Exam 1: CH 1, 2, and 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Human interaction
A
The ability to produce and perceive the sounds of speech.
2
Q
Quality of speech is so important that the general public can readily identify speech that is __________.
A
Unintelligible
3
Q
Go through lecture recording and find cartoon examples.
A
Answer here
4
Q
List the 4 areas that carry a social stigma when one has unitelligible speech.
A
- Academics
- Work
- Leisure/Athletics
- Social Confidence
5
Q
What percent of the population has communication disorders?
A
5 - 10%
6
Q
What percentage of communication disorders are estimated to be articulatory for the population?
A
50 - 80%
7
Q
What percentage of school-based SLPs serve children with phonological and/or articulation disorders?
A
97%
8
Q
Articulation
A
Refers to the totality of motor processes involved in the planning and execution of sequences of overlapping gestures that result in speech.
9
Q
Ex Plan model? Go back on recording
A
Answer here
10
Q
The word “articulation” is rooted in Latin. What is the Latin term for this word and what does the Latin term mean?
A
- Articulato
2. “Joining of the separate entities”
11
Q
When learning to articulate, what type of motor learning is an individual exhibiting?
A
Motor learning
12
Q
Articulation disorder
A
Difficulties with the motor production aspects of speech, or inability to produce certain speech sounds.
13
Q
What type of deficiencies are represented in an articulation disorder?
A
Deficiencies in relatively peripheral motor processes that result in speech.
14
Q
Figure out what diagnostic category means under articulation disorder - pg 3
A
Answer here
15
Q
Phonetics
A
The study of speech emphasizing the description and classification of speech sounds according to their production, transmission, and perceptual features.
16
Q
Articulatory phonetics
A
The categorization or classification of speech sounds.
17
Q
Acoustic phonetics
A
The transmission properties of speech such as frequency and intensity.
18
Q
Auditory phonetics
A
How we perceive sounds.
19
Q
Speech sound
A
- Represent physical sound realities
2. End products of articulatory motor processes
20
Q
Phoneme (main definition)
A
The smallest linguistic unit that is able, when combined with other such units, to establish word meanings and distinguish between them. Is a linguistic concept, not a physical reality.
21
Q
What is the difference between a speech sound versus a phoneme?
A
See notes
22
Q
Phoneme (definition 2)
A
Defined by their ability to establish meaningful units of language.
23
Q
When are / / used versus when [ ] are used?
A
/ / are used when phonemes are put together whereas brackets are used with a phone (an actual speech sound uttered).
24
Q
Phone
A
The actual speech sound uttered. A result of physiological processes. Has acoustic properties.
25
Phonemic inventory
This allows a clinician to look at connective speech, while ignoring production characteristics, and examines phonotactics.
26
Look at examples of phonemic inventory - pg 5
See book pg 5
27
Phonology
Deals with the systems and patterns of phonemes occurring in a given language.
28
List what the phonological rules describe (3).
1. The phonemes of a language.
2. The allophones and conditions when they occur.
3. The allowable word position combinations of the phonemes.
29
Phonological Disorder
Refers to an impaired system of phonemes and phoneme patterns within the context of spoken language. Is considered phonemic in nature.
30
What type of deficiency is present in a phonological disorder?
May be more of a central deficiency at at a neurolinguistic level.
31
How do an articulation disorder and phonological disorder differ?
See short answer sheet
32
List the characteristics of an articulation disorder (4).
1. Phonetic errors
2. Speech sound production problem
3. Peripheral motor process distrubance
4. Don't impact language development
33
List the characteristics of a phonological disorder (4).
1. Phonemic errors
2. Disturbances represent impairment of representation or organization of phonemes within a language system.
3. Impact other language areas
4. Problems in language-specific function of phonemes
34
What is articulatory phonetics important in?
Assessment and treatment
35
What must a clinician be able to do in terms of an individual's misarticulations?
A clinician must be able to gather information on the exact way an individual misarticulates a sound.
36
How does knowing the production features of speech sounds guide a clinician?
Knowing the production features of speech sounds guides us when we evaluate the various misarticulations noted in a clinical evaluation.
37
List the components of the articulatory system (4).
1. Respiratory system
2. Phonatory system (larynx)
3. Resonance system (pharynx)
4. Articulators (lips, teeth, tongue, mandible, soft palate, hard palate)
38
The breathing apparatus of the respiratory component of the articulatory system functions in what capacity (3)?
1. Provides airflow to create sound
2. Sets the vocal folds into vibration
3. There can be no sound without vibrating air
39
List the parts of the respiratory component of the articulatory system (5).
1. Lungs
2. Intercostals
3. Diaphragm
4. Trachea
5. Bronchi
40
What is the function of the phonatory system (larynx) (3)?
1. Houses the vocal folds
2. Vocal folds vibrate to produce sound waves
3. Vocal folds are muscles that can tighten or lengthen to change the sound produced.
41
What is the function of the resonance system (pharynx) (3)?
1. Pharynx, oral cavity, and nasal passageway create resonance.
2. They modify sound waves to produce different sound waves.
3. Varying the size and shape of the vocal tract creates different sounds.
42
List the artiuclators and their associated formal names (6).
1. Tongue (lingual)
2. Lips (labial)
3. Teeth (dental)
4. Velum (velar)
5. Hard palate (palatal)
6. Mandible
43
How does the articulatory component of the articulatory system create speech sounds?
By interferring with the air coming from the vocal tract, other speech sounds are created.
44
How is sound ultimately created in terms of the aritculatory system as a whole?
1. Air comes from the lungs up through the larynx where it is turned into sound.
2. It moves into the pharynx where it is shaped into speech by the articulators.
3. The action and function of any part affects the actions and functions of the other parts and all parts working together in different patterns produce the varieties of human noises we call speech.
45
How can vowels and consonants be distinguished?
The distinction between vowels and consonants is related to their form and function.
46
Vowels
Speech sounds formed WITHOUT significant constriction of the oral and pharyngeal cavities.
47
Consonants
Consonants are speech sounds WITH a significant constriction within the vocal tract, mainly in the oral and pharyngeal cavities, especially midline.
48
How are vowels usually described?
Vowels are usually described by the position of the tongue.
49
List the different tongue positions vowels can have.
1. High front, mid front, low front
2. Mid central
3. High back, mid back, and low back
50
Vowels can also be considered by what distinction?
The tense-lax distinction
51
What do tense vowels require? When are they used?
Tense vowels require more movement and longer duration. Used in open syllables.
52
Monophthongs
Pure vowels. Remain the same during production.
53
Diphthongs
Change in quality occurs during production - resonance shift
54
What are the three most common syllable shapes?
1. CV (die)
2. CVC (did)
3. CVCC (disk)
55
List the phonetic categories (4).
1. Organ of articulation
2. Place of articulation
3. Manner of articulation
4. Voicing feature
56
Look up organ of articulation in book
see book
57
What do active and passive articulators do to the airstream?
Impede it
58
Active articulators
The parts that actually move to achieve the articulatory result (i.e.: lower lip and portions of the tongue).
59
Passive articulators
The parts that do not move but where the tongue or lips touch; also known as the place of articulation.
60
List the passive articulators (4)
1. Palate
2. Teeth
3. Alveolar ridge/upper lip
4. Velum
61
Manner of articulation
Reflects the nature of the constriction with the organ and place to produce a particular consonant.
62
Manner of articulation: stop plosives
1. Complete occlusion
| 2. /b, p, t, d, k, g/
63
Manner of articulation: fricatives
1. Velum closed
2. Organ and place approximate closely resulting in audible friction.
3. Sibliants are sharper sounding (s, z, sh, ch)
64
Manner of articulation: affricates
1. Complete occlusion of organ and place
| 2. Velum not occluded
65
Manner of articulation: nasals
Velum lowered so air can pass through nasal cavity
66
Manner of articulation: glides (semivowels)
Articulators move and have less opening
67
Manner of articulation: liquids (laterals)
Closure at midline but lateral openings within the oral cavity.
68
Manner of artiuclation: Rhotics (liquids)
1. Retroflex and bunched
| 2. Production changes depending on context
69
Coarticulation
Concept that the articulators are continually ______ into position for speech sounds.
70
Assimilation
Adaptive articulatory changes in which one sound becomes similar to a neighboring sound.
71
How is there a difference in syllables?*
Difference between spoken and written syllables
72
List the parts of a syllable (3).
1. Onset
2. Peak
3. Coda
73
What is theory the basis for?
Assessment and treatment decisions
74
Why should a potential SLP study theory?
See notes
75
What should a theory of phonology do?
1. Relate linguistic descriptions with the facts of speech.
2. Be expressed in a simple and explicit form
3. Be testable
76
Describe distinctive feature theory
Where place, manner, and voice originated.
77
Distinctive features
A property that sets apart an object from similar objects.
78
List the uses for distinctive features (5).
1. To specify a phoneme
2. To specify a class of phonemes
3. To describe the set of speech sounds used in a particular language or dialect
4. To write concise rules of phonetics
5. To characterize a speech disorder
79
What do movements in phonological theory coincide with?
Movements in phonological theory coincide with changes in philosophical interpretations of the role of science.
79
List the things a theory of phonology should do (3).
1. Relate linguistic descriptions with the facts of speech.
2. Be expressed in a simple and explicit form.
3. Be testable
80
What is the Distinctive Feature Theory?
- look up on recording
| 1. Where place, manner, and voice originated.
81
Distinctive Features
A property that sets apart an object from similar objects.
84
List the distinctive features (4).
1. Features are binary (+ or - values)
2. Each speech sound may be described as a "bundle" of features.
3. Each member of every pair of phones is distinguished from the other member by at least one feature value.
4. Features are universal but a given language may use a subset of features as distinctive.
85
How do distinctive features apply to phonology (3)?
1. Subunits are smaller than sound segments that can't be broken down any further.
2. Universal properties of speech sounds features that illustrate similarities and differences between phonemes.
3. Often binary systems that demonstrate whether a feature is present (+) or absent (-).
86
List the types of phonological processes (3).
1. Syllable structure processes
2. Substitution processes
3. Assimilatory processes
87
List 3 examples of syllable structure processes.
1. Cluster Reduction
2. Re duplication
3. Weak syllable deletion
88
Cluster Reduction
1. Clusters are reduced to a single consonant
2. Usually the single member of the cluster remains.
3. Pun for spoon
91
What are the uses for distinctive features?
1. To specify a phoneme.
2. To specify a class of phonemes
3. To describe the set of speech sounds used in a particular language or dialect.
4. To write concise rules of phonetics
5. To characterize a speech disorder
92
Features are binary. What does the term binary mean?
+ or - values
93
Reduplication + example
Second syllable becomes a repetition of the first syllable.
| Example: [baba] for bottle
94
Weak syllable deletion + example
1. Unstressed syllable is deleted
| 2. Example: [nana] for banana
95
What are the types of substitution processes (3)?
1. Changes in place
2. Changes in manner
3. Changes in voicing
96
What are the types of changes in place in terms of substitution processes (3)?
1. Fronting
2. Labialization
3. Alveolarization
97
What is an example of fronting for a change in place?
[ti] for key
98
What is an example of labialization for a change in place?
[fum] for thumb
99
What is an example of alveolarization for a change in place?
{sum} for thumb
100
What are the types of changes in manner in terms of substitution processes (6)?
1. Stopping
2. Affrication
3. Deaffrication
4. Denasalization
5. Gliding of liquids/fricatives
6. Derhoticization
101
Give an example of stopping, a change in manner.
[dus] for juice
102
Give an example of affrication, a change in manner.
[thu] for shoe
103
Give an example of deaffrication, a change in manner.
["sh"iz} for cheese
104
Give an example of denasalization, a change in manner.
[dud for noon
105
Give an example of gliding of liquids/fricatives, a change in manner.
[wEd} for red
106
Give an example of vowelization, a change in manner.
[teibo] for table
107
Give an example of derhotaciazation, a change in manner.
[laru} for ladder
108
List the changes in voicing that can occur as a result of a substitution process (2).
1. Voicing
| 2. Devoicing
109
Give an example of voicing, a change in voicing as a result of a substitution process.
[du} for two
110
Give an example of devoicing, a change in voicing as a result of a substitution process.
[pit] for beet
111
Give an example of consonant cluster substitution.
[stwit] for street
112
Give an example for labial assimilation.
[fwing] for swing
113
Give an example for velar assimilation.
[gog] for dog
114
Give an example for nasal assimilation.
[muni] for bunny
115
Give an example for liquid assimilation.
[lElo} for yellow
116
Find terms for S1, pg 12, CH 4
Answer here
117
List the advantages of natural phonology theory (3)
1. Has clinical application for diagnostic and treatment decisions.
Diagnostics: Phonological process analysis
Treatment: Particular processes can be targeted
2. It can account for changes in syllable or word structures as well asa those due to assimilations.
3. Can be used to identify sound distortions and deletions.
118
Critiques of Natural Phonology Theory (2).
1. Disagreement about whether speech patterns are innate.
2. Disagreement about whether children possess a full understanding of the underlying representation of the adult phoneme system.
