quiz 1 Review Flashcards
psychology
The decipline concerned with behavioral and mental processes and how they are affected by an organisms physical state, mental state, and external environment; the term is often represented by the greek letter psi.
Sigmund Freud
convinced that many symptoms of depression, nervousness and obsessive habits had mental not bodily habits. Created psychoanalysis to treat emotional problems.
psychoanalysis
A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy originally formulated by Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts.
biological perspective
a psychological approach that emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with the actions, feelings, and thoughts.
evolutionary psychology
a field of psychology emphasizing evolutionary mechanisms that may help explain human commonalities in cognition,development, emotion, social practices, and other areas of behavior.
learning perspective
a psychological approach that emphasizes how the environment and experience affect a person’s or animal’s actions; it includes behaviorism and social-cognitive learning theories.
behaviorists
focus on the environmental rewards and punishers that maintain or discourage behavior, they prefer to what they can observe and measure directly: acts and events taking place in the environment.
social-cognitive learning theorists
combine elements of behaviorism with research on thoughts, values, and intentions. They believe that people learn not only by adapting their behavior to their environment, but also by imitating others and by thinking about the events happening around them.
cognitive perspective
a psychological approach the emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior.
sociocultural perspective
A psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior.
critical thinking
is the ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons and evidence rather than emotion or anecdote.
case study
a detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated.
observational study
a study in which the researcher carefully and systematically observes and records.
naturalistic observation
to find out how people or other animals act in their normal social environments.
reliability
in test construction, the consistency of test scores from one time and place to another.
validity
the ability of the test to measure what it was designed to measure.
surveys
questionaires and interviews that ask people directly about their experiences, attitudes and opinions.
correlation
a measure of how strongly two variables are related to each other.
variables
characteristics of behavior or experience that can be measured or described by a numeric scale.
positive correlation
an association between the increases in one variable and increases in another, or decreases in one and decreases in the other. direct correlation
negative correlation
an association between increases in one variable and decreases in another, indirect correlation
coefficient of correlation
a measure of correlation that ranges in value from -1.00 to +1.00.
independent variable
a variable that an experimenter manipulates.
dependent variable
a variable that an experimenter predicts will be affected by the manipulations of the independent variable.
control condition
in an experiment, a comparison condition in which subjects are not exposed to the same treatment as are those in the experimental conditions.
experimental group
the subjects who are exposed to the independent variable.
control group
the subjects who are kept in the same conditions as the experimental group but are not exposed to the independent variable.
random assignment
a procedure for assigning people to experimental and control conditions in which each individual has the same probability as any other of being assigned to a given group.
placebo
an inactive substance or fake treatment used as control in an experiment.
single-blind study
An experiment in which subjects do not know whether they are in an experimental or a control group.
double-blind study
an experiment in which neither the people being studied nor the individuals running the study know who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group until after the results are tallied.
arithmetic mean
an average mean that is calculated by adding a set of quantities and dividing the sum by the total number of quantities in the set.
standard deviation
a commonly used measure of variability that indicates the average difference between scores in a distribution and their mean.
Object-relations school
emphasizes the importance of the first two years of life and the formative relationships, especially with the mother.
winnicott and klein
developed the object -relations school, great britian, the infants relationships to important figures, especially the mother, and the problem in male development of breaking away from the mother.
pros and cons of the psychodynamic theory
cons: they violate the principle of flasifiability, they draw universal principles from the experiences of a few atypical patients and they are based on retrospective accounts and fallible memories of patients.
pros: the unconscious processes and some defense mechanisms have been empirically supported.
The five core personality traits
1) extroversion versus introversion 2)neuroticism versus emotional stability, 3)agreeableness versus antagonism, 4) conscientiousness versus impulsiveness and 5) openness to experience versus resistance to new experience.
genetic influences
genes are the basic units of heredity, accounting for about half of the variation in many human personality traits. The activation of genes can change over time because of mutations that arise before and after birth, and because of epigenetic changes that affect the expression of certain genes.
epigenetics
the study of stable changes in the expression of a particular gene that occur without changes in the DNA.
Heredity and temperament
individual differences in temperaments such as reactivity, soothability, and positive or negative emotionality, emerge early in life and influence subsequent personality and development. Temperamental differences in extremely reactive and nonreactive children may result from variations in the responsiveness of the sympathetic nervous system to change and novelty.
Twin studies
behaviorial-genetic data from twin and adoption studies suggest that the heritability of many adult personality traits is about .50. Genetic influences create dispositions and set limits on the expression of specific traits. But even traits that are highly heritable are often modified throughout life by circumstances, chance and learning.
Social cognitive learning theory
A view that holds that traits result from a person’s learning history and his or her expectations, beliefs, perceptions of events and other cognitions.
culture
a program of shared rules that govern the behavior of members of a community or society and a set of values, beliefs and attitudes shared by most members of that community.
individualist cultures
the independence of the individual often takes precedence over the needs of the group.
collectivist cultures
group harmony often takes precedence over the wishes of the individual.
humanist psychology
emphasizes a person’s subjective sense of self.
Abraham Maslow
introduced the concepts of peak experiences and self-actualization.
Carl Rogers
stressed the importance of unconditional positive regard.
Rollo May
inclusion of existentialism emphasized some of the the inherent human challenges that result from free will.
unconditional positive regard
to carl rogers, love or support given to another person with no conditions attached.
existentialism
a philosophical approach that emphasizes the inevitable dilemmas and challenges of human existence.
The Barnum Effect
Vague enough to apply to almost anyone.
4 Civility guidelines
- Listen deeply with the express intent of understanding others’ points of views
- speak kindly and respectfully, express yourself in an honest and thoughtful manner
- be inclusive, include everyone, exclude no one
- respect other’s points of view- seek common ground
4 components of critical thinking
1) ask questions, be willing to wonder
2) define your terms, being precise in your hypothesis, operational definitions.
3) examine the evidence, how reliable is the evidence, what evidence supports or refutes this
4) analyze assumptions and biases, assumptions are beliefs that are taken for granted and biases are assumptions that keep us from considering the evidence
Learning community
share a common academic goal and attitudes, ideal to establish a peaceful one in which there is a spirit of understanding, respect, compassion, cooperation and exploration. Ther purpose of it is to help ourselves and others grow in knowledge, understanding and compassion. it represents socio-cognitive learning theory.
psychodynamic
theories that explain behavior and personality in terms of unconscious energy dynamics within the individual, unconscious processes going on within the mind.
biopsychosocial model
is a broad view that attributes disease outcome to intricate, variable interaction of biological factors, psychological factors and social factors.
what do psychologists do
psychologists research, teach, provide mental health services and consult with business, governmental and other groups to apply the findings of research.
Four Practices of psychology
research, teaching, clinical psychologists, licensed clinical social worker,
interviews
one on one conversation
median
a measure of central tendency, the value at the midpoint of a distribution of scores when the scores are ordered from highest to lowest.
mode
The mode is simply the most frequently occurring score in a data set
cross-sectional study
a study in which individuals of different ages are compared at a given time.
longitudinal study
a study in which individuals are followed and periodically reassessed over a period of time.
Id
which is present at birth , it is the life or sex instinct and the death or aggressive instinct.
Ego
is the referee between the needs of instinct and the demands of society, represents reason and good sense.
Superego
is the voice of conscience, representing morality and parental authority.
oral stage
1 year old when babies experience the world through their mouth, those fixated at this stage as adults will seek out oral gratification.
anal stage
ages 2-3 years old, when toilet training and the control of bodily wastes are keys issues, adults stuck in this stage became “anal retentive” holding everything in, obsessive about cleanliness and neatness, or the oppositve
phallic stage
3 to 5 or years old, oedipal stage, the child unconsciously wishes to possess the parent of the other sex and to get rid of the parent of the same sex
latency stage
a non sexual stage in preparation for the genital stage
genital stage
which begins at puberty and leads to adult sexuality.
repression
the selective, involuntary pushing of threatening or upsetting information into the unconsciousness
projection
occurs when a person’s own unacceptable or threatening feelings are repressed and then attributed to someone else.
displacement
occurs when people direct emotions that make them uncomfortable or conflicted ( commonly anger, and sexual desire) toward people, animals, or things that are not the real object of their feelings.
regression
occurs when a person reverts to a previous stage of psychological development.
denial
occurs when people refuse to admit something unpleasant is happening.
reaction-formation
occurs when a person feels an urge to do or say something and then actually does or says something that is effectively the opposite of what they really want.
carl jung and the collective unconscious
said that all human beings share a vast collective unconscious, containing the universal memories, symbols and themes, he called archetypes. (evil, heros, mothers, fathers)
William Wundt
founded the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879, emphasized the analysis of experience through trained introspection.
