Quiz 1 Material Flashcards
Physiology
Science of body functions
Anatomy
Study of body structure
Homeostasis
Keeping the organ systems of the body in balance
Pathology
Study of anatomical changes due to disease
Levels of organization
- Chemical 4. Organ
- Cellular 5. System
- Tissue. 6. Organism
Cells
Basic structural and functional units of an organism
Tissue
Groups of cells that work together to perform similar functions
4 basic types of tissues
- Epithelium 3. Muscle
2. Connective 4. Nerves
Organs
Structures composed of two or more different types if tissue
Organ system
Consists of related organs with a common function
Organism
Collection of organ systems
6 important life processes
- Metabolism 4. Growth
- Responsiveness 5. Differentiation
- Movement 6. Reproduction
Metabolism
Sum of all the catabolic and anabolic chemical processes that occur in the body
Responsiveness
Body’s ability to detect and respond to change which might represent an opportunity or threat
Movement
Any motion
Growth
Increase in body size due to an increase in existing cells, number of cells or both
pH of blood
7.35-7.45
Blood glucose levels
70-110 mg of glucose/dL of blood
Control of homeostasis is constantly challenged by:
- Physical insults
- Changes in the internal environment
- Physiological stress
3 basic components of feedback system
- Receptor
- Control center
- Effector
Receptor
Body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to the control center
Integumentary system
Skin related structures
hair, nails, and glands
Skeletal system
Bones and joints
Muscular system
Named skeletal muscles, as well as smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
Nervous system
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
Endocrine system
Hormone producing cells and glands scattered throughout the body; regulates body by releasing hormones into the blood
Cardiovascular system
Heart, blood, and blood vessels
Lymphatic system and Immunity
Lymphatic fluid, lymph nodes, lymphocytes, and other associated organs of the immune system, like tonsils, spleen, and thymus gland
Respiratory system
Consists of upper airways, trachea and major bronchi, and the lungs
Digestive system
Stomach, esophagus, stomach and intestines, and the accessory digestive glands like the salivary glands, liver and gallbladder
Urinary system
Kidneys, ureters, urethra, and bladder
Reproductive system
Ovaries, uterus, and vagina in females
Testes, and penis in the male
Prone
Face down
Supine
Face up
Superior
Above, toward head
Inferior
Below, away from head
Anterior
Toward the front
Posterior
Toward the back
Caudad
Toward the tail
Cephalad
Toward the head
Medial
Toward the midline
Lateral
Away from midline
Proximal
Nearest to the point of origination
Distal
Farthest from origination
Ipsilateral
Same side of the body
Contralateral
Opposite sides of the body
Superficial
Towards the surface
Deep
Towards the core of the body
Visceral
Pertaining to a covering over an organ
Parietal
Covering against a cavity wall
Body planes
Imaginary flat surfaces that separate the body or body part into portions
3 major planes
- Sagittal (midline)
- Transverse (horizontal)
- Frontal (coronal)
Sagittal planes
Right and left sides
Frontal plane
Anterior and posterior portions
Transverse planes
Superior and inferior portions
Dorsal cavity
Cranial cavity (protects brain) Vertebral cavity (protects spinal cord)
Meninges
Layers of protective tissue that line the dorsal cavity and vertebral cavity
Thoracic cavity
Formed by sternum, ribs, and the thoracic portion of the bony vertebral column
3 subdivisions of thoracic cavity
- Mediastinum
- Pleural cavity
- Pericardial cavity
Pleural cavity
Two fluid filled spaces that surround each lung
Pericardial cavity
Fluid filled space that surrounds the heart
Diaphragm
Skeletal muscle that divides the thorax from the abdomen
Abdominopelvic cavity
Extends from the diaphragm to the groin
Abdominal cavity
Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and colon
Pelvic cavity
Contains urinary bladder, reproductive system, and portions of colon
Serous membrane
Thin, slippery, double layered membranes that line the thoracic and abdominal cavity
Visceral layer
Covers organs
Parietal layer
Outer
Pleural membranes
Covers the lungs and the walls of the pleural cavity
Pericardial membrane
Covers the heart and the pericardial cavity walls
Peritoneal membrane
Covers the abdominal organs and the abdominal cavity walls
RUQ
Liver
LUQ
Spleen and left kidney
RLQ
Appendix
LLQ
Left ovary
9 Abdominopelvic regions
- Right hypochondriac region 6. Hypogastric region
- Right lumbar region 7. Left hypochondriac region
- Right inguinal region 8. Left lumbar region
- Epigastric region 9. Left inguinal region
- Umbilical region
Chemistry
Study of matter
Chemical elements
Substances that cannot be split into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means
Chemical symbols
A letter abbreviation given to elements
Trace elements
Elements in our bodies present in tiny amounts
Element
A quantity of matter composed of atoms of the same type
Neutral atom
Contains the same number of protons and electrons
Protons
Large, positively charged particles
Atomic number
The number of protons in the nucleus
Neutrons
The second large particle that make up the nucleus of atoms
Have no charge
Isotopes
Formed when the number of neutrons change
Mass number
Sum of proteins and neutrons ( always a while number)
Atomic mass
Average mass of all naturally occurring isotopes
Ions
Atoms that have given up or gained an electron in their outer electron shell
Electrolytes
Molecule that dissociates in water to form individual ions
Compounds
Substances whose molecules have more than one kind of atom
Chemical bonds
What hold together the atom of a molecule by forces of attraction
Ionic bonds
Form when an atom loses or gains an electron
Cations
Positively charged ions that have given up one or more electron
Anions
Negatively charged ions that have picked up one or more electrons that another atom has lost
Covalent bonds
Formed by the atoms of molecules sharing one, two, or three pairs of their outermost electrons
Hydrogen bonds
Weak interactions between hydrogen and adjacent atoms
Catalysts
Chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions
