Quiz 2: "Normal Phonological Development" Flashcards
Prelinguistic behavior
Refers to all vocalizations prior to the first actual words.
Phonological development
Refers to the acquisition of speech sound form and function with the language system.
What is speech sound form?
“In what way”
What is speech sound function?
“In what manner”
What was phonological development referred to as prior to 2009?
Speech sound development
What name did speech sound development change to after 2009? Why?
Phonological development
List the aspects of structural and functional development (4).
- Anatomical and physiological
- Perceptual skills (hearing)
- Articulatory and phonology
- Language and speech (interdependent upon one another)
What two areas does articulatory-phonological acquisition require?
- Cognition (Phonology)
2. Motor (Articulation)
When do most children acquire the sounds of their language?
During the first 4 years
List what anatomical and physiological changes occur during the phonological development (4).
- Respiratory
- Phonatory
- Resonatory
- Articulatory
How does the infant’s structures evolve during phonological development?
The infant’s larynx, mouth and pharyngeal areas evolve from a mechanism able to serve only production and feeding purposes to a vocal tract that is structurally and functionally ready for the production of speech sounds.
What occurs during respiratory anatomical and physiological changes for phonological development (5).
- Lungs are large for body structure
- Subglottal air pressure is considerable.
- Rest breathing for infants is 30-80 breaths per minute.
- Around 7 years of age is when children’s respiratory function is adult-like.
- Around 10 years of age, rest breathing rate is 17-20 breaths per minute.
What occurs with phonatory and resonatory anatomical and physical changes during phonological development (6)?
- Larynx and vocal tract in newborns reflect exclusive primary functions (sucking and swallowing).
- Arytenoid cartilages are large in infants which limits vibratory action.
- Larynx sits closely under the neck and chin which decreases resonance ability.
- Production of sound severely restricted.
- After the first birthday, expansions of laryngeal and pharyngeal cavity take place.
- Vocal folds lengthen
What occurs with articulatory anatomical and physiological changes during phonological development (3)?
1.. Larynx and vocal tract in newborns reflect exclusive primary functions (sucking and swallowing).
2. Tongue fills out entire oral cavity
2A: Little space between the gums and cheeks
2B: Sucking pad
2C: Shaping of sounds severely restricted (mostly vowels are produced)
3. After the first birthday, the tongue doesn’t fill the oral cavity because of growth to the skull.
4. Fine tuning and coordination of the articulation occurs.
5. The tongue and lips elongate.
After the first birthday, major changes occur with the infant’s anatomy in terms of phonological development. What might these changes be?
Phonatory and respiratoy: Expansions of laryngeal and pharyngeal cavity take place.
Articulatory: The tongue doesn’t fill the oral cavity because of growth to the skill.
How does perceptual development progress from before birth to 4 days old?
- Begins before birth in the womb.
- First days after birth babies demonstrated a preference for the sucking voice and actively changed sucking rate.
- 4 day old babies preferred French over Russian
At birth, what are the infant’s vocalizations like?
At birth, infant’s only vocalization is crying.
During the first year, what are a baby’s vocalizations like?
The baby moves through non-meaningful cooing to babbling to jargon.
Most children can be understood by unfamiliar listeners by what age?
3.5 years
Most children exhibit adult-like articulation by what age?
5 years
Summarize what occurs during the first year of phonological development (4 +SA.D).
- Crying: Nasalizaed vowel sounds made with velopharyngeal port.
- Pre-linguistic behavior: vocalizations prior to the first true word (phonological development begins during this time).
- Linguistic development: Starts at the appearance of the first words.
What has research shown about the first year in phonological development?
- Babbling is not random but rather the child’s productions develop in a systematic manner.
- Consonant-like sounds that are babbled are continuous to a small set of segments.
- The transition between babbling and first words is not abrupt bFix this slide
What is Stark’s Stage 1 of the Pre-linguistic stages? What age range does it occur in?
REFLEXIVE CRYING AND VEGETATIVE SOUNDS
Birth - 2 mos
Stark’s Stage 1 (Reflexive Crying and Vegetative Sounds) of Pre-Linguistic stages characteristics (3).
- Reflexive vocalizations include crying, coughing, grunting, and burps that are automatic responses reflecting the baby’s physical state.
- Vegetative sounds are divided into grunts.
- Sighs associated with activity include clicks and other noises associated with feeding.
