quiz 1 (egyptians, greeks, romans, hebrews)

Question 1

what is the wooden table that a body would be placed upon

Answer 1

bier

Question 2

what were the jars the Egyptians put different organs in

Answer 2

canopic jars

Question 3

who started cremations

Answer 3

Greeks

Question 4

where does the word funeral come from

Answer 4

the word funeralis which meant torch light parade

Question 5

who was Osiris

Answer 5

The ancient Egyptian god fo the underworld and judge of the dead

Question 6

who was Ra

Answer 6

the ancient Egyptian god of the sun, center/focus of the universe

Question 7

who was the Kher-heb

Answer 7

in ancient Egypt, the physician who superintended the embalming and funeral arrangements

Question 8

in ancient Egypt - surgeon/embalmer

Answer 8

chief embalmer, directed and oversaw operations

Question 9

in ancient Egypt - anatomist/dissector

Answer 9

made the incisions on the body

Question 10

in ancient Egypt - pollinctor/apothecary

Answer 10

compounded the powders, oils, balsams, etc

Question 11

who is Anubis

Answer 11

in ancient Egypt was considered the god of embalming, lead the dead to the hall of 2 truths, and helped Osiris with weighting of the heart ceremony

Question 12

death beliefs of the ancient Egyptians

Answer 12

“death and the life beyond” - attribute life to the body lying in the grave

Question 13

who took care of bodies most often cross many cultures

Answer 13

women

Question 14

what were the greeks response to death

Answer 14

resignation, not anticipation for the afterlife

Question 15

what was the Greeks beliefs of the afterlife

Answer 15

Elysian fields: basically heaven, the soul was not forever freed of a bodily counterpart

Question 16

Greeks body preparation

Answer 16

eyes and mouth closed, body was washed, body anointed with oil/perfume/spices, covered with flowers/ornaments/jewels, the body would cross the river Styx, coin placed in mouth to cross river with Charon, cake of honey placed by body for Cerberus (3 head dog)

Question 17

did the greeks embalm

Answer 17

there were no attempts to embalm

Question 18

what clothing were the Greeks buried in

Answer 18

either, covering of the funeral bed, the garment in which the corpse was enveloped, and the outer covering/traditional garb

Question 19

what is Ekphora

Answer 19

to the ancient Greeks it meant the body must be brought to the grave before sunrise quietly

Question 20

ancient Greek funeral procession

Answer 20

• was ritualistic wailing by female mourners
• was usually 1 hour before dawn
• corpse was on a bier and carried
• there were female mourners and fraternity members
• also hired dirge (slow and solen singers)

Question 21

material of ancient greek coffins

Answer 21

wood, stone, or baked clay

Question 22

what are the 4 types of ancient greek tombs

Answer 22

• stelae
• kiones
• trapazae
• naidia

Question 23

what were the 3 parts of the ancient greeks funerals

Answer 23

1. prothesis - laying out of the body
2. Ekphora - funeral procession/cremation
3. perideipnon - funerary banquet

Question 24

who was the libitanarius to ancient Romans

Answer 24

head undertaker (named after the goddess fo corpses and funerals, Libitina)

Question 25

who was the pollilnctores to the ancient Romans

Answer 25

they washed, anointed, and dressed the body

Question 26

who were the praeco/praeficae to the ancient Romans

Answer 26

women/professional mourners, or summoned participants to public funerals

Question 27

what were the 3 beliefs of the ancient Romans

Answer 27

1. Roman animistic view
2. roman epicurean view
3. christian view

Question 28

roman animisitic view

Answer 28

soul was vital principle, soul remained at burial site and needed constant attention

Question 29

roman epicurean view

Answer 29

body and soul would decompose at the same time

Question 30

christian view (romans)

Answer 30

(emperor) Constantine the Great converted to Christianity, declared as state religion by Theodosius, heaven/hell after death

Question 31

how did romans dispose of their dead

Answer 31

cremation and burial

Question 32

how did roman cremation go

Answer 32

pyre made, corpse laying on couch placed on pyre, conclamtio mortis (peak death) where named was called while circling the pyre, fire lit, extinguish embers with wine, ashes collected and put in Urna, mourners were purified after stepping over fire and water was thrown at them

Question 33

how did Roman burial go

Answer 33

• mausoleums = usually kings
• grave pits = mass graves (poor, criminals, arena men, animals, and waste)
  -private burial = on Appian Way (road) where tombs were built by individuals in their lifetime
• collegium = burial clubs/organizations/guilds, members put in money
• catacombs = necropolis built in tunnels underground

Question 34

how were bodies prepared by ancient Romans

Answer 34

body was washed, annointed, laid in white toga, last kiss by relative to catch soul, eyes closed, called by name, laid in state 3-7 days on funeral couch,

Question 35

ancient Egyptians beliefs

Answer 35

soul had to be moralized for eternal afterlife, items were offered to corpse to use in the afterlife

Question 36

what are the different types of mummies

Answer 36

natural mummies - ice, bogs, deserts, dry air
Egyptian mummies - ceremonially preserved etc

Question 37

what were the elements of a person to the ancient Egyptians

Answer 37

1. the Ba = soul, bird like spirit
2. the Akh = traveled underworld for final judgement
3. the Ka = most important, it was a double of the person which remained by the dead person and demanded attention of the living

Question 38

what was the well to do embalming practice

Answer 38

for the wealthy, lasted 70 days, brain and viscera were removed and preserved separately (put in canopic jars), cavities were washed, cleaned, filled with spices and resins, then immersed for 40 days in soda solution, and finally wrapped in linen

Question 39

what was the 2nd less costly method of embalming for ancient Egyptians

Answer 39

injection of cedar oil into body caviites without evisceration, body laid in natron for some time, cedar oil was released, along with the dissolved organs, leaving preserved skin and bones

Question 40

what was the 3rd and least costly method of embalming for ancient Egyptians

Answer 40

purging the intestines and soaking the body in a soda solution for 70 days, the use fo bitumen/pitch was later developed, leaving the mummy that would last indefinitely

Question 41

what were ancient Hebrews death beliefs

Answer 41

man as 2 connected elements - basar/vasar or the flesh = the body that could be destroyed and nefesh or breath = vial spirit that persisted after death

Question 42

what did the ancient Hebrews believe as the afterlife

Answer 42

sheol - a place fo still darkness after death for their souls

Question 43

what were the ancient Hebrews body care

Answer 43

immediately following the death eyes and mouth are closed, purification of body by washing, anointment, and dressed, shroud used to cover the body, no embalming

Question 44

who took care of the ancient Hebrews dead

Answer 44

(c)hevra Kadisha or “holy society” that was a community that cared for the deceased

Question 45

ancient Hebrew burial customs

Answer 45

cremation was forbidden, must be buried, buried in a sunken grange, bench grave, trench grave, or a single chamber grave, the tombs were outside the city, deceased were buried the evening of the day of death