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Oceanography > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Polarity

A

a state or condition of an atom or a molecule having a positive and negative charges; bend in H2O molecule gives it polarity and allows for hydrogen bonds

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2
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other

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3
Q

Latent Heat

A

the calories required for a phase change without a change in temperature

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4
Q

Latent heat in melting

A

the calories it takes to make something melt

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5
Q

Latent heat in vaporization

A

the calories it takes to make something vaporize (a lot more calories than melting)

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6
Q

Heat capacity

A

the amount of heat that must be applied to an object in order to cause a unit change in temperature

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7
Q

Cohesion

A

molecular attraction by which the particles of a body are united throughout the mass. Makes water bead up

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8
Q

Surface tension

A

the tendency of liquid surfaces at rest to shrink into the minimum surface area possible; allows things to float in liquid; resulting from the formation of hydrogen bonds between the outer most layer of water molecules and the underlying molecules

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9
Q

pH scale

A

A scale that shows if something is more basic or acidic; more hydrogen ions in acidic

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10
Q

Acid/base

A

Acid: more hydrogen ions
Base: more hydroxide ions

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11
Q

Carbonate buffering system

A

a buffering system that maintains the pH in the sea; equation constantly shifting to equal out the pH

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12
Q

Hypoxia

A

Little DO in the water

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13
Q

Anoxia

A

No DO in the water

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14
Q

Eutrophication

A

An excessive amount of nutrients in the water which causes algae blooms and leads to low DO

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15
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

the pressure within the atmosphere of Earth; pressure being exerted on the earth

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16
Q

Convection cells

A

a circular-moving loop of matter involved in convective movement

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17
Q

Wind

A

the movement of air, usually a result of pressure differences

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18
Q

Low-pressure zone

A

an area where there is low pressure, usually it’s warm; precipitation and storms

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19
Q

high pressure zone

A

an area where there is high pressure, usually cold; sunnier

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20
Q

Coriolis Effect

A

An apparent force resulting from Earth’s rotation that causes particles in motion to be deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and the left in the Southern Hemisphere

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21
Q

Trade winds

A

A global wind belt that moves from a subtropical high-pressure belt at about 30 degrees north or south latitude toward the equatorial region. These winds move from a northeasterly direction in the Northern Hemisphere and from a southeasterly direction in the Southern Hemisphere

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22
Q

El Nino

A

A southernly flowing warm surface current that generally develops off the coast of Ecuador around Christmastime. Occasionally, it will move farther south into the Peruvian coastal waters and cause the widespread death of plankton and other marine animals

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23
Q

El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

A

The correlation of El Nino events with an oscillatory pattern change in a persistent high-pressure cell in the southeastern Pacific Ocean and a persistent low-pressure cell over the East Indies

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24
Q

La Nina

A

An event where the surface temperature in the waters of the eastern South Pacific falls below average values; often follows el nino

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25
Q

Thermocline

A

A layer of water beneath the mixed layer in which a rapid change in temperature can be measured in the vertical dimension

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26
Q

Pycnocline

A

A layer of water in which a high rate of change in density in the vertical dimension is present

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27
Q

Stratification

A

the arrangement or classification of something into different groups

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28
Q

Thermohaline

A

The vertical movement of ocean water driven by density differences resulting from the combined effects of variations in temperature and salinity; produces deep currents

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29
Q

Conveyor belt circulation

A

An integrated deep-water and surface current circulation pattern that resembles a large conveyor belt

30
Q

Surface currents

A

wind driven currents at the surface

31
Q

Deep currents

A

A density driven circulation that is initiated at the ocean surface by temperature and salinity conditions that produce a high density water mass, which sinks and spreads slowly beneath surface waters; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION

32
Q

Downwelling

A

In open or coastal ocean, where Ekman transport causes surface waters to converge or impinge on the coast, surface water that moves down beneath the surface

33
Q

Upwelling

A

The process by which deep, cold, nutrient laden water is brought to the surface, usually by diverging equatorial currents or coastal currents that pull surface waters away from a coast

34
Q

Convergence

A

The act of coming together from different directions. There are polar, tropical, and subtropical regions of the oceans where water masses with different characteristics come together. Along these lines of convergence, the denser masses sink beneath the others

35
Q

Divergence

A

A horizontal flow of water from a central region, as occurs in upwelling

36
Q

Ekman spiral

A

A theoretical consideration of the effect of a steady wind blowing over an ocean of unlimited depth and breadth and of uniform viscosity. The result is a surface flow at 45 degrees to the right of the wind in the Northern Hemisphere. Water at increasing depth below the surface will drift in directions increasingly more slowly and to the right, until about 100 m depth it may move in a direction opposite to that of the wind

37
Q

Ekman layer

A

the layer in a fluid where there is a force balance between pressure gradient force, Coriolis Effect, and turbulent drag

38
Q

Ekman transport

A

The net transport of surface water set in motion by surface winds and the Ekman spiral. It is theoretically in a direction 90 degrees to the right of the wind direction in the Northern Hemisphere and 90 degrees to the left of the wind direction in the Southern Hemisphere

39
Q

Gyre

A

A large, horizontal, circular moving loop of water. Used mainly in reference to the circular motion of water in each of the major ocean basins centered in subtropical high-pressure regions

40
Q

Wave Crest

A

breaking point of the wave; highest point on a wave

41
Q

Wave Trough

A

Lowest point on a wave

42
Q

Wave Height

A

The vertical distances between a crest and adjoining trough

43
Q

Wavelength

A

The horizontal distance between two corresponding points on successive waves, such as from crest to crest

44
Q

Wave Steepness

A

Ratio of wave height (H) to wavelength (L). If a 1:7 ratio is ever exceeded by the wave, then the wave breaks

45
Q

Wave period

A

The elapsed time between the passage of two successive wave crests (or troughs) past a fixed point. A wave’s period is the inverse of its frequency

46
Q

Wave frequency

A

The number of waves that pass a fixed point in a unit of time (usually one second). A wave’s frequency is the inverse of its period.

47
Q

how to decrease salinity

A

add more freshwater

48
Q

how to increase salinity

A

sea ice forming and evaporation

49
Q

why does location matter with salinity?

A

The location is either getting more rain or less rain (and other stuff) which makes it have higher and lower salinity

50
Q

As temp increases, density

A

decreases

51
Q

As salinity increases, density

A

increases

52
Q

As pressure increases, density

A

increases

53
Q

halocline

A

rapidly changing salinity

54
Q

carbon and oxygen distributions are controlled by…

A

their concentrations in the atmosphere, solubility in sea water, chemical reactions, biological activities, and the pressure and temperature of the seawater

55
Q

What are the main convection cells that disperse heat?

A

Hadley cells equator, polar cells at the poles, Ferrell cells between Hadley and polar cells (flows opp. of Hadley and polar not temp driven)

56
Q

Atmosphere mostly comprised of

A

nitrogen and oxygen (and other inert gases)

57
Q

Troposphere

A

is where weather is produced; mixing layer; as temp gets lower pressure gets higher

58
Q

Which way is the Earth spinning at the North pole (Nothern Hemisphere)

A

Counterclockwise

59
Q

Which way is the Earth spinning at the South pole (Southern Hemisphere)

A

Clockwise

60
Q

Coriolis Effect at the equator??

A

Nonexistent

61
Q

How do winds move in the Northern Hemisphere

A

air curves to the right and results in a counterclockwise movement around low pressure cells (opp. for SH)

62
Q

Sea breeze
Land breeze

A

landward flow of air
Seaward flow of air

63
Q

currents are…

A

water masses in motion

64
Q

How do currents affect coastal climates?

A

Warm currents make the air warm which leads to a humid climate, and cold currents do the opposite

65
Q

Is the Ekman transportation (net water) at play with downwelling and upwelling?

A

Yes

66
Q

How do deep currents start?

A

When surface water in high latitudes become dense and sinks

67
Q

Carbonate Buffering System Equation

A

CO2 + H2O <—> H2CO3 <—> HCO3 (neg ion) + H+ (pos ion)

68
Q

Ocean Acidification effects?

A

fewer carbonate ions lead to fewer and smaller marine calcifiers

69
Q

What pressure system creates clouds? Precipitation?

A

Low to high; low pressure air holds more water vapor and as it rises it gets colder and releases

70
Q

The fetch

A

area of ocean or lake surface over which the wind blows in an essentially constant direction thus generating waves

Oceanography (7 decks)

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