Quiz 11/7

Question 1

Name and explain ONE of the three criticisms or shortcomings of Mead and Benedict’s Culture and Personality School view on enculturation.

Answer 1

assumed that all members shared the same cultural knowledge, focused entirely on nonmaterial aspects of culture, and attributes human behavior entirely to culture

Question 2

Is the idea that inbreeding Is generally bad for individuals basically true or not true for humans (according to the text)?

Answer 2

not true

Question 3

Studies of the simpua marriages and of Isreali Kibbutzim both support which one explanation for the incest taboo (marital alliance theory, biocultural model, inbreeding model or childhood familiarity hypothesis)?

Answer 3

childhood familiarity hypothesis

Question 4

According to Tylor, why is the incest taboo so common?

Answer 4

marital alliance theory

Question 5

According to Malinowsky, what does the incest taboo do for humans?(p. 254)

Answer 5

incest avoidance supports family roles and functions

Question 6

According to Erickson , (p. 255) why is incest on the rise in our society?

Answer 6

family units have become more fragile with weaker kinship attachments

Question 7

Which theorist of cognition believed that all humans, minds classify things into binary oppositions like hot and cold/good and bad/ culture and nature and searched for a ‘deep universal structure’ of the mind? (Piaget, Lords, Levi-Strauss, Trump??)

Answer 7

Levi-Strauss

Question 8

Which theorist of cognition believed that our processes of thinking and reasoning are related strongly to biological maturation?

Answer 8

Piaget

Question 9

What is the name of the subfield of anthropology which looks at things like colour classification, insect and bird classification and how they differ across cultures—the Berlin and Kay., Boster and Kronefeld studies are ALL in this field!!

Answer 9

cognitive anthropology

Question 10

What and who did Berlin and Kay study?

Answer 10

color naming and classification

Question 11

What and who did Boster (1987) compare and study?

Answer 11

the way people classify birds

Question 12

What and who did Bently and Rodriguez compare and study?

Answer 12

the way people classify insects

Question 13

What did ALL THREE studies conclude about human cognition/brain function? (see p. 261 right-hand column, bottom three lines first FULL paragraph!!)- it’s all the SAME conclusion!

Answer 13

evolution selected certain fundamental visual-processing and category-building abilities for humans everywhere

Question 14

For Berlin and Kay’s study, what one thing seems to correlate well with increasing numbers of color terms in societies (i.e. as the number of colour terms goes up what seems to be the cause of the increase in colour terms in their study of around 100 cultures??)

Answer 14

cultures with more colors had more complex technology

Question 15

What is the definition of prototypes (p. 261)? Can you see that the three above studies are all about prototypes?

Answer 15

distinctive classifications that help us map and comprehend the world

Question 16

Things like the story of Little Red Riding Hood (AND Star Wars Star Trek) and even evolutionary biological explanations are all examples of what concept?

Answer 16

narratives

Question 17

The idea that the human mind (just like our bodies/feet/teeth etc. ) is shaped by evolution is the basic idea of what subfield?

Answer 17

evolutionary psychology

Question 18

What new subfield has introduced the use of fMRI technologies map brain functions in individuals in different cultures?

Answer 18

neuroanthropology

Question 19

What are the four distinctive features that make human languages unique (See grey headings pp. 273-4)

Answer 19

productivity, displacement, arbitrariness, combining sounds to produce meanings

Question 20

The characteristic of human language (listed above in your answer) that involves humans’ ability to communicate about things far away, out of sight in the past, present or future is called?

Answer 20

productivity

Question 21

Do apes like chimps and gorillas use symbolic language in the wild? Yes or no?

Answer 21

no

Question 22

When Fouts observed Wahoe signing celery as “pipe food’ and watermelon as ‘candy drink’ which ONE (or even two) of the distinctive features of human language might Washoe have been demonstrating?

Answer 22

displacement

Question 23

What is the definition of the term morpheme?

Answer 23

the smallest units of a language that convey meaning

Question 24

Suffixes and prefixes (like anti in anticlockwise or pre in prehistoric) and words like ‘dog’ and ‘happy’ which have meaning standing alone are all examples of which concept (phonemes, morphemes or lexemes??)

Answer 24

morphemes

Question 25

What is proxemics, what does it study?

Answer 25

the study of how people in different societies perceive and use space

Question 26

True or False: We learn language mainly by trial and error over millions of attempts over our lifetimes.

Answer 26

false

Question 27

True or False: We are born prewired to learn language in general and then learn the one we are exposed to the most as children.

Answer 27

true

Question 28

True or False: Language acquisition must occur sometime from infancy to the onset of puberty or the individual will never fully learn any language.

Answer 28

true

Question 29

What does sociolinguistics (pragmatics) study? Just define it!

Answer 29

rules for using language within a particular speech community