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Neuroanatomy > Quiz 1: PNS, Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Quiz 1: PNS, Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

what’s made in nucleolus?

A

ribosomes

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2
Q

what nuclear feature is prominent in neurons?

A

nucleolus

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3
Q

dendrites are largely extensions of the…

A

…cell body

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4
Q

in some unusual cells, axon comes off of…

A

…dendrites

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5
Q

cell body size range in vertebrate neurons

A

10-100 um

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6
Q

dendritic tree size scale (um, mm, m?)

A

mm

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7
Q

axon length scale (um, mm, m?)

A

m

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8
Q

how did the giraffe laryngeal nerve get so long?

A

evolved from fish, which have no neck. simpler to just extend the loop as the neck grew.

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9
Q

axon diameter range

A

0.5-20 um

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10
Q

myelin only helps for axons above a certain diameter, which is…

A

.5 um

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11
Q

which way do apical dendrites go?

A

to the cortical surface

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12
Q

why is white matter white?

A

myelination is fatty, and fat is reflective

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13
Q

why is gray matter gray?

A

less fat content

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14
Q

generic name for bundles of axons

A

tract

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15
Q

if we know a function for a tract, we call it a…

A

…pathway

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16
Q

funiculus

A

large bundle of fasciculi

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17
Q

lemniscus

A

means ribbon/belt. flattened bundle. many of these are sensory pathways

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18
Q

general term for crossing fiber

A

decussation (from roman numeral for deca-, X)

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19
Q

chiasm

A

large decussation (chi = X)

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20
Q

commissure

A

crosses midline to the same area on the other side (like corpus callosum)

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21
Q

ganglion, ganglia (pl)

A

locations of all neuronal cell bodies in PNS

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22
Q

cortex means…

A

bark/rind/covering.

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23
Q

neuropil

A

synaptic region with lots of little processes (axons/dendrites) (pil means hair)

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24
Q

avg number of connections per neuron

A

~1,000

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25
Q

approx number of neurons in human brain

A

100 billion

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26
Q

is most connectivity local or distant?

A

local, and yet the bulk of the brain appears to be white matter

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27
Q

weigert stains what?

A

axons, instead of cell bodies

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28
Q

in cortex, weigert stain reveals…

A

…bundles going laterally and across layers

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29
Q

what characterizies molecular layer?

A

there aren’t many cells

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30
Q

smallest cells

A

granule cells

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31
Q

among the largest cells are the…

A

…purkinje cells

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32
Q

orthodromic spikes

A

the normal way that spikes go, away from cell body

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33
Q

antidromic spikes

A

an AP going towards the cell body

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34
Q

how can we distinguish orthodromic and antidromic spikes, if we are stimulating area A and recording from neuron B? there are 4 ways. (answer has high detail)

A
  1. antidromic spike will have fixed latency, because no synapse is involved. orthodromic spike will have varying latency.
  2. because vesicles deplete, orthodromic spike won’t follow high freq stimulation. antidromic spike will follow up to about 1 kHz.
  3. orthodromic spike would cause EPSP. antidromic would not
  4. gold standard is collision failure: orthodromic and antidromic spikes cancel out. this tells you that ortho- and antidromic spikes are traveling along same axon
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35
Q

embryo layers, outer to inner

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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36
Q

which layer does nervous system develop from?

A

ectoderm

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37
Q

3 steps of the formation of the neural tube

A

plate->groove->tube

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38
Q

what does the mantle layer separate into?

A

alar plate (dorsal), basal plate (ventral)

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39
Q

what does the alar plate turn into?

A

sensory structures, dorsal horn

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40
Q

what does the basal plate turn into?

A

motor structures, ventral horn

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41
Q

sulcus limitans

A

structure in center of neural tube

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42
Q

3 swellings/vesicles emerge from the front end of the neural tube, what are they? in order from fore- to hind-

A

prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), rhombencephalon (hindbrain), and then spinal cord

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43
Q

3 vesicles develop into 5, what are they? in order from fore-hind

A

[telencephalon, diencephalon], [mesencephalon], [metencephalon, myelencephalon]

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44
Q

diencephalon becomes…

A

…thalamus and hypothalamus

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45
Q

telencephalon becomes…

A

…cerebrum (cortex and deep nuclei)

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46
Q

canal in myelencephalon becomes…

A

…4th ventricle

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47
Q

canal in telencephalon becomes…

A

…lateral ventricles

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48
Q

canal in diencephalon becomes…

A

…3rd ventricle

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49
Q

canal in mesencephalon becomes…

A

…cerebral aqueduct

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50
Q

canal in spinal cord becomes…

A

trick question. it closes, in normal development

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51
Q

myelencephalon becomes…

A

…medulla

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52
Q

metencephalon becomes…

A

…pons and cerebellum

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53
Q

mesencephalon becomes…

A

…midbrain

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54
Q

unlike spinal cord, in brain stem motor functions are near…

A

…midline

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55
Q

unlike spinal cord, in brain stem sensory functions are…

A

…lateral

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56
Q

in nuclei abbreviations, 1st letter, general vs special (G vs S) means…

A

…function is found throughout the body (general, ie somatosense), or only in one particular organ (special, ie auditory)

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57
Q

in nuclei abbreviations, 2nd letter, somatic vs visceral (S vs V) means…

A

…function is external (somatic) or internal (visceral)

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58
Q

in nuclei abbreviations, 3rd letter, afferent vs efferent (A vs E) means…

A

…in/sensory (afferent) or out/motor (efferent)

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59
Q

dorsal groove in neural tube

A

sulcus limitans [I don’t think this is right -Sally]

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60
Q

3 meninges, outer to inner

A

dura, arachnoid, pia

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61
Q

tela choroidea=

A

pia+ependyma

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62
Q

ependyma

A

thin lining of ventricular system

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63
Q

tela choroidea+blood vessels=

A

choroid plexus

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64
Q

what goes through the 3rd ventricle?

A

a connection between both diencephalons

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65
Q

why are lateral ventricles C-shaped?

A

evolutionary history, stretching and formation of human brain. deep nuclei follow this contortion. not really like this in rodents

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66
Q

in human, which 2 descriptive axes hold steady?

A

the “eriors”: superior/inferior (up/down) and anterior/posterior (front/back)

67
Q

in human, which 2 descriptive axes rotate 90°?

A

dorsal/ventral, and rostral/caudal

68
Q

what barrier demarcates peripheral and central nervous systems?

A

the meninges (dura/arachnoid/pia)

69
Q

describe nervous system branching above parasympathetic/sympathetic nervous systems

A

PNS>motor>autonomic>PS/S

70
Q

plexus

A

complex network, comprising nerves and/or ganglia

71
Q

receptors

A

transduce energy into electrical signals

72
Q

effectors

A

act in response to a nerve impulse

73
Q

PNS equivalent of CNS’s tract

A

nerve

74
Q

PNS equivalent of CNS’s nucleus

A

ganglion

75
Q

typical cell type in dorsal root ganglion

A

pseudo-unipolar

76
Q

swelling on dorsal root

A

dorsal root ganglion

77
Q

dorsal root and ventral root fuse to form…

A

…spinal nerve

78
Q

where is the transition from CNS to PNS?

A

around the dorsal/ventral root

79
Q

simple spinal nerves are found at what level?

A

near abdomen, etc

80
Q

describe a complex plexus such as those in the arm

A

multiple spinal cord levels criss-crossing, converging and diverging, like highway on- and off-ramps

81
Q

fibroblasts

A

build up extracellular matrix in nerves, like collagen

82
Q

roles of connective tissue

A

mechanical stability

83
Q

epineurium

A

surrounds entire nerve, and also exists between fascicles

84
Q

perineurium

A

surrounds each fascicle

85
Q

endoneurium

A

surrounds each axons (only in PNS, outside myelin sheath)

86
Q

-neuriums are only in…

A

…PNS. there are NO “naked” axons in PNS as there are in CNS

87
Q

optic nerve isn’t really a nerve because…

A

…it’s not in PNS

88
Q

fascicle

A

small nerve bundle of axons, within a nerve

89
Q

mallory trichome stain stains for…

A

…connective tissue

90
Q

leading edge of paired plasma membranes in schwann cell

A

mesaxon

91
Q

how long is a schwann cell?

A

~100 um

92
Q

dense line is inner or outer face of mesaxon?

A

inner edge

93
Q

compact myelin

A

the mature state of myelination, when all cytoplasm has been pressed out

94
Q

unmyelinated axons are still protected by….

A

…Schwann cells, which can ensheath many cells. this is not the same as myelination.

95
Q

when a Schwann cell wants to myelinate a single axon…

A

…it withdraws itself from all other axons

96
Q

nerve fiber names in descending order of speed/diameter (two nomenclatures)

A

I, II, III, IV

Aα, Aβ, Aδ, C

97
Q

which muscle fibers are most excitable, following EXTRACELLULAR stimulation? largest or smallest?

A

largest

98
Q

which muscle fibers are most excitable, following INTRACELLULAR stimulation? largest or smallest?

A

smallest

99
Q

how could you measure size of motor axons in a muscle nerve, which has motor and sensory axons?

A

cut dorsal (sensory) root, wait a week, then examine cross-section, which will only contain motor axons

100
Q

3 ways to classify receptors

A 
sensory modality (visual, auditory, etc)
area of functional interest (exteroceptors, proprioceptors, etc)
free nerve ending vs specialized receptor cells
101
Q

exteroceptors

A

transduce external world contact, teloceptors

102
Q

interoceptors

A

respond to internal state

103
Q

labeled line concept

A

each set of afferents carries information that’s interpreted in a particular way. ie, extreme touch never turns into pain

104
Q

receptive field

A

area where the receptor responds to touch (ie a touch receptor will respond to a patch of skin)

105
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A

onion-like cutaneous exteroceptor. large receptive fields, rapidly adapting (you don’t feel your socks)

106
Q

alar/basal, sensory/motor, sulcus limitans rule only holds for…

A

…gray matter. bundles aren’t necessarily organized the same way

107
Q

effectors of motor neurons

A

striated muscle, glands, smooth and cardiac muscle

108
Q

efferent pathway consists of…

A

…somatic motor neurons, pre/post ganglionics

109
Q

each muscle connects to something that spans a length of spinal cord, called…

A

…spinal motor neuron pools, a nucleus of distributed motor neurons

110
Q

what’s the advantage to low divergence in motor units?

A

high specificity. this varies when you need more specificity, like in fingers vs. quads

111
Q

adult spinal cord length

A

~18 in

112
Q

adult vertebral column length

A

~ 28 in

113
Q

why is vertebral column longer than spinal cord?

A

in development, the vertebral column lengthens, while the spinal cord doesn’t

114
Q

cauda equina

A

collection of nerve roots that innervate lower body. take up space in vertebral column after spinal cord tapers out. looks like a “horse’s tail”

115
Q

name the 4 spinal cord regions, rostral-caudal

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

116
Q

2 ways to characterize spinal gray matter

A

nuclei (marginal zone, etc)

rexed’s laminae (I-X)

117
Q

cytoarchitectonic divisions of gray matter take into account…

A

…cell architecture. density, shapes of gray matter

118
Q

what are the two increased densities of gray matter in spinal cord called?

A

cervical and lumbo-sacral enlargements

119
Q

why are there gray matter spinal cord enlargements?

A

more motor neurons to control limbs

120
Q

why does spinal cord get larger as you go rostral?

A

because you collect sensory and motor fibers from the periphery as you go to the brain

121
Q

how does ratio of white:gray matter change as you go caudal?

A

it gets much smaller as you go caudal

122
Q

nucleus thoracicus or nucleus dorsalis location

A

at the base of the dorsal horn

123
Q

where does parasympathetic nervous system emerge?

A

craniosacral

124
Q

where does sympathetic nervous system emerge?

A

thoracolumbar

125
Q

parasympathetic preganglionic locations

A

cranial nerve nuclei for III, VIII, IX, and X, and S2-4

126
Q

sympathetic preganglionic locations

A

lateral horn of T1-L2

127
Q

parasympathetic ganglia locations

A

on or near end organs

128
Q

lateral horn

A

little triangle that sticks out between the dorsal and ventral horns on the same level as the central canal; only occurs in the thoracic region and thus can be used as an identifying feature

129
Q

ramus

A

branch

130
Q

ANS

A

homeostasis, regulation of internal environment

131
Q

3 principles of pathway organization

A 
modality
laterality (symmetry)
topography/somatotopy (mapping)
132
Q

name for pathways that remain in the spine, don’t go to brain

A

propriospinal (locomotion is one example)

133
Q

what information does spinothalamic tract carry, and what’s another name for it?

A

pain/temperature; also known as ALS anterior lateral system

134
Q

5 types of somatosensory information

A

fine tactile-discriminatory (small two-point touch, textures, figure out what an object is)

crude touch (knowing something is there
pain/temp (these two are often the same pathway?)

proprioceptive (states of muscles/joints)

autonomic (from viscera, smooth muscle, glands)

135
Q

fine tactile sensation pathway

A

dorsal column/medial lemniscal

136
Q

how are touch receptors innervated?

A

several or multiple axons come in and weave through the corpuscle

137
Q

what’s weird about spike propagation in somatosensation?

A

antidromic/orthodromic spike definition breaks down, since spike can propagate towards cell body in pseudo-unipolar cell

138
Q

2 slow adapting touch receptors

A

merkel’s disk, ruffini’s corpuscle

139
Q

2 fast adapting touch receptors

A

meissner’s corpuscle, pacinian corpuscle

140
Q

specific classes of nerve axons are paired with specific…

A

…receptor types

141
Q

what’s on the midline in the diencephalon?

A

3rd ventricle

142
Q

anterolateral system carries what information?

A

pain/temp/crude touch

143
Q

what type axons carry pain/temp/crude touch?

A

C/IV, Aδ

144
Q

which type axons carry fine touch?

A

Aβ

145
Q

first synapse in anterolateral system?

A

in dorsal horn, at/near level of entry

146
Q

first synapse in fine touch pathway?

A

all the way up the spinal cord

147
Q

general topography outer to inner in SC white matter?

A

lower stuff is further out, because as we go up we keep adding stuff to the center

148
Q

belly button spinal cord section

A

T10. but actually innervates T8, a little bit higher.

149
Q

is cerebellum ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

ipsilateral

150
Q

spinocerebellar pathways carry what info?

A

unconscious proprioception

151
Q

topography throughout LCST tract?

A

high to low is medial to lateral

152
Q

where does lateral corticospinal tract (LCST) originate?

A

60% frontal cortex, 40% parietal cortex. this is why it’s better to call it a descending tract than a motor tract.

153
Q

where is cingulate sulcus?

A

curving above the cingulate gyrus, which curves above the corpus callosum

154
Q

upper vs lower motor neuron

A

lower motor neuron refers to actual motor neurons. upper motor neurons refer to the descending spinal tract

155
Q

3 results of lower motor neuron lesion

A

flaccid paralysis (limp)
areflexia (no reflexes)
severe muscle wasting (atrophy. look like a skeleton)

156
Q

4 results of upper motor neuron (anywhere along pathway, above the actual lower motor neurons) lesion

A

spastic paralysis (tense, stiff)
hyper-reflexia
mild muscle wasting
babinski reflex appears (contraction of the toe. normal in infant, abnormal in adult)

157
Q

level of decussation of dorsal column (aka medial lemniscal system)

A

in the medulla, by the 2nd order neurons that project from the nucleus gracilis or nucleus cuneatus

158
Q

level of decussation of anterolateral system (pain/temp/coarse touch pathway)

A

in the spinal cord, a few levels up from where ever the dorsal root ganglion cell enters the spinal cord

159
Q

topography of homunculi in primary somatosensory and motor cortex

A

from medial to lateral: legs, trunk, arms, neck, head (approximately, b/c there may be some blending between areas)

160
Q

in the spinothalamic pathway/ALS, which lamina of the dorsal horn do the dorsal root ganglia project to/2nd order neurons originate in?

A

lamina I, IV, V

161
Q

which parts of the body do axons in the fasciculus gracilis carry information about? what kind of information?

A

lower limbs; fine tactile discrimination (but there’s not a lot of it in the lower limbs so fasciculus gracilis is smaller)

162
Q

which parts of the body do axons in the fasciculus cuneatus carry information about? what kind of information?

A

upper limbs; fine tactile discrimination (and there’s a lot of it in our hands so fasciculus cuneatus is bigger)

163
Q

where does the lateral corticospinal tract decussate?

A

in the pyramidal decussation in the medulla

164
Q

which is bigger, fasciculus or funiculus?

A

funiculus

Neuroanatomy (10 decks)

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