Quiz 1 - Immune System, Immunoglobulin & Complements Flashcards
Antigen vs Immunogen
Antigen - combines with specific byproduct but does not necessarily trigger the initial immune response
Immunogen - triggers the immune response and combines with the byproduct of the response
All immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens
Innate vs adaptive - which forms memory?
Adaptive
Innate vs adaptive - which is nonspecific and which is specific?
Innate = non-specific
-no previous exposure required
Adaptive = specific
Adaptive immunity consists of these two types of immunity
Humoral immunity = antibodies
Cell-mediated immunity = B/T cells
Humoral vs cell-mediated immunity - which is triggered in a viral infection? Which is triggered in a bacterial infection?
Viral = humoral and cell-mediated
Bacterial = humoral
This develops when self-reacting cells persist and are not destroyed
Autoimmunity
Innate immunity - two types of barriers
Physical - ciliated cells, skin
Chemical - sweat, fatty acid (acidic & salty), saliva, tears (lysozymes)
Innate immunity - two types of barriers
Physical - ciliated cells, skin
Chemical - sweat, fatty acid (acidic & salty), saliva, tears (lysozymes)
What cells are granulocytes and what are agranulocytes
Granulocytes = neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranulocytes = lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages
Majority of lymphocytes are what types of cells?
T cells
True/False - all T cells are CD4 or CD8
False
-immature T cells do not have these receptors
All T cells have this CD receptor
CD2
Where do T cells acquire their CD4 or CD8 receptors
Thymus
The most abundant WBC cell in circulation is the…
Neutrophil
-55-75% of total WBCs
The majority of T cells are this subset of T cells…
CD4 Th
-66% (2/3)
CD4 vs CD8 - which is T helper and which is cytotoxic T cell?
CD4 = T helper
CD8 = cytotoxic
Helper T cells are divided into… What cytokines do they release?
Th1 = IFN-gamma, TNF
Th2 = IL-4, IL-5, IL-6
What are the functions of IFN-gamma and TNF?
Activate macrophages
What are the functions of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6?
Activate B cells to become plasma cells
Whenever you get a cut or wound, these cells are the first phagocytes to encounter pathogens
Neutrophils
Neutrophils migrate through blood vessels to tissue in a process called…
Diapedesis
Immature vs mature neutrophils - what does each look like?
Immature = non-segmented bands
Mature = multi-lobed, segmented
Where are monocytes and macrophages found?
Monocytes = blood
Macrophages = tissue
What are macrophages called in these tissues: lungs, liver, kidney, brain, bone
Dust cells Kupffer cells Mesangial phagocytes Microglia Osteoclast
These two cells increase in an allergic response
Basophils
Eosinophils
Eosinophilia is indicative of what 2 things?
Allergies
Parasitic infection
Antigen-presenting cells (3)
Dendritic cells
Macrophages
B cells
What 2 types of cells do NK cells target?
Virus-infected cells
Tumor cells
Basophils and mast cells are both involved in… Where can each one be found?
Inflammatory response
Basophils are circulating, mast cells are in tissues
MHC is also known as
HLA = human leukocyte antigen
MHC I and II - what types of cells are they found on?
MHC I = all nucleated cells
-not on RBCs (not nucleated)
MHC II = antigen-presenting cells
What are haptens?
Antigens that are weak immunogens. Can be combined with a larger molecule to make it more immunogenic
- haptens + alum
- seen in conjugated vaccines
Antibodies - composed of how many light and heavy chains?
2 heavy
2 light
Which part of the antibody is susceptible to a proteolytic cleavage?
Hinge
-bigger the hinge, the more susceptible
When an antibody is treated with either papain or pepsin, how many fragments are produced?
Papain = 3 fragments
2 Fab and 1 Fc
Pepsin = 2 fragments 1 F(ab')2 and 1 Fc
Which part of the antibody attaches to complement to activate them?
Fc
What distinguishes different classes of antibodies?
Fc
Antibodies - light chains are one of two types…
kappa
lambda
never both together