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Host and Defense - Exam 1 > Quiz 1 - Mulvey - Bacteria Basics > Flashcards

Quiz 1 - Mulvey - Bacteria Basics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of a bacterial cell wall?

A

Maintain cell shape, influx/efflux of materials, protect against osmotic lysis

*Target of lysozyme, antimicrobials, and antibiotics

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2
Q

What is the difference b/t Gram + and gram -?

A

(+) - Large peptidoglycan wall

-) - Thin peptidoglycan wall with an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide (LPS

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3
Q

Bacterial cell walls are sites for what 3 main things?

A

Respiratory chains

Secretion (transport) systems

Adhesins

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4
Q

Cell walls allow for stereotyping pathogens. Tell me the three.

A

K (Capsule)

H (Flagellin)

O (LPS)

*KHO CFL

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5
Q

NAM and NAG is on what type of wall?

A

GRAM +

*Off the NAM is a peptide chain

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6
Q

Biosynthesis of gram + cell walls are inhibited by what type of antibiotics?

A

Beta-lactams like penicillin

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7
Q

Binding of LPS by the Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) can stimulate what?

A

Inflammatory responses

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8
Q

What bacteria don’t have a cell wall?

A

Ureaplasma and mycoplasma

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9
Q

What are 6 other factors associated with bacterial cell walls?

A

ETCs

Protein secretion systems

Flagella

Adhesins

Capsules

Spores

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10
Q

Autotroph

Phototroph

Chemoautotroph

Heterotroph

Chemoheterotroph

Fermentation

A

Make their own food

Use light for energy

Chemicals for energy

Use organic sources for energy

Humans. Get energy by consuming other organisms

Used by many bacteria to breakdown glucose to pyruvate, which creates ATP

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11
Q

Obligate aerobe

Obligate anaerobe

Facultative anaerobe

Microaerophile

Aerotolerant

A

Need O2

O2 is toxic

Do better with O2, but can grow w/o it

Need a little bit of O2, but too much is toxic

Not effected by presence of O2

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12
Q

T/F - Bacteria have mechanisms to send proteins out of their cells.

A

True

*Of note are Type III, IV, VI, VII can inject proteins or toxins directly into target host cells

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13
Q

Peritrichous

Monotrichous

Lophotrichous

Amphitrichous

A

All over

One, one end

Multiple, one end

Two, one on both sides

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14
Q

What are axial filaments?

A

Flagella present with the periplasmic space

*Like spirochetes

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15
Q

What are bacterial adhesins?

A

Allow the bacteria to attach to host cells (lipids, proteins, or sugars)

Consist of proteins with hair-like fibers called pili or fimbriae

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16
Q

What else can adhesins do?

A

Contact with other bacteria, ECM, biofilms, etc.

Unique receptors (Colonize in the gut, brain, urinary tract, etc.)

Anti-adhesins being developed as anti-bacterial therapeutics

Act as receptors for viral phages

17
Q

T/F - Some bacteria can move by extending a pilus and retracting it.

A

True

18
Q

What are capsules?

A

Layers of polysaccharide on the surface of bacteria

*Provides protection against desiccation, phage (virus), detergents, and antimicrobials. Also from phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages)

19
Q

What causes 26% of deaths worldwide?

A

Infectious diseases

20
Q

What are the oldest, most prevalent forms of life on earth?

A

Bacteria

21
Q

What is cocci?

A

Spherical

22
Q

What is bacilli?

A

Rod shaped

23
Q

What is spiral?

A

Comma or S-shaped, or spiral

24
Q

What is pleomorphic?

A

Lacking a distinct shape

25
Q

What are 7 unique features of bacteria?

A
  • Singular chromosome
  • May have plasmids
  • No organelles, no nucleus
  • Cell wall components
  • 70S ribosomes
  • Unique metabolic pathways
  • Binary fission

*These features allow for the basis of recognition by innate and adaptive immunity and antibiotic therapies

26
Q

Walk me thru binary fission. 3 steps.

A

DNA replication
Chromosome segregation
Cytokinesis

27
Q

What is the lag phase?

A

The bacteria adapting to their environment

28
Q

What is the log phase?

A

Exponential growth (binary fission)

29
Q

What is the stationary phase?

A

Death = growth

30
Q

What is the death phase?

A

Death

31
Q

Bacteria are often associated with biofilms. Tell me their 4 step process.

A

Attachment
-Suppression of motility factors, induction of adhesion factors

Sessile
-Intercellular interaction, quorum sensing

Biofilm maturation
-Induced extracellular polysaccharides (matrix) synthesis

Dispersal
-Quorum sensing, induction of disassembly factors

32
Q

Name three sites where biofilms can form.

A

Environment (air conditioning towers)

Medical devices (Catheters, valve implants, replacement joints)

Body surfaces (lungs of cystic fibrosis patients, burned tissue, wounds, gingiva and enamel [plaque])

Host and Defense - Exam 1 (14 decks)

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