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Oceanography > Bio Exam 3 > Flashcards

Bio Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryote

A

A member of the domain Eukarya; an organism whose cells contain a nucleus, numerous membrane-bound organelles, and an extensive cytoskeleton. May be unicellular or multicellular.

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2
Q

Multicellular

A

The state of being composed of many cells that adhere to each other and do not all express the same genes, resulting in some cells having specialized functions.

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3
Q

Endoderm

A

The innermost of the three basic cell layers (germ layers) in most animal embryos; gives rise to the digestive tract and organs that connect to it (liver, lungs, etc.). Compare with ectoderm and mesoderm.

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4
Q

Ectoderm

A

The outermost of the three basic cell layers (germ layers) in most animal embryos; gives rise to the outer covering and nervous system

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5
Q

Mesoderm

A

The middle of the three basic cell layers (germ layers) in most animal embryos; gives rise to muscles, bones, blood, and some internal organs (kidney, spleen, etc.)

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6
Q

Radial Symmetry

A

An animal body pattern that has at least two planes of symmetry. Typically, the body is in the form of a cylinder or disk, and the body parts radiate from a central hub.

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7
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

An animal body pattern in which one plane of symmetry divides the body into a left side and a right side. Typically, the body is long and narrow, with a distinct head end and tail end.

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8
Q

Cephalization

A

The formation in animals of a distinct anterior region (the head) where sense organs and a mouth are clustered.

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9
Q

Coelom (Body Cavity)

A

An internal, usually fluid-filled body cavity that is completely or partially lined with mesoderm

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10
Q

Segmentation

A

Division of the body or a part of it into a series of similar structures; exemplified by the body segments of insects, annelid worms, and vertebrates.

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11
Q

Diploblast

A

An animal whose body develops from two basic embryonic cell layers or tissues—ectoderm and endoderm

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12
Q

Triploblast

A

An animal whose body develops from three basic embryonic cell layers or tissues: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

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13
Q

Optimal Foraging Theory

A

The concept that animals forage in a way that maximizes the amount of usable energy they take in, given the costs of finding and ingesting their food and the risk of being eaten while they’re at it.

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14
Q

Fitness trade-offs

A

In evolutionary biology, an inescapable compromise
between two traits that cannot be optimized
simultaneously.

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15
Q

Ecology

A

The study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environment.

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16
Q

Sexual Selection

A

A type of natural selection that favors individuals with traits that increase their ability to obtain mates or choose good mates.

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17
Q

Monogamous

A

A type of mating system where one male mates with one female per breeding season, forming a pair bond

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18
Q

polygynous

A

A type of mating system where one male mates with two or more females (polygyny) or one female mates with more than one male (polyandry) during a breeding season

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19
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

A type of sexual selection driven by competition among members of one sex (usually male–male) for an opportunity to mate.

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20
Q

Intersexual selection

A

A type of sexual selection in which an individual of one sex choses a particular individual of the other sex for mating (often occurs through female choice).

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21
Q

Ethogram

A

a catalog or table of all the different kinds of behavior or activity observed in an animal.

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22
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

Any trait that differs between
males and females

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23
Q

Population Ecology

A

The study of how and why the number of individuals in a population changes over time and space.

24
Q

life history

A

The sequence of events in an individual’s life from birth to reproduction to death, including how an individual allocates resources to growth, reproduction, and activities or structures that are related to survival.

25
Q

Exponential growth

A

The accelerating increase in the size of a population that occurs when the per capita growth rate is constant and density independent

26
Q

Logistics growth

A

The density-dependent decrease in growth rate as population size approaches the carrying capacity

27
Q

Density dependent growth

A

Density-dependent growth is a process in population ecology where the growth rate of a population is regulated by the density of the population

28
Q

Density independent growth

A

Density-independent growth refers to the growth of a population that is not affected by the density of individuals

29
Q

carrying capacity

A

The maximum population size of a certain species that a given habitat can support over a sustained period of time

30
Q

Finite rate of increase

A

The rate of increase of a population over a given period of time. Calculated as the ending population size divided by the starting population size

31
Q

Per capita rate of increase / instantaneous rate of increase

A

Also called instantaneous rate of increase. The difference between the birth rate per individual and the death rate per individual

32
Q

Community ecology

A

study of the organization and functioning of communities, which are assemblages of interacting populations of the species living within a particular area or habitat

33
Q

Commensalism

A

relationship between two species of organisms in which one species benefits while the other is unaffected

34
Q

Competition

A

In ecology, the interaction of two species or two individuals trying to use the same limited resource (e.g., water, food, living space). May occur between individuals of the same species (intraspecific competition) or different species (interspecific competition

35
Q

Consumption

A

In ecology, the interaction between species in which one organism eats or absorbs nutrients from another. Includes predation, herbivory, and parasitism

36
Q

Mutualism

A

A species relationship between two organisms (mutualists) that benefits both

37
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Competition between members of different species for the same limited resource

38
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Competition between members of the same species for the same limited resource.

39
Q

Niche

A

The range of resources that a species can use and the range of conditions that it can tolerate. More broadly, the role that a species plays in its ecosystem.

40
Q

Niche Differentiation

A

The evolutionary change in resource use by competing species that occurs as the result of character displacement.

41
Q

character displacement

A

The evolutionary tendency for the traits of similar species that occupy overlapping ranges to change in a way that reduces interspecific competition.

42
Q

Fundamental niche

A

The total theoretical range of environmental conditions that a species can tolerate

43
Q

Realized niche

A

The portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies given limiting factors such as competition with other species

44
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

The principle that two species cannot coexist in the same ecological niche in the same area because one species will outcompete the other.

45
Q

Coevolution

A

A pattern of evolution in which two interacting species reciprocally influence each other’s adaptations over time

46
Q

Constitutive defenses

A

A defensive trait that is manifested even in the absence of a consumer (predator, herbivore, or parasite). Also called standing defense

47
Q

Inducible defenses

A

A physical, chemical, or behavioral defensive trait that is manifested only in response to the presence of a consumer (predator, or herbivore, or parasite) or pathogen.

48
Q

Richness

A

The number of species present in a given ecological community

49
Q

Diversity

A

The variety and relative abundance of the species present in a given ecological community.

50
Q

Shannon Index

A

The Shannon index is a measure of diversity in categorical data, especially in environmental science and ecology

51
Q

Keystone species

A

A species that has an exceptionally large impact on the other species in its ecosystem relative to its abundance

52
Q

Disturbance

A

In ecology, any strong, short-lived disruption to a community that changes the distribution of living and/or nonliving resources.

53
Q

Succession

A

In ecology, the gradual colonization of a habitat after an environmental disturbance (e.g., fire, flood), usually by a series of species

54
Q

Biodiversity

A

The diversity of life considered at three levels: genetic diversity; species diversity; and ecosystem diversity

55
Q

Resilience

A

In community ecology, a measure of how quickly a community recovers following a disturbance.

56
Q

Resistance

A

In community ecology, a measure of the extent to which a community remains unchanged in the face of a disturbance.

Oceanography (7 decks)

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