Quiz 1: Indigenous Psychology

Question 1

Derived Etic

Answer 1

 When cultures share commonalities these and only
these aspects may be compared cross-culturally.
However, we must begin our analysis from an emic
perspective (in all the cultural groups being studied)
and become a derived etic.
 Distinctions:
1. Emic and etics includes the theory used to locate the
behavior to be studied using a particular method.
2. An imposed etic study universal behavior is universal
to all mankind. However, the behavior a derived etic
study is limited to the cultural context in which it was
compared to.

Question 2

Imposed etic

Answer 2

 When researchers use a concept or instrument rooted
in their own culture and use it in an etic manner.
1. Imposed etic assume that it is a valid method to study
psychological phenomenon in another culture.
2. They also assume that is a valid method to examine
two or more cultures comparatively.

Question 3

when can a cross-cultural comparison not be made?

Answer 3

 If the cultures are mutually exclusive than a
comparison cannot be made.
 Only common features which share the same
functional equivalence can be made (i.e., the
behavior topography may be physically different,
but it serves the same function and must naturally
exists without the presence of the
researcher).

Question 4

what is culture?

Answer 4

 Broadly culture can be defined as “the human-made part of our environment which can be split into material and subjective facets of culture”.
 Material components may include dress wear, food, houses, highways, tools and machines (i.e., physical man-made artifacts or buildings).
 Subjective component refers to a societies unique way of perceiving their social environment (i.e., beliefs, attitudes, norms and values that are transmitted from one generation to the next).
 Culture incorporates language, economic, political, legal, philosophical, and religious systems with traditional procedures.

Question 5

weird and wasp?

Answer 5

(1)	WEIRD samples:
o	Western
o	Educated
o	Industrialized
o	Rich
o	Democratic

*Biased sampling, we cannot claim universality when only a narrow sample of the world is
being sampled and is not representative of all humans.

(2)	WASP researchers:
o	Western
o	Academic
o	Scientific
o	Psychologist

*Biased demographic characteristics and cultural view that is predominant in psychologists
today.

Question 6

(1) Indigenous Psychology out of the 4 perspectives is the most…

Answer 6

o Is the most localized form of psychology and focuses on the values, traditions and perspectives shared by a particular culture.
o Uses local methods that are culture specific and appropriate for the culture being measured.
o For example, Kaupapa Maori Research.

Question 7

western culture is defined by what (4) things?

Answer 7

 The Scientific World View (Scientism):
o The belief in the universal applicability of the scientific method and approach with the view that empirical science constitutes the most authoritive and valuable world view to the point that other world views are deliberately excluded (e.g., indigenous knowledge).

*scientism reflects an analytic thinking style

 Analytic Thinking Style:
o Tendency to view the world in discrete individual pieces.
o Tend to hold an etic perspective (outsider)
o Objectivity

 Empirics:
o Looking for answers with our physical senses rather than using intuition or ither spiritual methods.

 Positivism:
o Belief that the scientific method can be employed to determine causality.
o For example, double blind experiments or any other experimental design.

Question 8

What is a Post-Industrial Western Folk Concept?

Answer 8

 Body as Machine:
an example of a culture-specific shared understanding
that is used to teach children about taking care of their
bodies (i.e., healthy foods, exercise and transplants).

Question 9

what (3) things symbolise culture?

Answer 9

1. shared:
   shared meaning does not mean identical topography but shared behavioral function and/or meaning.

Methods to identify meaning of behavior:

a. Natural observation
b. Ask people why they’re doing what they’re doing

2. meaningful:
    Natural Observation: does the date of the celebration fall on an anniversary is their signs which say a common phrase?
    Ask people what the significance of the event, behavior or clothing is?
    What if they do not know the meaning of their behavior is it still meaningful? Yes, you can still follow traditions within your culture without knowing its meaning. Just because it’s not meaningful to one individual does not mean it’s not meaningful to the group as a whole (i.e., there is within group variability in meaning).
3. transmitted:
    Transmitted = a learnt meaning that changes the way we perceive the world.
    Shared meanings vary cross-culturally because our perceptions are about how we shape and come to understand the world around us.
   i.e., optical illusions, number lines.

Question 10

Emic vs Etic characteristics

Answer 10

Emic:
The study within a culture and its specific elements.
o Culture Specific (local methods & theory)
o Structure is Uncovered
o Limited interpretations
o Understand culture in its own terms

Etic:
Comparative study across cultures, may assume some universality of the psychological phenomenon of behavior.
o Culture General: culture is treated as an antecedent
variable (IV)
o Control is exerted by researcher
o Universals or broad generalizations
o Several cultures are compared at once

Question 11

Trade offs between emic and etic

Answer 11

Positives:
emic:
Emic:
o Understand the local context, needs and fit.
o Better able to ask meaningful and sensible
questions (i.e., by using culture specific tools).
o Justice to a diverse range of valid perspectives
(rather than western)

Etic:
o Widens area of research to a global stage
o Not blinded by the obvious (a flaw of emic fish in
water perspective)
o Objectivity

Negatives:
Emic:
o May not make sense to people outside of the culture
being studied.
o Relationships and obligations to gain rapport may be
time consuming and/or influence and bias the data
collected.
o Findings are subjective, can it be made to be
compelling in science?

Etic:
o Limited access (only have rich info of our own
cultural perspective i.e., etic).
o Equivalence issues
o May be producing nonsensical data because the
wrong questions are being asked.

*Emic-etic have complimentary pros and cons that must be balanced across all areas of research (i.e., a pro for emic is a con for etic and vise versa).

Question 12

(3) philosophical ways of knowing

Answer 12

1. Authority:
   o Trust in an authoritative figure to provide you with accurate and reliable information due to their level of expertise.
   o Can be problematic when consumers do not question the reliability and validity of information that comes from an authoritative figure.
2. Logic:
   o Using logical reasoning and personal experience to pieces together and formulate the likely answer.
   o i.e., knowing correlation does not equal causation.
   o Important way of knowing when creating a priori hypothesis for research.
   o Good method when you cannot have direct experience.
3. Experience:
   o Direct interaction with the world and typically through your senses.
   o You do not fully come to understand something until you. Have experienced it or lived it in some way.
   o However, senses can fool us (i.e., optical illusions which create false perceptions and experiences).
   o Most powerful way of knowing something.
   o Effortful and time-consuming way of knowing (emic rather than etic).

Question 13

collectivists put more weight on ___ ways of knowing and the ____ of knowledge over ____.

Answer 13

collectivists put more weight on authority and the collective or consensus of knowledge over personal experience.

Question 14

Epistemology vs Ontology

Answer 14

Epistemiology (psychology): the theory of knowledge and what knowledge consists of (i.e., the nature of knowledge and methods to obtain it).

Ontology is the belief of what exists and reality that underpins our epistemological views (i.e. what is real or true and the nature of reality).

Question 15

(3) examples of epistemology views in science

Answer 15

1. Objectivism:
   o Belief that the way we come to understand something (or our reality) is to remove yourself from it and be objective (rather than subjective).
2. Positivism:
   o Belief that the aim of research or science in general is to identify cause and effect relationships based on broad generalizations about all humans we derive from our observations of a cultural group (i.e., tied to universalism).
3. Empiricism:
   o Belief that logical inferences which can be verified by our own observations and personal experience (via the senses) leads to powerful knowledge.

Question 16

Examples of epistemological views in indigenous cultures.

Answer 16

1. Perspectivism:

 Belief about knowledge that argues that multiple realities can exist simultaneously, and “our” reality depends on our perspective (i.e., the scientist who is looking at the elephant’s tail thinks it’s a rope and the scientist looking at its tusks thinks it’s a spear. They’re realities are both valid).
 Perspectivism is an epistemological view commonly held by indigenous cultures in the amazon. In which, they believe that knowledge s subjective and depends entirely on the observers own perspective upon it.

2. Collective Identity:

 An individual is not separate from their community, but rather their embedded in it from birth.
 A person is a person through other persons (i.e., humans become human through their collective community identity and socialization with members of their cultural group).
 I am because others are (i.e., without being taught all that I know and am from other members of my culture I would be nothing).

Question 17

3 Ontology’s of Science:

Answer 17

1. Material Realism:
   o Belief that only one true, material reality exists (i.e., tangible, objective truth rather than a subjective or spiritual version of reality).
2. Monism:
   o Belief that there is only one form of substance in the universe (i.e., not dualism which believe there is two versions of reality such as subjective-objective, individualistic-collectivist or consciousness-physical matter).
3. Critical Realism:
   o Belief that reality exists independent from the observer and human consciousness (i.e., it exists whether or not it was discovered by me or am looking at it).

Question 18

(3) indigenous ontologys

Answer 18

1. Idealism:
   o Consciousness is the substance or origin of all reality (all beings or entities are an outgrowth of consciousness and only one truth).
2. Dualism:
   o There are two (dual) forms of substance in the universe (i.e., two versions of reality e.g., objective-subjective, consciousness-physical matter or individualistic-collectivist).
3. Relativism:
   o Reality exists based upon the observer’s subjective experience.
   o An Indian ontological perspective that argues if we are not there to observe it or experience it than it does not exist.

Question 19

What are (2) Ethical Concerns are Involved in Work with Indigenous Groups?

Answer 19

(A) Indigenous communities have both a group level identity and an individual level identity.
(B) Indigenous communities have a history of marginalization (i.e., harm and exploitation from settlers) that can create a justified level of mistrust in science.

Question 20

What is an Indigenous Group?
*How do we know if the group we are working with is indigenous or not?

(A) common characteristics
(B) common Historical Circumstances:

Answer 20

 Common Characteristics:
o The cultural group is small
o They have a strong attachment to their land (i.e., deep spiritual connection that makes their land a part of their identity)
o They have a value system and culture rooted in the environment
o They have commitment to a sustainable lifestyle
o Mobility (i.e., variable characteristic; but some indigenous communities are nomadic)
o Cultural conservatism (desire to preserve their traditions and history)
 Common Historical Circumstances:
o Economic and political domination from outsiders (colonialization)
o Selected integration/participation with non-indigenous societies (preference for decolonialization and dissimilation)
o Limited or non-existent power within the nation state (no self-determination)
o Emerging involvement in local or international process of decolonialization (resistance to the assimilation of western culture)
*these are general guidelines rather than finite criteria

Question 21

We must have guidelines that respect the dignity of indigenous groups. (4) Key tenants should be:

Answer 21

o Respect
 Follow their traditions, ritual, hierarchy of power to gain consent for research.
 Leave your biases/judgement at the door.
o Partnership
 Equal power held between researcher and the community being studied.
 They should have a say in all stages of the research process.
o Consultation
 Communities help identify research question, method and interpretation of the findings and are presented findings before being published.
o Involvement
 No ownership of the data (remains in control of the indigenous community and not the researcher).

*these should be tenants that every researcher aims for to preserve and facilitate
positive relationships with indigenous communities and research, provide more
applicable findings, and more accurate and reliable findings.

Question 22

(2) During Data Collection researcher should…

1. A,b,c,d,e
2. A,b,c

Answer 22

1. Providing the group with information:
   a. Ensure they are told how their cultural estate and other property will be protected (i.e., in a locked laboratory or password protected computer etc.)
   b. They’re presented the preliminary findings and paper in a hui or gathering that allows for them to be able to give feedback.
   c. Explain how researchers may integrate community members into the research process (i.e., how they can participate).
   d. Express the researcher’s willingness to cooperate with the local leadership and social institutions.
   e. Express the researcher’s willingness to store data, working papers, and related materials in repository (i.e., a respectable place).
   * researchers are the caretakers of the data not the owners of it!
2. Acknowledging variations in viewpoints:
   a. When possible, give the community an opportunity to react and respond to findings before the final report, in the final report or in relevant publications (i.e., they have a say in what is and is not published or their difference in views is added to the report).
   b. Not Okay to dismiss disagreement without due consideration.
   c. If disagreement persists, researchers should give group opportunity to make their views known, or accurately report any disagreement.

Question 23

Indigenous psychology definitions vary but have three common features?

Answer 23

1. Study of human behaviour and mental processes
2. Uses indigenous methods
3. Is situated within the cultural group being studied
   (i. e., culture-specific)

May or may not include:
o	Scientific method
o	Findings need to be pragmatic to the community 
        (i.e., have applied value)
o	Group or individual level

Question 24

Assumptions of Indigenous Psychology:

Answer 24

 Behavior and experiences need to be understood within the cultural context in which it occurs.
 Research should be culture specific.
 Emphasis on cultural uniqueness (rather than universalism).
 Assumes the native perspective (emic).
 Use of native language (researcher should speak and use the native language of the community being studied).

Question 25

Goals of Indigenous Psychology:

Answer 25

1. To understand human behavior and experience from the perspective of the indigenous cultures (emic).
   a. Constructs (ontology and epistemology perspective)
   b. Theories
   c. Methods & Measures
2. Apply psychology for positive social change.
3. To work towards a global psychology (controversial goal not held by all indigenous researchers).
   a. To develop a culturally informed and collaborative psychology that is applicable to all cultures.
   * these goals may or may not align with the scientific method

Question 26

What is the Purpose of Indigenous Psychology?

Answer 26

 Give a voice to indigenous peoples.
 Design culturally specific methods, instruments and theory.
 Avoid universalism and focus on culture specific psychological phenomenon.
 Address the biases of mainstream psychology (i.e., WEIRD and WASP).
 Justice (i.e., address the existing theories and instruments that were developed to recreate power imbalances within societies).

Question 27

(9) Assumptions of WASP’s (Western, Academic, Scientific, Psychologist) that indigenous psychology wants to address and do not agree with:

Answer 27

1. Individuality:
   a. Perception of humans as individual, autonomous
   units with their own goals, desires and preferences.
2. Reductionism:
   a. Scientific view of the world to find the simplest
   causal explanation for the findings.
3. Experiment-based & Empiricism:
   a. Find causal explanations for findings by making
   logical deductions that are backed up with
   experience.
4. Scientism:
   a. The only way to build new knowledge and approach
   research is by using the scientific method.
5. Materialism:
   a. Belief that there is only one physical substance or
   version of reality that matters (i.e., not spiritual).
6. Historical Male Dominance:
7. Objectivity:
   a. In order to understand something, we must remove
   ourselves from it.
8. Nomothetic Laws:
   a. Positivism, making causal claims that are universal
   to all humans.
9. Rationality:
   a. Using logic, deduction or induction to derive a
   hypothesis.

Question 28

Do’s and Don’ts of indigenous psychology:

Answer 28

Do’s:
 Tolerate vague conditions and suspend judgements as long as possible.
 Be a typical native (emic).
 Take psychological phenomena in reference to their context.
 Give priority to culturally unique.
 Begin research with immersion in natural details of phenomena to be studied.
 Cover content and processes.
 Study traditional and modern aspects (avoid dichotomy; making people this they need to be stuck in one time to be considered valid).
 Investigate historical influences (i.e., marginalization and colonialization).
 Use indigenous intellectual traditions (oral histories etc.).

Don’ts:
 Uncritically adopt western theories and methods (i.e., completely accept them).
 Overlook western psychologists important, relevant experiences (i.e., completely reject them).
 Reject useful indigenous concepts, theories and methods.
 Adopt cross-cultural strategy with imposed etic.
 Use concepts, variables that are too broad or abstract.
 Approach research in a foreign language (i.e., not native language).
 Politicalize research.

Question 29

Examples of indigenous psychology

Answer 29

1. Asian Psychology & Chinese Values Survey
2. Latin American & liberation of the oppressed
   psychology.
3. African & Mmogo-method of crafting a visual
   representation of your discussion.

Question 30

Kiasu is a from ___ approach and Maori Values Card Sort and motivational interviewing is an ___ approach.

Answer 30

 Kiasu is an example of indigenizing theory form within.
o Start with a culture-specific phenomenon
o Determine the causes and correlates
o Found to extend to other cultures as well.
 Te whai Tikianga Card Sort Method is an example of indigenizing from without.
o Start with a tool useful in context but not appropriate content.
o Situate content to match the context.
o Modify the application to suit the context in use.

Question 31

components of Kiasu

Answer 31

 Being Number One:
o Trying to be ahead of others in anything and everything.
o Try to outdo everyone you know.
 Preventing Others from Winning:
o Keeping vital information from your classmates.
 Greed:
o Eating your money’s worth of food.
o For example, rushing to be the first one to get food at a buffet.
 Money Consciousness:
o Going through a lot of trouble just to get something cheap.
o For example, collecting discount coupons or getting upset about paying a delivery fee.
 Rushing:
o Speeding through an orange light whilst driving in traffic.
o Keep changing lanes in traffic because nobody is going fast enough for you.
 Value for Money:
o Going shopping and purchasing cheap things just for the sale even if you do not need them.
o Taking as many photographs as possible to be the best and have the best on social media.

Question 32

causes of kiasu?

Answer 32

high trait anxiety and high resource scarcity made people arrive early to the experiment.

Question 33

correlates of kiasu?

Answer 33

Yes:
> Competitiveness
> Need for achievement.

No:
> Individualism
> Uncertainty Avoidance

Question 34

MAI Reading, themes (5) of barriers and incentives for maori students studying psychology at university:

Answer 34

1. Cultural Identity:
   o Promotes feelings of security and belonging.
   o Facilitates social networks that give support and shared values and aspirations.
   o Emphasis on community (rather than individuality).
   o Help students felt they were Maori enough to use Maori services and spaces.
   o Helped students deal with the conflict of western and Maori identities.
2. Maori Presence within the Psychology Department:
   o Participants all felt that a stronger presence of Maori culture within the tertiary sector is required to facilitate and attract Maori students’ retention.
   o Improve how Maori culture and ways of knowing are incorporated into course content.
   o Increase Kaupapa Maori training and leadership roles.
3. Provision of Appropriate Resources:
   o Need for university wide support system for all departments.
   o Maori and Pasifika only programme creates tensions between Maori and Pakeha students (i.e., concerns about special treatment and perceive that they’re in need of help that Pakeha do not need).
   o Mentoring programme have been shown to increase participation and number of Maori students in post-graduate study.
4. A Culturally Sensitive Environment:
   o Maori students often feel alienated or isolated from their Pakeha peers in tertiary education.
   o They feel a pressure to counter western paradigms that are not applicable to their communities and culture.
   o All felt welcomed and more at home on campus when they were welcomed with a powhiri in addition to having Maori only spaces.
5. Meeting Other Maori Students/Peers:
   o Peer relationships play a key role in maintaining well-being in Maori students.
   o Peers that give and receive support without thoughts of being paid back.
   o “I wouldn’t have finished my degree without them… because if any of us failed we all failed.”

Question 35

Asian psychology looking back is a ___ approach and looking in is an ___ approach.

Answer 35

Looking back at the past of asian psychology an exogenous from without approach was used where emic perspectives were applied to asian contexts without adaptions. Downside is that non of the findings were useful to asian communities. The upside was that asian psychology became less invisibile.

Lookin in is an example of how they have decided to take a within approach to indigenisation theory. where they understand themselves before others understand them.

Question 36

Looking out Asian psychology refers to … and looking forwards refers to ….

Answer 36

looking out i.e., global psychology (collaborative psychology applicable to all).
looking forward i.e, predictions and concerns about having a global psychology.

Question 37

Summary, cultural comparative (Cross-cultural) takes a ___ approach and looks at both internal and external culture and makes broad generalization and/or interpretations that are vulnerable to critique.

Answer 37

Summary, cultural comparative (Cross-cultural) takes a moderate universalism approach (rather than relativist) and looks at both internal and external culture and makes broad generalization and/or interpretations that are vulnerable to critique.

Question 38

Summary, cultural psychology shifted relativist to a __ (CC) interpretation. Variances in overt behavior are perceived to reflect differences in underlying psychological processes. Focuses on internal rather than external culture.

Answer 38

Summary, cultural psychology shifted relativist to a universal (CC) interpretation. Variances in overt behavior are perceived to reflect differences in underlying psychological processes. Focuses on internal rather than external culture.

Question 39

Indigenous takes a ___

Answer 39

o More relativist than universal (similar to cultural psychology).