QUIZ #1 (Ch. 1-5, 41) Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
what is inverse square
how do you calculate it
A
radiation intensity decreases as distance increases
doubling distance decreases intensity 4x
intensity1 = (distance2)^2
/
instensity2 = (distance1)^2
2
Q
what is ionization
what are two ionizing electromagnetic radiations
A
breaking atomic bonds, adding or subtracting electrons (making it pos. or neg.)
x-rays + gamma rays
3
Q
what causes ionization
A
total dose
rate of dose
age
type of radiation
cell sensitivity
body part irradiated
4
Q
what is the difference between a gamma ray and x-ray
A
the origin
x-rays = tube
gamma = decompostion of nuclide
5
Q
what are the two major sources of radiation
A
1 natural sources:
cosmic rays: particles emitted by sun and stars
terrestrial radiation: emitted from deposits of uranium, thorium etc.
radionuclides: part of human metabolism, potassium-40
x-rays: largest source
other contributors: nuclear power plants, industrial sources, smoke detectors, televisions, and airport surveillance.
6
Q
who discovered x-rays and when
A
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895
7
Q
who invented flouroscopy and when
A
Thomas Edison in 1896
8
Q
who was the first x-ray fatality in the US
A
Clarence Dally
9
Q
[ * ] what are the three cardinal rules of radiation protection
A
time
distance
sheilding
• protective barriers
• protective devices
– 0.23 - 1.0 mm lead equivalent
10
Q
what is the dose limit for workers per year
pregnant women
fetus
A
- 00 rads worker
- 50 rads pregnant
- 05 rads fetus
11
Q
does stochastic radiation have a threshold
what are its risks
A
no threshold
random in nature
can cause cancer or genetic effects
occurrence increases with dose
12
Q
[?] the fetus is most radiosensitive at what time point of gestation
0 - 7 weeks
8 - 15 weeks
16 - 23 weeks
24 - 31 weeks
A
8 - 15 weeks
13
Q
where do we wear our badges
A
between chest and waist
14
Q
what type of badge do we wear
A
dosimeter
15
Q
what is exposure
what is the conventional and SI unit
what is the conversion to metric
A
number of ionization in a given quantity of air
conventional unit: 1 Roentgen (R)
SI unit:
C = Coulomb
1 Roentgen (R) = 2.58 x 10^-4 C/kg
16
Q
what is absorbed dose
what is the conventional and SI unit
what is the conversion to metric
A
measures amount of energy absorbed
conventional unit:
1 rad
SI unit: 1 Gray (Gy)
conversion:
1 Gy = 100 rad
17
Q
what is equivalent dose
A
absorbed dose and radiation weighting
18
Q
what is effective dose
A
sum of the equivalent doses of specific tissues
19
Q
1 rad = ___ Gy
A
0.01 Gy
20
Q
1 Gray = ___ rad
A
100 rad
21
Q
1 rad = ___ Gy or ___ cGy or ___ mGy
A
1 rad = 0.01 Gy or 1 cGy or 10 mGy
22
Q
describe the bohr atom
A
positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons in well-defined orbits
23
Q
what is the charge of a neutron
A
neutral
24
Q
what is the charge of an electron
A
negative
25
what is the charge of a proton
positive
26
which is bigger? proton or electron
proton
27
which is bigger? neutron or electon
neutron
28
what is atomic number (Z#)
distinguishes elements by number of protons contained in nucleus
29
what is atomic mass number (A#)
protons and neutrons combined
neglects the mass of an atom’s electrons
30
what is electron binding energy (Eb)
how is strength related
energy needed to eject electron from atom
related to how close electron is to nucleus (closer = less strong)
Eb increases as Z# increases
31
how do binding energies change based on what shell you're in and in what material (Z#) you're talking about
binding energies are stronger as the shells go further out
they increase with Z# (because the bigger the z#, the more protons, the more electrons, the more shells (octet rule))
32
what is an isotope
an atom with a changed number of neutrons
33
what are the types of ionizing radiation
particulate and electromagnetic
34
what is the relationship between electromagnetic waves and velocity
Velocity of all EM radiation is c
c = 3 x 10^8 m/sec
35
[ * ] what is the relationship (equation) between frequency and wavelength
velocity = frequency * wavelength
V = ν * λ
36
what is the relationship between frequency and energy of EM waves
energy = wavelength * frequency
37
how does energy affect the waves behavior
when do they act like particles
electrons exist in wave form until they are observed
38
what is wave particle duality
every elementary particle or quantic entity may be partly described in terms not only of particles, but also of waves
39
what is potential energy
capacity to do work due to an objects position
40
what is kinetic energy
work through motion
41
what is chemical energy
energy released through chemical reactions
42
what is electrical energy
work accomplished when electrons move through a wire
43
what is thermal energy
energy of molecular motion (heat)
44
what is nuclear energy
energy within the nucleus of an atom
45
what is electromagnetic energy
radiation
46
what is excitation
temporary elevation of energy
47
what is ALARA
as low as reasonably achievable
48
does deterministic radiation have a threshold
what are its risks
there is a threshold
cataracts, skin erythema, sterility
once threshold is surpass: an increase in dose will increase the severity of response
49
[?] when wearing a protective apron the personal monitoring badge should be worn...
under apron at waist
under apron at collar
outside apron at waist
outside apron at collar
outside apron at collar
50
[?] which of the following is measured in air
R
Rad/GY
Rem/Sv
KERMA
R
51
[?] which of the following is the product of absorbed dose and the radiation weighting factor
integral dose
equivalent dose
effective dose
equivalent dose
52
[?] which of the following categories does cancer caused by radiation fit in
threshold
stochastic
deterministic
stochastic
53
[?] which of the following is NOT a cardinal rule of radiation protection
time
low technique
distance
shielding
low technique
54
what happens if you change the Z#
you change the element
55
what is the order and electron capacity of shells
K, L, M, N, O, P, Q
| 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
56
what are alpha particles
how massive
travel distance
high energy helium
2 protons and 2 neutrons
large amount of mass and charge
can travel 5cm in air
57
what are beta particles
how massive
travel distance
electrons from decaying radioactive material
little mass and charge
can travel 10-100 cm in air
58
[?] which of the following types of radiation can't travel 10+ cm
xray
gamma
beta
alpha
alpha
59
[? REVIEW] what two things affect binding energy
distance of electron to nucleus
how many protons (more protons = more attraction)
60
[? REVIEW] what particle has lots of energy but little mass
neutrons
61
[? REVIEW] can we direct radiation (focus it)
no, we can just block it
62
[? REVIEW] if we're talking about particles, we have two types (alphas and betas) which is most penetrating and why
betas, they can go farther because they're lighter and have more energy
63
[? REVIEW] when we say that x-rays can ionate something, what do they change and what is the bi-product
they get rid of an electron
bi-product: radicals
64
how to convert Gy to rad
how to convert rad to Gy
if given Gy * by 100 to get rad
if given rad * by .01 to get Gy
65
what are the two types of personnel monitoring devices
optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter
poket dosimeter
66
[PQ1] Energy is measured in _____.
a. kilograms
b. joules
c. electron volts
d. B or C
d. B or C
67
Atoms and molecules are the fundamental building blocks of _____.
a. energy
b. radiation
c. matter
d. gravity
c. matter
68
The formula E=mc2 is the basis for the theory that led to the development of _____.
a. x-rays
b. electromagnetic radiation
c. nuclear power
d. cathode ray tubes
c. nuclear power
69
Radio waves, light, and x-rays are all examples of _____ energy.
a. nuclear
b. thermal
c. electrical
d. electromagnetic
d. electromagnetic
70
What is the removal of an electron from an atom called?
a. ionization
b. pair production
c. irradiation
d. electricity
a. ionization
71
The energy of x-rays is _____.
a. thermal
b. potential
c. kinetic
d. electromagnetic
d. electromagnetic
72
The biggest source of man-made ionizing radiation exposure to the public is _____.
a. atomic fallout
b. diagnostic x-rays
c. smoke detectors
d. nuclear power plants
b. diagnostic x-rays
73
The basic quantities measured in mechanics are _____, _____, and _____.
a. volume, length, meters
b. mass, length, time
c. radioactivity, dose, exposure
d. meters, kilos, seconds
b. mass, length, time
74
_____ is a special quantity of radiologic science.
a. Mass
b. Velocity
c. Radioactivity
d. Momentum
c. Radioactivity
75
Exposure is measured in units of _____.
a. becquerel
b. sieverts
c. meters
d. grays
d. grays
76
Today, radiology is considered to be a(n) _____ occupation.
a. safe
b. unsafe
c. dangerous
d. high-risk
a. safe
77
What does ALARA mean?
a. All Level Alert Radiation Accident
b. As Low As Reasonably Achievable
c. Always Leave A Restricted Area
d. As Low As Regulations Allow
b. As Low As Reasonably Achievable
78
The smallest particle that has all the properties of an element is a(n) _____.
a. neutron
b. proton
c. electron
d. atom
d. atom
79
A positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons in well-defined orbits is the _____ model of the atom.
a. Bohr
b. Thomson
c. Rutherford
d. Dalton
a. Bohr
80
What are the fundamental particles of an atom?
a. quark, positron, negatron
b. nucleon, electron, proton
c. proton, neutron, quark
d. proton, electron, neutron
d. proton, electron, neutron
81
An atom in a normal state has an electrical charge of _____.
a. one
b. zero
c. positive
d. negative
b. zero
82
The binding energies, or energy levels, of electrons are represented by their _____.
a. atomic numbers
b. atomic mass units
c. shells
d. isotopes
c. shells
83
When an atom has the same number of protons as another, but a different number of neutrons, it is called an _____.
a. isomer
b. isobar
c. isotone
d. isotope
d. isotope
84
An atom that loses or gains one or more electrons is a(n) _____.
a. ion
b. molecule
c. isotope
d. isomer
a. ion
85
The maximum number of electrons that can exist in an electron shell is calculated with the formula _____.
a. 2n
b. 2n^2
c. 2/n
d. 2/n^2
b. 2n^2
86
The innermost electron shell is symbolized by the letter _____.
a. J
b. K
c. L
d. M
b. K
87
The atomic number of an element is symbolized by the letter _____.
a. A
b. X
c. Z
d. n
c. Z
88
Two identical atoms which exist at different energy states are called _____.
a. isotopes
b. isomers
c. isotones
d. isobars
b. isomers
89
During beta emission, an atom releases _____.
a. electrons
b. positrons
c. protons
d. neutrons
a. electrons
90
The only difference between x-rays and gamma rays is their _____.
a. energy
b. size
c. origin
d. name
c. origin
91
The four properties of photons are _____, _____, _____ and _____.
a. size, shape, spin, mass
b. frequency, mass, amplitude, wavelength
c. frequency, wavelength, velocity, amplitude
d. refraction, velocity, spin, amplitude
c. frequency, wavelength, velocity, amplitude
92
The smallest quantity of any type of electromagnetic radiation is a(n) _____.
a. photon
b. electron
c. neutrino
d. quark
a. photon
93
What is the velocity of all electromagnetic radiation?
a. 8 × 10^3 m/s
b. 2 × 10^8 m/s
c. 3 × 10^8 m/s
d. 4 × 10^3 m/s
c. 3 × 10^8 m/s
94
The rate of rise and fall of a sine wave is called its _____.
a. amplitude
b. frequency
c. wavelength
d. velocity
b. frequency
95
If the wavelength of a beam of electromagnetic radiation increases by a factor of 2, then its frequency must _____.
a. double
b. increase four times
c. decrease by half
d. remain constant
c. decrease by half
96
The intensity of radiation _____ in _____ proportion to the square of the distance of the object from the source.
a. increases, direct
b. decreases, direct
c. increases, inverse
d. decreases, inverse
d. decreases, inverse
97
If the intensity of light from a flashlight is 4 millilumens (mlm) at a distance of 3 feet, what will the intensity be at 6 feet?
a. 0.4 millilumens
b. 1 millilumen
c. 2 millilumens
d. 16 millilumens
b. 1 millilumen
| think 1/4 of
98
The energy of a photon is directly proportional to its _____.
a. amplitude
b. frequency
c. velocity
d. wavelength
b. frequency
99
X-rays are usually identified by their _____.
a. energy
b. velocity
c. wavelength
d. hertz
a. energy
100
Photons with the highest frequencies have the _____.
a. highest velocity
b. lowest energy
c. longest wavelengths
d. shortest wavelengths
d. shortest wavelengths
101
what is radiation weighting
what units
different ionizing radiation produce different biological responses
Rem or Sv
102
what is alpha radiation
the emission of an alpha particle from the nucleus of an atom
103
what is beta radiation
the emission of a beta particle from the nucleus of an atom
104
what is gamma radiation
emission of a high-energy wave from the nucleus of an atom
105
what is x-ray radiation
the emission of a high energy wave from the electron cloud of an atom
