Exam 1: CH 1, 2, and 3 Flashcards
Human interaction
The ability to produce and perceive the sounds of speech.
Quality of speech is so important that the general public can readily identify speech that is __________.
Unintelligible
Go through lecture recording and find cartoon examples.
Answer here
List the 4 areas that carry a social stigma when one has unitelligible speech.
- Academics
- Work
- Leisure/Athletics
- Social Confidence
What percent of the population has communication disorders?
5 - 10%
What percentage of communication disorders are estimated to be articulatory for the population?
50 - 80%
What percentage of school-based SLPs serve children with phonological and/or articulation disorders?
97%
Articulation
Refers to the totality of motor processes involved in the planning and execution of sequences of overlapping gestures that result in speech.
Ex Plan model? Go back on recording
Answer here
The word “articulation” is rooted in Latin. What is the Latin term for this word and what does the Latin term mean?
- Articulato
2. “Joining of the separate entities”
When learning to articulate, what type of motor learning is an individual exhibiting?
Motor learning
Articulation disorder
Difficulties with the motor production aspects of speech, or inability to produce certain speech sounds.
What type of deficiencies are represented in an articulation disorder?
Deficiencies in relatively peripheral motor processes that result in speech.
Figure out what diagnostic category means under articulation disorder - pg 3
Answer here
Phonetics
The study of speech emphasizing the description and classification of speech sounds according to their production, transmission, and perceptual features.
Articulatory phonetics
The categorization or classification of speech sounds.
Acoustic phonetics
The transmission properties of speech such as frequency and intensity.
Auditory phonetics
How we perceive sounds.
Speech sound
- Represent physical sound realities
2. End products of articulatory motor processes
Phoneme (main definition)
The smallest linguistic unit that is able, when combined with other such units, to establish word meanings and distinguish between them. Is a linguistic concept, not a physical reality.
What is the difference between a speech sound versus a phoneme?
See notes
Phoneme (definition 2)
Defined by their ability to establish meaningful units of language.
When are / / used versus when [ ] are used?
/ / are used when phonemes are put together whereas brackets are used with a phone (an actual speech sound uttered).
Phone
The actual speech sound uttered. A result of physiological processes. Has acoustic properties.
Phonemic inventory
This allows a clinician to look at connective speech, while ignoring production characteristics, and examines phonotactics.
Look at examples of phonemic inventory - pg 5
See book pg 5
Phonology
Deals with the systems and patterns of phonemes occurring in a given language.
List what the phonological rules describe (3).
- The phonemes of a language.
- The allophones and conditions when they occur.
- The allowable word position combinations of the phonemes.
Phonological Disorder
Refers to an impaired system of phonemes and phoneme patterns within the context of spoken language. Is considered phonemic in nature.
What type of deficiency is present in a phonological disorder?
May be more of a central deficiency at at a neurolinguistic level.
How do an articulation disorder and phonological disorder differ?
See short answer sheet
List the characteristics of an articulation disorder (4).
- Phonetic errors
- Speech sound production problem
- Peripheral motor process distrubance
- Don’t impact language development
List the characteristics of a phonological disorder (4).
- Phonemic errors
- Disturbances represent impairment of representation or organization of phonemes within a language system.
- Impact other language areas
- Problems in language-specific function of phonemes
What is articulatory phonetics important in?
Assessment and treatment
What must a clinician be able to do in terms of an individual’s misarticulations?
A clinician must be able to gather information on the exact way an individual misarticulates a sound.
How does knowing the production features of speech sounds guide a clinician?
Knowing the production features of speech sounds guides us when we evaluate the various misarticulations noted in a clinical evaluation.
List the components of the articulatory system (4).
- Respiratory system
- Phonatory system (larynx)
- Resonance system (pharynx)
- Articulators (lips, teeth, tongue, mandible, soft palate, hard palate)
The breathing apparatus of the respiratory component of the articulatory system functions in what capacity (3)?
- Provides airflow to create sound
- Sets the vocal folds into vibration
- There can be no sound without vibrating air
List the parts of the respiratory component of the articulatory system (5).
- Lungs
- Intercostals
- Diaphragm
- Trachea
- Bronchi
What is the function of the phonatory system (larynx) (3)?
- Houses the vocal folds
- Vocal folds vibrate to produce sound waves
- Vocal folds are muscles that can tighten or lengthen to change the sound produced.
What is the function of the resonance system (pharynx) (3)?
- Pharynx, oral cavity, and nasal passageway create resonance.
- They modify sound waves to produce different sound waves.
- Varying the size and shape of the vocal tract creates different sounds.
List the artiuclators and their associated formal names (6).
- Tongue (lingual)
- Lips (labial)
- Teeth (dental)
- Velum (velar)
- Hard palate (palatal)
- Mandible
How does the articulatory component of the articulatory system create speech sounds?
By interferring with the air coming from the vocal tract, other speech sounds are created.
How is sound ultimately created in terms of the aritculatory system as a whole?
- Air comes from the lungs up through the larynx where it is turned into sound.
- It moves into the pharynx where it is shaped into speech by the articulators.
- The action and function of any part affects the actions and functions of the other parts and all parts working together in different patterns produce the varieties of human noises we call speech.
How can vowels and consonants be distinguished?
The distinction between vowels and consonants is related to their form and function.
Vowels
Speech sounds formed WITHOUT significant constriction of the oral and pharyngeal cavities.