state and setting, has a high potential for addiction
alcohol, is a depressant, common effects depends on setting and mental set; tends to act like a stimulant because it reduces inhibitions and anxiety, It has a high potential for addiction
cocaine, is a stimulant, common effects are euphoria, excitation, feelings of energy, suppressed appetite, very high addiction potential.

77
Q

of smells

A

10,000 smells

78
Q

papillae

A

on the tongue contain taste buds which contain taste receptors. basic tasted: salty, sour, bitter, and sweet. and some say umami to be a fifth basic (taste of glutamates)

79
Q

confirmation bias

A

the tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirm’s one’s own belief and ignore, trivialize, or forget information that disconfirms that belief.

80
Q

hindsight bias

A

the tendency to overestimate one’s ability to have predicted an event once an outcome is known; th e”i knew it all long” phenomena.

81
Q

How do you manage chronic pain?

A

manage stress, exercise, acupressure, acupuncture, ant-inflammatories, meditation,

82
Q

Things to do to get a good night’s sleep

A
  1. try to go to sleep and wake up at the same time every day
  2. exercise during the day
  3. limit caffeine and nicotine
  4. avoid alcohol before bed
  5. avoid screen time 1-2 hours before bed
  6. meditate
  7. progressive muscle relaxaton
83
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A

It is a state of tension that occurs when a person holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent or when a person’s belief is incongruent with his or her behavior. An example is, “I worked really hard to have this career. And now I hate this career.”

84
Q

What are the learning community guidelines?

A

Listening Guidelines: Establishing a spirit of understanding, respect, compassion, cooperation, and exploration for the learning community by listening:
• with all our attention and with an open heart
• without any prejudice
• without judging or reacting
• with the express purpose of understanding each other
• to appreciate each others perspective
• to hear what the other person is saying and also what is left unsaid

85
Q

Barnum effect

A

to have an explanation that is so board and all purpose it could apply to anyone.

86
Q

4 components of critical thinking

A

1) ask questions, be willing to wonder.
2) define your terms, being precise about what you are studying or asking
3) examine the evidence, who wrote, what or who is it backed by
4) analyze assumptions and biases,
5) avoid emotional reasoning.
6) don’t oversimplify, look beyond the obvious and resist easy generalizations
7) consider other interpretations, be careful not to shut out alternative possibilities
8) Tolerate uncertainty, sometimes there is little to no evidence available to examine.

87
Q

neurons

A

a cell that conducts electrochemical signals; the basic unit of the nervous system; also called a nerve cell. transmit information in the nervous system.

88
Q

dendrites

A

a neuron’s branches that receive information from other neurons and transmit it toward the cell body.

89
Q

classical conditioning

A

the process by which a previously neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that already elicits a certain response and, in turn, acquires the capacity to elicit a similar or related response.

90
Q

operant conditioning

A

the process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences.

91
Q

myelin sheath

A

a fatty insulation that may surround the axon of a neuron.

92
Q

hippocampus

A

a brain structure involved in the storage of new information in memory, critical in forming long term memories for facts,event and spatial relationships.

93
Q

amygdala

A

a brain structure involved in the arousal and regulation of emotion and the initial emotional response to sensory information. “fear center”

94
Q

left prefrontal cortex

A

has to do with personality, more active when people feel happy.

95
Q

cerebrum

A

the largest brain structure, consisting of the upper part of the brain; divided into two hemispheres, it is in charge of most sensory motor and cognitive processes. higher forms of thinking take place.

96
Q

brainstem

A

the part of the brain at the top of the spinal cord, consisting of the medulla and the pons. pathways to and from upper areas of the brain pass through it.

97
Q

serotonin

A

affects neurons involved in sleep, appetite, sensory perception, temperature regulation, pain suppression and mood

98
Q

dopamine

A

affects neurons involved in voluntary movement, learning memory, emotion, pleasure and reward and possibly response to novelty.

99
Q

GABA

A

(gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

100
Q

nonrepinephrine

A

affects neurons involved in increased heart rate, the slowing of intestinal activity during stress, learning, memory, dreaming, waking from sleep and emotion.

101
Q

oxytocin

A

a hormone, secreted by the pituitary gland, that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth, facilitates the ejection of milk during nursing, and seems to promote, in both sexes, attachment and trust in relationships.

102
Q

corpus callosum

A

the bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebal hemispheres.

103
Q

schema (cognitive)

A

a integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world.

104
Q

amplitude

A

height of sound waves

105
Q

phantom pain

A

the experience of pain in a missing limb or other body part.

106
Q

What is stereotype threat?

A

a burden of doubt a person feels about his or her performance, due to negative stereotypes about his or her group’s abilities.

107
Q

Explain Temperament.

A

physiological dispositions to respond to the environment in certain ways; they are present in infancy and are assumed to be innate.

108
Q

explain mindfulness

A

a mental state achieved by focusing one’s awareness on the present moment, while calmly acknowledging and accepting one’s feelings, thoughts, and bodily sensations, used as a therapeutic technique.

109
Q

meditation

A

is a state of deep peace that occurs when the mind is calm and silent

110
Q

Civility guidelines been working on.

A
  1. Listen Deeply – Listen with the Express Intent of Understanding Other’s Points of View.
  2. Refrain from Gossip – Make Every Attempt to Resolve Conflicts Thoughtfully And Directly.

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