Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
which of the following were behavioral influecnes of early death rituals
A
- type of life after death
- superstitions
- meaning of life
2
Q
this Egyptian was the god of the underworld and judge of the dead
A
osiris
3
Q
which element of man was the most important to the Egyptians
A
the Ka
4
Q
this Egyptian undertaking specialist superintended embalming and funeral arrangements:
A
Kher-heb
5
Q
this Egyptian figure was considered the “god of embalming”
A
Anubis
6
Q
the Elysian fields were the Greek’s representation of what
A
heaven
7
Q
the Greeks were the first to formally introduce ______ as we know it so far
A
cremation
8
Q
in ancient Greek customs, the body was often washed, anointed, and cared for by
A
women
9
Q
which river was crossed by paying the ferryman Charon
A
styx
10
Q
the body of the Romans were preserved for what
A
no at all
11
Q
what Roman funeral functionary was equivalent to the head undertaker
A
Libitanarius
12
Q
the Romans of higher status held their funerals when
A
during the day
13
Q
what was the Conclamatio Mortis
A
calling out of the dead
14
Q
in the Hebrew culture, this was the “breathe”, a spirit like substance that dwelt in life within the flesh and persisted after death and could not be destroyed
A
Nefesh
15
Q
in the Hebrew culture, this was the “flesh”, which returned to dust and could be destroyed
A
Basar
16
Q
the Hebrew “place of darkness” was called this
A
Sheol
17
Q
this was the Hebrew version of god
A
Yahweh
18
Q
the Hebrew culture would bury their dead when
A
evening of the day of death
19
Q
what is the name of the Hebrew “holy society”
A
Chevra Kadisha
20
Q
a wooden slab used to hold the human remains is a
A
bier
21
Q
early Christians practiced cremation as their primary form of disposition (t or f)
A
false
22
Q
Christians believe that the burial of the dead is one of the seven corporal works of mercy (t or F)
A
true
23
Q
early Christians were influenced by the Greek, Roman, and Jewish faith (t or f)
A
true
24
Q
early mortuary laws prohibiting excessive spending were called sumptuary laws (t or f)
A
true
25
out text describes the Celt people as
savage warriors of the woods
26
the Battle Ax people (who potentially influenced Celtic beliefs) were named "Battle Ax" people because
the battle ax was found in their graves
27
the Celtic people were considered the "cult of the head" because
- their religious symbol was a head depicted in stone, metal, wood and more
- the decapitated head of their enemies brought them good fortune
- the decapitated head of their enemies warded off evil
28
druids were the ____ of the Celtic people
- magico religious specialists
- philosophers
- scientists
29
the Celtic people eventually assimilated into European culture through the conversion of their pagan beliefs into Christian beliefs (t or f)
true
30
the ancient Chinese customs were influenced by many cultural beliefs including
taoism
31
the fear of the dead and the forces controlling the dead had a significant impact on the development of Ancient Chinese funeral customs (t or f)
ture
32
the Ancient Chinese afterlife was akin to the beliefs of the ______ because they also believed in an earth like existence after death
Egyptians
33
the Chinese believe in ancestral worship because
the living owe all things to their dead ancestors
34
what did the hardboiled egg placed with the dead of the Ancient Chinese people symbolize
resurrection and immortally
35
the Ancient Chinese people buried their dead within the walls of the city, just like the Romans (t or f)
false
36
plants, like holly, oaks, and maples, were planted on the graves of the ancient Chinese (t or f)
false
37
the Bo people were an ethnic minority of China that hung their coffins on a mountain (t or f)
true
38
in the 1800s and early 1900s, Christian people of the Ozark's held small funerals with just immediate family because people died often, and it was hard to get to all of the funerals (t or f)
false
39
the vikings are typically described as
seafaring traders
40
vikings were both
Christian and Pagan
41
the care of the viking dead body
- included closing the mouth, nostrils, and sometimes the eyes
- was respectful and meant to relieve problems with the living dead
- washing the body and covering the head with cloth
42
what form of dispositions did the vikings practice
cremation and ground burial
43
the vikings sacrificed
- animals
- their wife
- slaves
44
the vikings believed in a "journey to the land of the dead". the souls of the dead could reside in several halls, including the most famous "hall of the slain", or also called
Valhalla
45
the mound builders were early Native Americans who were prosperous craftsman, artists, and tradesman (t or f)
true
46
the largest and most researched culture of mound builders is the
hopewell culture
47
the mound builders practiced
- whole body burial
- cremation
- exposure burial
48
skulls were prized possession to the mound builders, they were used in headdresses for ceremonies and kept as family relics. skulls, both whole and partial, have been found with others in burial mounds (t or f)
true
49
the mound builders created mounds in many shapes including rectangular, circular, octagons, trapezoids, ellipses, and snake shaped (t or f)
true
50
the definition of inhumation is
the practice of burying the dead
51
when did the middle ages begin
at the end of the Roman empire
52
the middle ages were also known as the _____
the dark ages
53
what was the names of the class structure in the middle ages
feudal system
54
this is the society of lay people who prayed for the souls of the departed
leaugues of prayer
55
this person was appointed by the priest to function as a church administrator
steward of the guild
56
this person was the church caretaker who rang the church bells and dug graves
sexton
57
in the middle ages, the nobility and clergy were buried
in the church wall, alter, and floor
58
what was one affect of the plagues in Europe
a burial crisis
59
the word "undertaker" was derived from
undertaking the general work or trades
60
the barber surgeon's job was to
- tatto
- embalm
- blood let
61
the name "hearse" came from the Latin word "hiprex" which is the name for this farming tool
rake
62
this was the first specialized device used to move the deceased
bier
63
Crane and Breed are famous for
making metal caskets and hearses
64
this funeral vehicle was first used in 1880s Baltimore and Chicago. it traveled along a rail line and contained enough room for a casket and mourners
funeral trolley
65
this style of hearse was introduced by Sayers and Scovill in 1938. the roof was heavily padded with leather or vinyl and was decorated with faux, s shaped irons, that can be found on modern hearses today
Landau style hearse
66
the origin of the word "coffin" is this Greek word meaning "basket"
Kofinos
67
this is the typical burial container that was originally plain and was generally 6-8 sided (anthropoidal)
coffin
68
what was the name of the casket patented in 1848 as the "airtight coffin of cast or raised metal"
the Fisk metallic coffin
69
what was the name of the cloth burial case built for president Ulysses Grant
the E type state casket
70
in 1872 Jacob Weidenmann patents this wood box in concrete known as a
burial vault
71
what does antebellum mean
pre civil war
72
who wrote the first manual on embalming in 1838
Jean Gannal
73
early body preservation was crude, involving the removal of organs from the main body cavities and treating them and the body cavities separately. this is called
evisceration
74
who was the 1st officer to die in the civil war? he was embalmed and viewed becoming the "most valuable embalming in funeral service"
Col. Elmer Ellsworth
75
who was the "father of american embalming"
Dr. Thomas Holmes
76
who was the first African American embalmer
Prince Greer
77
General Grant announced US army general order #39 to
exclude all embalmers from military areas
78
Abraham Lincoln's body was said to be hard as
marble
79
what was the significance of Lincoln being embalmed
he was the first president to be embalmed
80
what is the name of the long hollow instrument that withdrawals fluids form the body cavities during embalming
trocar
81
immediately following the civil war embalming was popular with everyone across the country (t or f)
false
82
the first patent for arterial injection was submitted by J. Anthony Gaussardia (t or f)
true
83
Lincoln's dead son, Tad was also on the train that carried his embalmed body (t or f)
false
84
the quartermaster was the person who coordinated transportation of the dead during the war (t or f)
true
85
"body hunters" would locate the body of soldiers and return them to their family (t or f)
true
86
when did embalming become popular
early 1900s
87
what major influence encouraged the rise fo the funeral industry
industrialization
88
in the early 20th century funerals were primarily
in the home
89
the mid 20th century funerals started being hosted in
the funeral home
90
the average wake in the 1950s was
3 days
91
who was the muckraking journalist that upended the funeral industry and potentially sparked the need for federal regulations
Jessica Mitford
92
in the 21st century, the consumers tend to be
more informed, secular, and emphasize individuality
93
the FTC funeral rule is up for review. this is the most discussed part of the review because it creates more economic transparency for the consumer but more competition for the funeral industry
electronic price disclosure
94
in the 21st century, funerals are an average of _____ day(s), if any at all
1
95
in 2016, cremation surpassed burial as
the most popular form of disposition
96
what is the legal terminology in the US for composting the human body
natural organic reduction
