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2016FA PHYSICS (K. Greene) > QUIZ #1 (Ch. 1-5, 41) > Flashcards

QUIZ #1 (Ch. 1-5, 41) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is inverse square

how do you calculate it

A

radiation intensity decreases as distance increases

doubling distance decreases intensity 4x

intensity1 = (distance2)^2
/
instensity2 = (distance1)^2

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2
Q

what is ionization

what are two ionizing electromagnetic radiations

A

breaking atomic bonds, adding or subtracting electrons (making it pos. or neg.)

x-rays + gamma rays

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3
Q

what causes ionization

A

total dose

rate of dose

age

type of radiation

cell sensitivity

body part irradiated

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4
Q

what is the difference between a gamma ray and x-ray

A

the origin

x-rays = tube

gamma = decompostion of nuclide

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5
Q

what are the two major sources of radiation

A

1 natural sources:

cosmic rays: particles emitted by sun and stars

terrestrial radiation: emitted from deposits of uranium, thorium etc.

radionuclides: part of human metabolism, potassium-40

x-rays: largest source

other contributors: nuclear power plants, industrial sources, smoke detectors, televisions, and airport surveillance.

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6
Q

who discovered x-rays and when

A

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895

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7
Q

who invented flouroscopy and when

A

Thomas Edison in 1896

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8
Q

who was the first x-ray fatality in the US

A

Clarence Dally

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9
Q

[ * ] what are the three cardinal rules of radiation protection

A

time

distance

sheilding
• protective barriers
• protective devices
– 0.23 - 1.0 mm lead equivalent

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10
Q

what is the dose limit for workers per year

pregnant women

fetus

A
  1. 00 rads worker
  2. 50 rads pregnant
  3. 05 rads fetus
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11
Q

does stochastic radiation have a threshold

what are its risks

A

no threshold

random in nature

can cause cancer or genetic effects

occurrence increases with dose

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12
Q

[?] the fetus is most radiosensitive at what time point of gestation

0 - 7 weeks

8 - 15 weeks

16 - 23 weeks

24 - 31 weeks

A

8 - 15 weeks

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13
Q

where do we wear our badges

A

between chest and waist

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14
Q

what type of badge do we wear

A

dosimeter

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15
Q

what is exposure

what is the conventional and SI unit

what is the conversion to metric

A

number of ionization in a given quantity of air

conventional unit:
1 Roentgen (R)

SI unit:
C = Coulomb

1 Roentgen (R) = 2.58 x 10^-4 C/kg

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16
Q

what is absorbed dose

what is the conventional and SI unit

what is the conversion to metric

A

measures amount of energy absorbed

conventional unit:
1 rad

SI unit:
1 Gray (Gy)

conversion:
1 Gy = 100 rad

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17
Q

what is equivalent dose

A

absorbed dose and radiation weighting

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18
Q

what is effective dose

A

sum of the equivalent doses of specific tissues

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19
Q

1 rad = ___ Gy

A

0.01 Gy

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20
Q

1 Gray = ___ rad

A

100 rad

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21
Q

1 rad = ___ Gy or ___ cGy or ___ mGy

A

1 rad = 0.01 Gy or 1 cGy or 10 mGy

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22
Q

describe the bohr atom

A

positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons in well-defined orbits

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23
Q

what is the charge of a neutron

A

neutral

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24
Q

what is the charge of an electron

A

negative

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25
Q

what is the charge of a proton

A

positive

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26
Q

which is bigger? proton or electron

A

proton

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27
Q

which is bigger? neutron or electon

A

neutron

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28
Q

what is atomic number (Z#)

A

distinguishes elements by number of protons contained in nucleus

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29
Q

what is atomic mass number (A#)

A

protons and neutrons combined

neglects the mass of an atom’s electrons

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30
Q

what is electron binding energy (Eb)

how is strength related

A

energy needed to eject electron from atom

related to how close electron is to nucleus (closer = less strong)

Eb increases as Z# increases

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31
Q

how do binding energies change based on what shell you’re in and in what material (Z#) you’re talking about

A

binding energies are stronger as the shells go further out

they increase with Z# (because the bigger the z#, the more protons, the more electrons, the more shells (octet rule))

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32
Q

what is an isotope

A

an atom with a changed number of neutrons

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33
Q

what are the types of ionizing radiation

A

particulate and electromagnetic

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34
Q

what is the relationship between electromagnetic waves and velocity

A

Velocity of all EM radiation is c

c = 3 x 10^8 m/sec

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35
Q

[ * ] what is the relationship (equation) between frequency and wavelength

A

velocity = frequency * wavelength

V = ν * λ

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36
Q

what is the relationship between frequency and energy of EM waves

A

energy = wavelength * frequency

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37
Q

how does energy affect the waves behavior

when do they act like particles

A

electrons exist in wave form until they are observed

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38
Q

what is wave particle duality

A

every elementary particle or quantic entity may be partly described in terms not only of particles, but also of waves

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39
Q

what is potential energy

A

capacity to do work due to an objects position

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40
Q

what is kinetic energy

A

work through motion

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41
Q

what is chemical energy

A

energy released through chemical reactions

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42
Q

what is electrical energy

A

work accomplished when electrons move through a wire

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43
Q

what is thermal energy

A

energy of molecular motion (heat)

44
Q

what is nuclear energy

A

energy within the nucleus of an atom

45
Q

what is electromagnetic energy

A

radiation

46
Q

what is excitation

A

temporary elevation of energy

47
Q

what is ALARA

A

as low as reasonably achievable

48
Q

does deterministic radiation have a threshold

what are its risks

A

there is a threshold

cataracts, skin erythema, sterility

once threshold is surpass: an increase in dose will increase the severity of response

49
Q

[?] when wearing a protective apron the personal monitoring badge should be worn…

under apron at waist

under apron at collar

outside apron at waist

outside apron at collar

A

outside apron at collar

50
Q

[?] which of the following is measured in air

R

Rad/GY

Rem/Sv

KERMA

A

R

51
Q

[?] which of the following is the product of absorbed dose and the radiation weighting factor

integral dose
equivalent dose
effective dose

A

equivalent dose

52
Q

[?] which of the following categories does cancer caused by radiation fit in

threshold

stochastic

deterministic

A

stochastic

53
Q

[?] which of the following is NOT a cardinal rule of radiation protection

time

low technique

distance

shielding

A

low technique

54
Q

what happens if you change the Z#

A

you change the element

55
Q

what is the order and electron capacity of shells

A

K, L, M, N, O, P, Q

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

56
Q

what are alpha particles

how massive

travel distance

A

high energy helium
2 protons and 2 neutrons

large amount of mass and charge

can travel 5cm in air

57
Q

what are beta particles

how massive

travel distance

A

electrons from decaying radioactive material

little mass and charge

can travel 10-100 cm in air

58
Q

[?] which of the following types of radiation can’t travel 10+ cm

xray

gamma

beta

alpha

A

alpha

59
Q

[? REVIEW] what two things affect binding energy

A

distance of electron to nucleus

how many protons (more protons = more attraction)

60
Q

[? REVIEW] what particle has lots of energy but little mass

A

neutrons

61
Q

[? REVIEW] can we direct radiation (focus it)

A

no, we can just block it

62
Q

[? REVIEW] if we’re talking about particles, we have two types (alphas and betas) which is most penetrating and why

A

betas, they can go farther because they’re lighter and have more energy

63
Q

[? REVIEW] when we say that x-rays can ionate something, what do they change and what is the bi-product

A

they get rid of an electron

bi-product: radicals

64
Q

how to convert Gy to rad

how to convert rad to Gy

A

if given Gy * by 100 to get rad

if given rad * by .01 to get Gy

65
Q

what are the two types of personnel monitoring devices

A

optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter

poket dosimeter

66
Q

[PQ1] Energy is measured in _____.

a. kilograms
b. joules
c. electron volts
d. B or C

A

d. B or C

67
Q

Atoms and molecules are the fundamental building blocks of _____.

a. energy
b. radiation
c. matter
d. gravity

A

c. matter

68
Q

The formula E=mc2 is the basis for the theory that led to the development of _____.

a. x-rays
b. electromagnetic radiation
c. nuclear power
d. cathode ray tubes

A

c. nuclear power

69
Q

Radio waves, light, and x-rays are all examples of _____ energy.

a. nuclear
b. thermal
c. electrical
d. electromagnetic

A

d. electromagnetic

70
Q

What is the removal of an electron from an atom called?

a. ionization
b. pair production
c. irradiation
d. electricity

A

a. ionization

71
Q

The energy of x-rays is _____.

a. thermal
b. potential
c. kinetic
d. electromagnetic

A

d. electromagnetic

72
Q

The biggest source of man-made ionizing radiation exposure to the public is _____.

a. atomic fallout
b. diagnostic x-rays
c. smoke detectors
d. nuclear power plants

A

b. diagnostic x-rays

73
Q

The basic quantities measured in mechanics are _____, _____, and _____.

a. volume, length, meters
b. mass, length, time
c. radioactivity, dose, exposure
d. meters, kilos, seconds

A

b. mass, length, time

74
Q

_____ is a special quantity of radiologic science.

a. Mass
b. Velocity
c. Radioactivity
d. Momentum

A

c. Radioactivity

75
Q

Exposure is measured in units of _____.

a. becquerel
b. sieverts
c. meters
d. grays

A

d. grays

76
Q

Today, radiology is considered to be a(n) _____ occupation.

a. safe
b. unsafe
c. dangerous
d. high-risk

A

a. safe

77
Q

What does ALARA mean?

a. All Level Alert Radiation Accident
b. As Low As Reasonably Achievable
c. Always Leave A Restricted Area
d. As Low As Regulations Allow

A

b. As Low As Reasonably Achievable

78
Q

The smallest particle that has all the properties of an element is a(n) _____.

a. neutron
b. proton
c. electron
d. atom

A

d. atom

79
Q

A positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons in well-defined orbits is the _____ model of the atom.

a. Bohr
b. Thomson
c. Rutherford
d. Dalton

A

a. Bohr

80
Q

What are the fundamental particles of an atom?

a. quark, positron, negatron
b. nucleon, electron, proton
c. proton, neutron, quark
d. proton, electron, neutron

A

d. proton, electron, neutron

81
Q

An atom in a normal state has an electrical charge of _____.

a. one
b. zero
c. positive
d. negative

A

b. zero

82
Q

The binding energies, or energy levels, of electrons are represented by their _____.

a. atomic numbers
b. atomic mass units
c. shells
d. isotopes

A

c. shells

83
Q

When an atom has the same number of protons as another, but a different number of neutrons, it is called an _____.

a. isomer
b. isobar
c. isotone
d. isotope

A

d. isotope

84
Q

An atom that loses or gains one or more electrons is a(n) _____.

a. ion
b. molecule
c. isotope
d. isomer

A

a. ion

85
Q

The maximum number of electrons that can exist in an electron shell is calculated with the formula _____.

a. 2n
b. 2n^2
c. 2/n
d. 2/n^2

A

b. 2n^2

86
Q

The innermost electron shell is symbolized by the letter _____.

a. J
b. K
c. L
d. M

A

b. K

87
Q

The atomic number of an element is symbolized by the letter _____.

a. A
b. X
c. Z
d. n

A

c. Z

88
Q

Two identical atoms which exist at different energy states are called _____.

a. isotopes
b. isomers
c. isotones
d. isobars

A

b. isomers

89
Q

During beta emission, an atom releases _____.

a. electrons
b. positrons
c. protons
d. neutrons

A

a. electrons

90
Q

The only difference between x-rays and gamma rays is their _____.

a. energy
b. size
c. origin
d. name

A

c. origin

91
Q

The four properties of photons are _____, _____, _____ and _____.

a. size, shape, spin, mass
b. frequency, mass, amplitude, wavelength
c. frequency, wavelength, velocity, amplitude
d. refraction, velocity, spin, amplitude

A

c. frequency, wavelength, velocity, amplitude

92
Q

The smallest quantity of any type of electromagnetic radiation is a(n) _____.

a. photon
b. electron
c. neutrino
d. quark

A

a. photon

93
Q

What is the velocity of all electromagnetic radiation?

a. 8 × 10^3 m/s
b. 2 × 10^8 m/s
c. 3 × 10^8 m/s
d. 4 × 10^3 m/s

A

c. 3 × 10^8 m/s

94
Q

The rate of rise and fall of a sine wave is called its _____.

a. amplitude
b. frequency
c. wavelength
d. velocity

A

b. frequency

95
Q

If the wavelength of a beam of electromagnetic radiation increases by a factor of 2, then its frequency must _____.

a. double
b. increase four times
c. decrease by half
d. remain constant

A

c. decrease by half

96
Q

The intensity of radiation _____ in _____ proportion to the square of the distance of the object from the source.

a. increases, direct
b. decreases, direct
c. increases, inverse
d. decreases, inverse

A

d. decreases, inverse

97
Q

If the intensity of light from a flashlight is 4 millilumens (mlm) at a distance of 3 feet, what will the intensity be at 6 feet?

a. 0.4 millilumens
b. 1 millilumen
c. 2 millilumens
d. 16 millilumens

A

b. 1 millilumen

think 1/4 of

98
Q

The energy of a photon is directly proportional to its _____.

a. amplitude
b. frequency
c. velocity
d. wavelength

A

b. frequency

99
Q

X-rays are usually identified by their _____.

a. energy
b. velocity
c. wavelength
d. hertz

A

a. energy

100
Q

Photons with the highest frequencies have the _____.

a. highest velocity
b. lowest energy
c. longest wavelengths
d. shortest wavelengths

A

d. shortest wavelengths

101
Q

what is radiation weighting

what units

A

different ionizing radiation produce different biological responses

Rem or Sv

102
Q

what is alpha radiation

A

the emission of an alpha particle from the nucleus of an atom

103
Q

what is beta radiation

A

the emission of a beta particle from the nucleus of an atom

104
Q

what is gamma radiation

A

emission of a high-energy wave from the nucleus of an atom

105
Q

what is x-ray radiation

A

the emission of a high energy wave from the electron cloud of an atom

2016FA PHYSICS (K. Greene) (13 decks)

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