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Neuroanatomy > Brainstem and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Brainstem and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

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1
Q

where is open and closed medulla?

A

lower medulla is closed, upper medulla is open.

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2
Q

what does open medulla refer to?

A

presence of 4th ventricle

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3
Q

characteristic feature of medulla

A

pyramids (ventral)

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4
Q

characteristic feature of pons

A

fibers going across (bridge) (ventral)

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5
Q

where are the pyramidal tracts in the pons?

A

they are embedded in the fibers running laterally, going from cortex to spine

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6
Q

characteristic feature of midbrain

A

lateral cerebral peduncles (ventral)

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7
Q

cerebral peduncles are…

A

…massive bundles carrying motor information

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8
Q

how to distinguish lower vs upper pons

A

upper pons has much smaller ventricular space (dorsal)

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9
Q

what is the only motor nuclei that has two motor neurons in the chain? and what does it do?

A

GVE. controls glands and smooth muscle

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10
Q

hemiplegia

A

loss of motor control on one side

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11
Q

only GSA/temp nucleus in the brain

A

descending trigeminal nucleus

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12
Q

what’s the main SVA modality? from where?

A

taste, from the epiglottis

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13
Q

hemiparesis

A

weakness on one side. less severe than hemiplegia

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14
Q

olfactory tract can also be called

A

olfactory peduncle

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15
Q

scotoma

A

a little blind spot

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16
Q

what if you lost right optic nerve?

A

blindness in right eye

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17
Q

what if you lost your right optic tract?

A

you would lose your left visual field

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18
Q

what if the optic chiasm was severed?

A

you would lose the outer (temporal) visual fields in both eyes

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19
Q

biggest nerve that controls eye movement?

A

oculomotor

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20
Q

oculomotor nerve connects to how many of the 6 eye muscles? which?

A

4/6. medial/superior/inferior rectus, and inferior oblique

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21
Q

trochlear nerve is the only….

A

…entirely crossed nerve. it only controls the contralateral superior oblique muscle

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22
Q

what does the trochlear nerve do?

A

controls superior oblique muscle, turns contralateral eye down and medially

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23
Q

medial longitudinal fasciculus carries information about…

A

…the direction that the eyes should move

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24
Q

nystagmus

A

the slow/fast eye movement reflex when you’re spinning. like in the subway if you’re watching the tunnel go by? nystagmus direction is the direction of the fast movement

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25
Q

which nerve is not really a nerve?

A

the optic nerve

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26
Q

cranial nerve I

A

olfactory (you have one nose)

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27
Q

glomerulus

A

region in olfactory bulb where olfactory receptors synapse onto second order olfactory neurons

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28
Q

olfactory tract bypasses what (1 answer) on its way where (4 answers)?

A

reticular formation; piriform cortex, olfactory tubercle, amygdala, entorhinal cortex

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29
Q

cranial nerve II

A

optic (you have 2 eyes)

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30
Q

optic tract

A

the name for the fiber tract between the optic chiasm and the LGN; each optic tract contains information from one half of visual field

31
Q

topography of V1

A

superior bank of calcarine sulcus represents lower visual field; inferior bank of calcarine sulcus represents upper visual field. information from macula is most posterior

32
Q

cranial nerve III

A

oculomotor

33
Q

GVE function of oculomotor nerve

A

pupillary constriction, comes from Edinger-Westphal nucleus

34
Q

cranial nerve IV

A

trochlear nerve (trochlea means ‘pulley’, you get bullied if you’re cross-eyed)

35
Q

cranial nerve V

A

trigeminal nerve

36
Q

trigeminal nerve functions

A

three branches, three functions:

1) SVE from trigeminal motor nucleus to chewing muscles
2) GSA pain and temp from face to descending trigeminal nucleus to contralateral VPM
3) GSA fine touch from face to principal sensory nucleus to bilateral VPM

(p.s. very important! three functions are spread across three branches- that’s just a mnemonic!)

37
Q

cranial nerve VI

A

abducens (you have 6 abs), GSE to lateral rectus muscle of the eye

38
Q

cranial nerve VII

A

facial

39
Q

innervation pattern of face by facial nerve

A

SVE from facial motor nucleus to facial expression muscles; lateral part to lower face, intermediate part to upper face

40
Q

SVA function of facial nerve

A

taste from anterior 2/3 tongue

41
Q

cranial nerve VIII

A

vestibular and auditory (ear sort of looks like an 8)

42
Q

auditory functions of CN VIII

A

SSA from spiral ganglion > d. and v. cochlear nuclei > superior olive > inferior colliculus > MGB (thalamus) > A1

43
Q

topography of cochlea

A

tonotopic map, base of cochlea prefers higher frequencies, apex prefers lower frequencies

44
Q

cranial nerve XII

A

hypoglossal, to ipsilateral tongue

45
Q

cranial nerve XI

A

accessory

46
Q

SVE of accessory nerve

A

11th nerve, 11 looks like a pair of arms, innervates upper trapezius and neck

47
Q

what 3-char class is pain/temp?

A

GSA or GVA

48
Q

what 3-char class is touch?

A

GSA

49
Q

what 3-char class is muscle and joint sent?

A

GSA

50
Q

what 3-char class is auditory sense?

A

SSA

51
Q

what 3-char class is vestibular sense?

A

SSA

52
Q

what 3-char class is pressure/distention/damage?

A

GVA

53
Q

what 3-char class is taste?

A

SVA

54
Q

what 3-char class is smell?

A

SVA

55
Q

what 3-char class is striated muscle motor neurons?

A

GSE

56
Q

what 3-char class is preganglionic motor neurons to control glands and smooth muscle?

A

GVE

57
Q

what 3-char class is motor neurons for striated muscles of branchiomeric origin?

A

SVE

58
Q

what do the GSE fibers in 12-hypoglossal do?

A

ipsilateral tongue muscles

59
Q

what does a lesion to GSE 12-hypoglossal cause?

A

ipsilateral tongue deviation

60
Q

what do the GSA fibers in 12-hypoglossal carry?

A

tongue muscle afferents

61
Q

what do the SVE fibers in 11-accessory do? (2)

A

flex neck, raise shoulder

62
Q

what do the GSA fibers in 9-11 carry? (2)

A

info from eustachian tube, posterior 1/3 of tongue

63
Q

where do the GSA fibers in 9-11 project to?

A

descending trigem nucleus

64
Q

what do the SVA fibers in 9-11 carry?

A

afferents from inferior ganglion for taste in the posterior 1/3 of tongue, taste from epiglottis

65
Q

what do the SVE fibers in 9-11 do?

A

control pharynx/larynx

66
Q

where do the SVE fibers in 9-11 project from?

A

nuc ambiguus

67
Q

what do the SVE fibers in 5-trigeminal do?

A

chewing muscles

68
Q

what do the GSA fibers in 5-trigeminal carry?

A

pain/temp and fine touch

69
Q

where do pain-temp GSA fibers in 5-trigeminal project to?

A

descending trigeminal nuc, to contralateral VPM

70
Q

where do fine touch GSA fibers in 5-trigeminal project to?

A

principal sensory nucleus of 5, to bilateral VPM

71
Q

what would hoarseness be caused by?

A

lesion to SVE in 9-11.

72
Q

where do the SSA fibers in 8-auditory go?

A

spiral ganglion to dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei

73
Q

what do the medial vs lateral SVE fibers in 7-facial control?

A

medial controls upper, and lateral controls lower muscles of facial expression

Neuroanatomy (10 decks)

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