Final Exam Flashcards
which of the following were behavioral influecnes of early death rituals
- type of life after death
- superstitions
- meaning of life
this Egyptian was the god of the underworld and judge of the dead
osiris
which element of man was the most important to the Egyptians
the Ka
this Egyptian undertaking specialist superintended embalming and funeral arrangements:
Kher-heb
this Egyptian figure was considered the “god of embalming”
Anubis
the Elysian fields were the Greek’s representation of what
heaven
the Greeks were the first to formally introduce ______ as we know it so far
cremation
in ancient Greek customs, the body was often washed, anointed, and cared for by
women
which river was crossed by paying the ferryman Charon
styx
the body of the Romans were preserved for what
no at all
what Roman funeral functionary was equivalent to the head undertaker
Libitanarius
the Romans of higher status held their funerals when
during the day
what was the Conclamatio Mortis
calling out of the dead
in the Hebrew culture, this was the “breathe”, a spirit like substance that dwelt in life within the flesh and persisted after death and could not be destroyed
Nefesh
in the Hebrew culture, this was the “flesh”, which returned to dust and could be destroyed
Basar
the Hebrew “place of darkness” was called this
Sheol
this was the Hebrew version of god
Yahweh
the Hebrew culture would bury their dead when
evening of the day of death
what is the name of the Hebrew “holy society”
Chevra Kadisha
a wooden slab used to hold the human remains is a
bier
early Christians practiced cremation as their primary form of disposition (t or f)
false
Christians believe that the burial of the dead is one of the seven corporal works of mercy (t or F)
true
early Christians were influenced by the Greek, Roman, and Jewish faith (t or f)
true
early mortuary laws prohibiting excessive spending were called sumptuary laws (t or f)
true
out text describes the Celt people as
savage warriors of the woods
the Battle Ax people (who potentially influenced Celtic beliefs) were named “Battle Ax” people because
the battle ax was found in their graves
the Celtic people were considered the “cult of the head” because
- their religious symbol was a head depicted in stone, metal, wood and more
- the decapitated head of their enemies brought them good fortune
- the decapitated head of their enemies warded off evil
druids were the ____ of the Celtic people
- magico religious specialists
- philosophers
- scientists
the Celtic people eventually assimilated into European culture through the conversion of their pagan beliefs into Christian beliefs (t or f)
true
the ancient Chinese customs were influenced by many cultural beliefs including
taoism
the fear of the dead and the forces controlling the dead had a significant impact on the development of Ancient Chinese funeral customs (t or f)
ture
the Ancient Chinese afterlife was akin to the beliefs of the ______ because they also believed in an earth like existence after death
Egyptians
the Chinese believe in ancestral worship because
the living owe all things to their dead ancestors
what did the hardboiled egg placed with the dead of the Ancient Chinese people symbolize
resurrection and immortally
the Ancient Chinese people buried their dead within the walls of the city, just like the Romans (t or f)
false
plants, like holly, oaks, and maples, were planted on the graves of the ancient Chinese (t or f)
false
the Bo people were an ethnic minority of China that hung their coffins on a mountain (t or f)
true
in the 1800s and early 1900s, Christian people of the Ozark’s held small funerals with just immediate family because people died often, and it was hard to get to all of the funerals (t or f)
false
the vikings are typically described as
seafaring traders
vikings were both
Christian and Pagan
the care of the viking dead body
- included closing the mouth, nostrils, and sometimes the eyes
- was respectful and meant to relieve problems with the living dead
- washing the body and covering the head with cloth
what form of dispositions did the vikings practice
cremation and ground burial
the vikings sacrificed
- animals
- their wife
- slaves
the vikings believed in a “journey to the land of the dead”. the souls of the dead could reside in several halls, including the most famous “hall of the slain”, or also called
Valhalla
the mound builders were early Native Americans who were prosperous craftsman, artists, and tradesman (t or f)
true
the largest and most researched culture of mound builders is the
hopewell culture
the mound builders practiced
- whole body burial
- cremation
- exposure burial
skulls were prized possession to the mound builders, they were used in headdresses for ceremonies and kept as family relics. skulls, both whole and partial, have been found with others in burial mounds (t or f)
true
the mound builders created mounds in many shapes including rectangular, circular, octagons, trapezoids, ellipses, and snake shaped (t or f)
true
the definition of inhumation is
the practice of burying the dead
when did the middle ages begin
at the end of the Roman empire
the middle ages were also known as the _____
the dark ages
what was the names of the class structure in the middle ages
feudal system
this is the society of lay people who prayed for the souls of the departed
leaugues of prayer
this person was appointed by the priest to function as a church administrator
steward of the guild
this person was the church caretaker who rang the church bells and dug graves
sexton
in the middle ages, the nobility and clergy were buried
in the church wall, alter, and floor
what was one affect of the plagues in Europe
a burial crisis
the word “undertaker” was derived from
undertaking the general work or trades
the barber surgeon’s job was to
- tatto
- embalm
- blood let
the name “hearse” came from the Latin word “hiprex” which is the name for this farming tool
rake
this was the first specialized device used to move the deceased
bier
Crane and Breed are famous for
making metal caskets and hearses
this funeral vehicle was first used in 1880s Baltimore and Chicago. it traveled along a rail line and contained enough room for a casket and mourners
funeral trolley
this style of hearse was introduced by Sayers and Scovill in 1938. the roof was heavily padded with leather or vinyl and was decorated with faux, s shaped irons, that can be found on modern hearses today
Landau style hearse
the origin of the word “coffin” is this Greek word meaning “basket”
Kofinos
this is the typical burial container that was originally plain and was generally 6-8 sided (anthropoidal)
coffin
what was the name of the casket patented in 1848 as the “airtight coffin of cast or raised metal”
the Fisk metallic coffin
what was the name of the cloth burial case built for president Ulysses Grant
the E type state casket
in 1872 Jacob Weidenmann patents this wood box in concrete known as a
burial vault
what does antebellum mean
pre civil war
who wrote the first manual on embalming in 1838
Jean Gannal
early body preservation was crude, involving the removal of organs from the main body cavities and treating them and the body cavities separately. this is called
evisceration
who was the 1st officer to die in the civil war? he was embalmed and viewed becoming the “most valuable embalming in funeral service”
Col. Elmer Ellsworth
who was the “father of american embalming”
Dr. Thomas Holmes
who was the first African American embalmer
Prince Greer
General Grant announced US army general order #39 to
exclude all embalmers from military areas
Abraham Lincoln’s body was said to be hard as
marble
what was the significance of Lincoln being embalmed
he was the first president to be embalmed
what is the name of the long hollow instrument that withdrawals fluids form the body cavities during embalming
trocar
immediately following the civil war embalming was popular with everyone across the country (t or f)
false
the first patent for arterial injection was submitted by J. Anthony Gaussardia (t or f)
true
Lincoln’s dead son, Tad was also on the train that carried his embalmed body (t or f)
false
the quartermaster was the person who coordinated transportation of the dead during the war (t or f)
true
“body hunters” would locate the body of soldiers and return them to their family (t or f)
true
when did embalming become popular
early 1900s
what major influence encouraged the rise fo the funeral industry
industrialization
in the early 20th century funerals were primarily
in the home
the mid 20th century funerals started being hosted in
the funeral home
the average wake in the 1950s was
3 days
who was the muckraking journalist that upended the funeral industry and potentially sparked the need for federal regulations
Jessica Mitford
in the 21st century, the consumers tend to be
more informed, secular, and emphasize individuality
the FTC funeral rule is up for review. this is the most discussed part of the review because it creates more economic transparency for the consumer but more competition for the funeral industry
electronic price disclosure
in the 21st century, funerals are an average of _____ day(s), if any at all
1
in 2016, cremation surpassed burial as
the most popular form of disposition
what is the legal terminology in the US for composting the human body
natural organic reduction
