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2016FA PHYSICS (K. Greene) > MIDTERM Qs (ALL TESTED QUESTIONS) > Flashcards

MIDTERM Qs (ALL TESTED QUESTIONS) Flashcards

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1
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Technologists wear a TLD type personnel monitoring device.

A

FALSE

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2
Q

TRUE/FALSE

The common property of all electromagnetic (EM) radiation is frequency.

A

FALSE

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3
Q

The wavelength of an electromagnetic wave is:

inversely proportional to wave velocity

directly proportional to wave frequency

inversely proportional to wave frequency

usually designated by the letter c

A

inversely proportional to wave frequency

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4
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Time, Distance and shielding are the cardinal rules of radiation safety.

A

TRUE

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5
Q

Which of the following creates the most ionizations in air, and has a radiation weighting factor of 4?

x-ray

beta particle

alpha particle

they are equal

A

alpha particle

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6
Q

If the photon (x-ray) frequency is increased tenfold, then the:

velocity will increase times 10

velocity will decrease to 10

wavelength will increase times 10

wavelength will decrease to 1/10

A

wavelength will decrease to 1/10

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7
Q

A technologist is exposed to 10 mR of radiation at a distance of 50 cm . What distance would result in an exposure of 100mR?

5 cm

500 cm

16 cm

160 cm

A

16 cm

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8
Q

Background radiation accounts for 6 mSv of exposure, man mad sources account for ____mSv of that.

1

2

3

4

A

3

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9
Q

In the ionization process an electron is removed from an atom. In excitation the electron is moved to a/an ___ energy state.

lower

higher

incomplete

all of the above

A

higher

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10
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Air KERMA is an easily measured and comparable factor used for entrance skin exposure.

A

TRUE

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11
Q

Which of the following units of measure are used for patient absorbed dose?

R

Sv

Gy

Bq

A

Gy

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12
Q

The particles that distinguish one element from another are the

neutrons

protons

electrons

beta particles

A

protons

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13
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Thomas Edison discovered x-rays.

A

FALSE

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14
Q

A gamma ray is created in ___ and an x-ray is created in ___.

nucleus of an atom, x-ray tube

x-ray tube, nucleus of an atom

nucleus of an atom, image tube

none of the above

A

nucleus of an atom, x-ray tube

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15
Q

Visible light (moderate energy) acts like a ___ while x-rays(high energy) act like a ___.

particle, particle

wave, particle

particle, wave

wave, wave

A

wave, particle

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16
Q

If an electron is gained or lost from an atom, that atom becomes:

an ion

a new element

an isotope

unstable

A

an ion

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17
Q

TRUE/FALSE

0.05 Sv or 5 rem is the yearly occupational dose limi in the US.

A

TRUE

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18
Q

What unit of measure is used for the absorbed dose multiplied by the radiation weighting factor in the SI system

rem

Gy

Ci

Sv

A

Sv

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19
Q

The theory that electrons circulate in discrete circular paths was proposed by

Bohr

Einstein

Planck

Rutherford

A

Bohr

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20
Q

The maximum number of electrons found in any energy level (shell) at any point in time is

2

6

10

2n^2

A

2n^2

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21
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Stochastic effects of radiation require a threshold dose before they are detectable.

A

FALSE

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22
Q

WhIch of the following describes a product of the absorbed dose, the radiation weighting factor and the tissue sensitivity?

Effective dose

Equivalent dose

Absorbed dose

Tissue KERMA

A

Effective dose

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23
Q

The sum of protons and neutrons in a nucleus is called the

electron number

atomic weight

quantum number

atomic mass

A

atomic mass

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24
Q

Isotopes have ______ number of protons and ________ number of neutrons compared to a stable atom of a material.

the same, the same

the same, different

different, the same

different, different

A

the same, different

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25
Q

Frequency and the energy of electromagnetic waves have a ___ relationship, as explained by Plank’s equation. .

directly proportional

inversely proportional

exponential

indirect linear

A

directly proportional

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26
Q

Matter is measured in ____.

kilograms

joules

electron volts

rems

A

kilograms

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27
Q

Energy is measured in ____.

kilograms

curies

electron volts

becqurels

A

electron volts

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28
Q

Atoms and molecules are the fundamental building blocks of ____.

energy

radiation

matter

gravity

A

matter

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29
Q

Radio waves, light, and x-rays are all examples of ____ energy.

nuclear

thermal

electrical

electromagnetic

A

electromagnetic

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30
Q

What is the removal of an electron from an atom called?

ionization

pair production

irradiation

electricity

A

ionization

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31
Q

The energy of x-rays is ____.

thermal

potential

kinetic

electromagnetic

A

electromagnetic

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32
Q

The biggest source of man-made ionizing radiation exposure to the public is ____.

atomic fallout

diagnostic x-rays

smoke detectors

nuclear power plants

A

diagnostic x-rays

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33
Q

___ is a special quantity of radiologic sciences.

mass

velocity

radioactivity

momentum

A

radioactivity

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34
Q

Absorbed dose is measured in units of ____.

becquerel

sieverts

meters

grays

A

grays

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35
Q

Today, radiology is considered to be a(n) ___ occupation.

safe

unsafe

dangerous

high-risk

A

safe

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36
Q

What does ALARA mean?

All Level Alert Radiation Accident

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

Always Leave A Restricted Area

As Low As Regulations Allow

A

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

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37
Q

The smallest particle that has all the properties of an element is a(n) ____.

neutron

proton

electron

atom

A

atom

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38
Q

A positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons in well-defined orbits is the ___ model of the atom.

Bohr

Thomson

Rutherford

Dalton

A

Bohr

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39
Q

The chemical element is determined by the number of ___ in the atom.

protons

electrons

neutrons

nucleons

A

protons

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40
Q

An atom in a normal state has an electrical charge of ___.

one

zero

positive

negative

A

zero

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41
Q

The binding energies, or energy levels, of electrons are represented by their ____.

atomic numbers

atomic mass units

shells

isotopes

A

shells

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42
Q

When an atom has the same number of protons as another, but a different number of neutrons, it is called an ____.

isomer

isobar

isotone

isotope

A

isotope

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43
Q

TRUE/FALSE

KERMA is a measure only done in air.

A

FALSE

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44
Q

An atom that loses or gains one or more electrons is a(n) ____.

ion

molecule

isotope

isomer

A

ion

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45
Q

The maximum number of electrons that can exit in the 2nd electron shell is calculated with ____.

2*2

2*2^2

2/2

2/2^2

A

2*2^2

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46
Q

The absorbed dose for the PA view of the chest is 1 mrad, the absorbed dose for the lateral view of the chest is 4 mrad. What is the integral dose for this chest exam?

1

3

4

5

A

5

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47
Q

The atomic number of an element is symbolized by the letter ____.

A

X

Z

n

A

Z

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48
Q

Deterministic effects of radiation include all of the following except______?

skin burns

hairloss

sterility

cancers

A

cancers

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49
Q

During beta emission, an atom releases ____.

electrons

positrons

protons

neutrons

A

electrons

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50
Q

The only difference between x-rays and gamma rays is their ____.

energy

size

origin

name

A

origin

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51
Q

The ___ is the least penetrating form of ionizing radiation.

beta particle

x-ray

gamma ray

alpha particle

A

alpha particle

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52
Q

The three properties of photons are ___, ____, and ____.

size, shape, spin

frequency, mass, amplitude

frequency, wavelength, energy

refraction, velocity,amplitude

A

frequency, wavelength, energy

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53
Q

The theory of ALARA for health care workers supports which of the following practices for pregnant technologist?

No rotations through fluoroscopy

Limited rotations through portable examinations

No interventional or OR rotations

no modification to the work rotation

A

no modification to the work rotation

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54
Q

What is the velocity of all electromagnetic radiation?

8 x 10^3 m/s

2 x 10^8 m/s

3 x 10^8 m/s

4 x 10^3 m/s

A

3 x 10^8 m/s

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55
Q

The rate of rise and fall of a sine wave is called its ____.

amplitude

frequency

wavelength

velocity

A

frequency

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56
Q

A hertz (Hz) is equal to ___ cycle(s) per second.

103

102

10

1

A

1

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57
Q

If the wavelength of a beam of electromagnetic radiation increases by a factor of 2, then its frequency must ____.

double

increase four times

decrease by half

remain constant

A

decrease by half

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58
Q

The intensity of radiation ___ in ___ proportion to the square of the distance of the object from the source.

increases, direct

decreases, direct

increases, inverse

decreases, inverse

A

decreases, inverse

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59
Q

If the intensity of light from a flashlight is 4 millilumens (mlm) at a distance of 3 feet, what will the intensity be at 6 feet?

0.4 millilumens

1 millilumen

2 millilumens

16 millilumens

A

1 millilumen

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60
Q

The energy of a photon is directly proportional to its ____.

amplitude

frequency

velocity

wavelength

A

frequency

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61
Q

Photons with the highest frequencies have the ____.

highest velocity

lowest energy

longest wavelengths

shortest wavelengths

A

shortest wavelengths

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62
Q

The smallest unit of electrical charge is the ____.

electron

proton

neutron

neutrino

A

electron

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63
Q

Electrification occurs through the movement of ____.

protons only

protons and electrons

electrons only

electrons and neutrons

A

electrons only

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64
Q

Like charges ____ and unlike charges ____.

repel, repel

attract, attract

attract, repel

repel, attract

A

repel, attract

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65
Q

The charges on an electrified object are distributed ____.

in the center of the object

on the side nearest the charge

evenly on the surface of the object

on the side opposite the charge

A

evenly on the surface of the object

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66
Q

On the surface of an electrified object, the charges concentrate on the ____.

top side

underside

sharpest curvatures

smoothest curvatures

A

sharpest curvatures

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67
Q

A ___ is a source of direct current.

wall socket

battery

generator

spark

A

battery

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68
Q

What is the unit of electric potential?

watt

amp

volt

ohm

A

volt

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69
Q

An electric potential applied to a conductor produces ____.

an electric current

a magnetic field

an electric insulator

both A and B

A

both A and B

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70
Q

An alternating (AC) current is represented by a ____ line.

sinusoidal

horizontal

vertical

descending

A

sinusoidal

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71
Q

What is Ohm’s law?

I = V/R

V = I/R

R = VI

I = VR

A

I = V/R

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72
Q

A charged particle in motion creates a(n) ____.

negative charge

positive charge

magnetic field

electrostatic charge

A

magnetic field

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73
Q

Electrical power is measured in ____.

coulombs

amperes

volts

watts

A

watts

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74
Q

Rubber and glass are ___.

semiconductors

conductors

insulators

superconductors

A

insulators

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75
Q

When a group of atomic dipoles are aligned, they create ____.

a magnetic domain (a magnet)

paramagnetic material

magnetic induction

magnetic repulsion

A

a magnetic domain (a magnet)

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76
Q

What is the SI unit of magnetic field strength?

ampere

tesla

dipole

ohm

A

tesla

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77
Q

Methods of electrification are all of the following except

retention

friction

contact

induction

A

retention

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78
Q

Radiation protection practices, for example, shielding all patients and applying ALARA principles are based on the theory of ________, which has a non threshold relationship.

Deterministic

Stochastic

Erythema

Epilation

A

Stochastic

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79
Q

In diagnostic imaging (x-rays) 4.2 R of exposure is said to be equivalent to _________ absorbed dose.

  1. 2 rem
  2. 042 Rad
  3. 042 Air Kerma
  4. 042 Gy
A

0.042 Gy

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80
Q

Which of the following describes the type of radiation used, the tissue exposed and the amount absorbed, in other words, which tells us the most information regarding an exposure to radiation?

Integral dose

Air Kerma

Effective dose

Equivelent dose

A

Effective dose

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81
Q

TRUE/FALSE

AC current is required in the x-ray tube, and DC current is required in the transformers

A

FALSE

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82
Q

The filament in the x-ray tube requires ______ amperes to emit electrons, thermionic emission.

0.5-1

1-2

3-5

not enough information to answer

A

3-5

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83
Q

TRUE/FALSE

The high voltage generator consists of a high voltage transformer, rectifiers and an autotransformer

A

FALSE

no autotransformer

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84
Q

the most likely found incoming line current in a modern radiography system is

single phase power

three phase power

direct current

~ 60 volts

A

three phase power

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85
Q

The incoming power to a step up transformer is 100 V, 10 A with a turns ration of 250:1.

What is the resulting voltage in this transformer?

25,000 kV

25,000 V

  1. 4 kV
  2. 4 V
A

25,000 V

100 * 250

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86
Q

The voltage in the x-ray circuit is adjusted or fine tuned in the __________ for ease and safety.

filament transformer

high voltage transformer

rectifier circuit

autotransformer

A

autotransformer

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87
Q

An induction motor is used in what area of imaging?

rotor rotation

power increase

x-ray table movement

all of the above

A

rotor rotation

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88
Q

A filament transformer with a turns ration of 1:20 provides 3.1 amperes to the filament. What is the current flowing through the primary coil of the transformer?

62

  1. 2
  2. 55

.155

A

.155

.155 * 20

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89
Q

TRUE/FALSE

In single phase power systems, the potential never drops to zero.

A

FALSE

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90
Q

When full wave rectification is applied to three phase current, a varying (slight increases and decreases over time) ____ is produced.

current

star

double

voltage

A

voltage

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91
Q

The electrical device used to adjust the mA station is the

autotransformer

stator

switch

precision resistor

A

precision resistor

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92
Q

Nearly all hard wired equipment operates on incoming line voltage of

440 V

120 AC

120 Hz

210 A

A

440 V

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93
Q

All of the following are radiographer operated controls except

kVp selection

generator selection

rotor switch

mA selection

A

generator selection

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94
Q

A step down transformer has ______ windings in the secondary vs. primary side.

less

more

the same

none of the above

A

less

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95
Q

TRUE/FALSE

The basic x-ray circuit is divided into the main circuit and the anode circuit.

A

FALSE

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96
Q

A single phase full wave rectified system produces _____ pulses per cycle.

1

2

6

12

A

2

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97
Q

TRUE/FALSE

The mAs in a system controls the quality of the beam.

A

FALSE

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98
Q

At what point in the x-ray circuit is the rectification circuit located?

between the semiconductors and the valve tubes

between the step down transformer and the rheostat

between the step up transformer and the x-ray tube

between the thermionic diode tubes and the x-ray tube

A

between the step up transformer and the x-ray tube

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99
Q

Which of the following transformers has one winding?

Filament transformer

Hi voltage transformer

Autotransformer

none of the above

A

Autotransformer

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100
Q

Which of the following waveforms has the highest efficiency?

Three phase 6 pulse

three phase 12 pulse

single phase full wave

all are equal

A

three phase 12 pulse

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101
Q

An increase in kVp would ___ the ___ of the emission spectrum.

increase, position alone

increase, amplitude alone

increase, amplitude and position (shift to right)

not effect, amplitude and position

A

increase, amplitude and position (shift to right)

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102
Q

Voltage across the x-ray tube is most constant with ____.

high frequency generators

single-phase, half-wave rectification

single-phase, full-wave rectification

three-phase, full-wave rectification

A

high frequency generators

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103
Q

The quantity of bremsstrahlung radiation increases proportionately with increased ___.

kVp

mAs

filtration

rotor speed

A

mAs

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104
Q

Variations in power distribution to the x-ray machine are corrected by the ____.

line voltage compensator

high voltage autotransformer

full-wave rectifier

automatic exposure control

A

line voltage compensator

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105
Q

Cracking on the anode can occur from ___.

filament vaporization

a single excessive exposure

long exposure times

high kVp and low mA

A

a single excessive exposure

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106
Q

The efficiency of x-ray production increases as ___ increases.

mA

kVp

time

both A and B

A

kVp

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107
Q

A step-down transformer is located in the ___ circuit.

tube

timing

filament

rectifier

A

filament

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108
Q

The least accurate type of timer is the ____ timer.

mechanical

electronic

synchronous

mAs

A

mechanical

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109
Q

The external structure of the x-ray tube includes the support structure, the protective housing, and the ___.

anode

cathode

glass envelope

focusing cup

A

glass envelope

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110
Q

The x-ray beam generated by the circuit with the ___ voltage ripple has the ___ quantity and quality.

no correlation between V ripple and quality and quantity

highest, highest

lowest, highest

lowest, lowest

A

lowest, highest

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111
Q

Bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced by ___ at the target.

outer shell excitation

slowing electrons

K-shell interactions

L-shell interactions

A

slowing electrons

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112
Q

The ___ is/are outside the glass envelope.

stators

rotor

focal spot

filaments

A

stators

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113
Q

Full-wave rectified, three-phase units provide an x-ray beam at ___ pulse(s) per second.

1

60

120

360

A

360

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114
Q

The heel effect is caused by the ___.

stator windings

anode angle

exposure times

induction motor

A

anode angle

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115
Q

What is the formula for heat units for a 3-phase, 6-pulse x-ray machine?

kVp x mA x seconds

  1. 35 x kVp x mA x seconds
  2. 41 x kVp x mA x seconds
  3. 66 x kVp x mA x seconds
A

1.35 x kVp x mA x seconds

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116
Q

The effective focal spot size is ___ the actual focal spot size.

equal to

larger than

equal to or larger than

smaller than

A

smaller than

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117
Q

Projectile electrons travel from ___.

anode to cathode

cathode to anode

target to patient

inner shell to outer shell

A

cathode to anode

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118
Q

The useful characteristic x-rays from tungsten targets are ___-shell x-rays.

K

L

M

N

A

K

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119
Q

Changes in ___ result in directly proportional changes in the amplitude of the emission spectrum.

mA

time

kVp

both A and B

A

both A and B

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120
Q

The ____ circuit (transformer) provides electrons for the cathode within the x-ray tube.

rectifier

autotransformer

high voltage

filament

A

filament

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121
Q

Extra-focal or off-focus radiation is produced from ___.

overheated anodes

scattered x-rays

non focused electrons

dual focus cathodes

A

non focused electrons

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122
Q

The x-ray intensity is lower on the anode side of the tube because of the ___.

line focus principle

heel effect

focusing cup

filament length

A

heel effect

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123
Q

Most of the x-rays produced at the target are ___.

bremsstrahlung

characteristic

gamma

beta

A

bremsstrahlung

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124
Q

Most of the heat generated at the target is due to ___.

inner-shell ionization

outer-shell excitation

nucleus bombardment

K x-rays

A

outer-shell excitation

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125
Q

The difference in the waveform between the primary and secondary sides of the high voltage transformer is ____.

frequency

velocity

amplitude

all of the above

A

amplitude

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126
Q

High capacity tube rotors revolve at ___ rpm.

2,000

3,600

6,000

10,000

A

10,000

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127
Q

Thermionic emission at the filament determines the ___ across the x-ray tube during an exposure.

kilovoltage

milliamperage

resistance

magnetism

A

milliamperage

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128
Q

The rotating anode is turned by a ___.

thermal cushion

rotating belt

magnetic field

mechanical pulley

A

magnetic field

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129
Q

The filament in an x-ray tube is about ___ cm in length.

1-2

3-4

8-10

10-20

A

1-2

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130
Q

Which of the following component receives power first in the x-ray circuit ?

mA meter

high voltage transformer

rectifier

autotransformer

A

autotransformer

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131
Q

The mAs timer is usually set to give the ___ mA at the ___ time.

highest, highest

highest, shortest

lowest, shortest

lowest, highest

A

highest, shortest

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132
Q

At 55 kVp, ___ of the useful x-rays produced are bremsstrahlung.

15%

80%

100%

none

A

100%

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133
Q

The x-ray generator with the lowest power rating is the ___ imaging system.

high frequency

three-phase, twelve-pulse

three-phase, six-pulse

single-phase

A

single-phase

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134
Q

Electron interactions at the inner-shell of the target atoms produce ___ radiation.

gamma

Bremsstrahlung

characteristic

all of the above kinds of

A

characteristic

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135
Q

Tube failure can occur from ___.

focal radiation

short exposure times

low kVp techniques

long exposure times

A

long exposure times

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136
Q

An exposure taken at 100 kVp would have a continuos emission spectrum with a maximum energy of ___ keV.

30

69

100

140

A

100

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137
Q

With half-wave rectification, the current flows through the x-ray tube during the ___ part of the cycle.

zero

positive or negative

positive

negative

A

positive

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138
Q

A single-phase waveform has ___ ripple.

1%

4%

14%

100%

A

100%

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139
Q

The automatic exposure control (AEC) terminates the exposure when ____.

the set time is reached

set radiation leaves the x-ray tube

sufficient radiation reaches the image receptor

the correct mAs is reached

A

sufficient radiation reaches the image receptor

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140
Q

The filament is made of ____.

graphite

tungsten

copper

molybdenum

A

tungsten

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141
Q

The high voltage generator contains the high voltage transformer, the ___, and the ___.

autotransformer, timer

timer, rectifiers

kVp meter, filament transformer

filament transformer, rectifiers

A

filament transformer, rectifiers

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142
Q

The three main parts of the x-ray imaging system are the x-ray tube, ____, and ____.

protective barrier, tabletop

operating console, high voltage generator

rectification circuit, operating console

crane assembly, tabletop

A

operating console, high voltage generator

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143
Q

Because of the line focus principal, the effective focal spot size decreases with decreasing ___.

target angle

rotor speed

window thickness

space charge

A

target angle

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144
Q

When electrons bombard the target, ___% of their kinetic energy is converted to heat.

10

25

50

99

A

99

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145
Q

As an x-ray tube ages, the inside can become coated with tungsten, which can cause ___ in the tube.

convection

anode pitting

on-focus radiation

arcing

A

arcing

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146
Q

At the target, the projectile electrons characteristically interact with ___ but are not useable radiation.

outer-shell electrons

inner-shell electrons

atomic nuclei

only A and B

A

outer-shell electrons

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147
Q

The following emission spectrum (SAME SHAPE, HIGHER # OF X-RAY PHOTONS) represents and increase in?

kVp

filtration

generator type

mAs

A

mAs

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148
Q

The ___ is the source of radiation in the x-ray tube.

filament

focal spot

focusing cup

stator

A

focal spot

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149
Q

Thermionic emission at the filament creates a ___.

space charge

grid control

line focus

heel effect

A

space charge

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150
Q

A diode allows electrons to flow from ____.

anode to cathode

cathode to anode

cathode to cathode

anode to anode

A

cathode to anode

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151
Q

An increase in mAs would ___ the ___ of the emission spectrum.

increase, position alone

increase, amplitude alone

increase, amplitude and position

not effect, amplitude and position

A

increase, amplitude alone

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152
Q

Which of the following changes are represented in the following emission spectrum (LOWER PHOTON INTENSITY, SLIGHT SHIFT INSIDE AND TO THE RIGHT)?

filtration

kVp

mAs

anode material

A

filtration

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153
Q

Characteristic x-rays are produced by ___.

braking electrons

excitation of outer shell electrons

nuclear fragmentation

released binding energy

A

released binding energy

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154
Q

The ___ of an x-ray beam is higher when the peak of the emission spectrum is further to the ___.

quality, right

quantity, right

quality, left

quantity, left

A

quality, right

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155
Q

The operating console contains circuits that are ____.

both high voltage and low voltage

high voltage only

low voltage only

non-voltage

A

low voltage only

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156
Q

Characteristic K-shell tungsten x-rays have an effective energy of ___ keV.

0.6

3

12

69

A

69

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157
Q

The cathode side of the tube should be directed toward the ___ part of the patient.

upper

lower

thicker

thinner

A

thicker

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158
Q

The negative side of the x-ray tube holds the ____.

filament

anode

target

rotor

A

filament

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159
Q

The production of heat at the anode is directly proportional to ___.

rotor speed

mAs

kVp

voltage ripple

A

mAs

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160
Q

The autotransformer has ____ winding(s).

one

two

three

four

A

one

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161
Q

TRUE/FALSE

A photoelectric interaction is more likely to occur when the x-ray photon energy and the electron binding energy are farther from one another.

A

FALSE

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162
Q

During photoelectric absorption, the ejected electron is called a/an

incident electron

photoelectron

characteristic electron

nuclear electron

A

photoelectron

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163
Q

The photon that exits the atom after a Compton scattering is called the Compton

scattered photon

scattered electron

recoil electron

photoelectron

A

scattered photon

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164
Q

TRUE/FALSE

During pair production, the positively charged electron is termed a negatron.

A

FALSE

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165
Q

When an x-ray photon with a slightly greater energy than the binding energy of the inner-shell electron interacts with that inner-shell electron, the following interaction results:

Compton scattering

coherent scattering

photoelectric absorption

characteristic radiation

A

photoelectric absorption

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166
Q

Which of the following interactions has a significant impact on the x-ray image?

Compton scattering

coherent scatter

pair production

photodisintegration

A

Compton scattering

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167
Q

During coherent scattering, the scattered photon possesses ___ as the incident photon.

the same energy, the same frequency, and the same wavelength

the same energy, the same frequency, and a different wavelength

the same energy, a different frequency, and the same wavelength

a different energy, the same frequency, and the same wavelength

A

the same energy, the same frequency, and the same wavelength

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168
Q

TRUE/FALSE

When a scattered photon is deflected back toward the source, it is traveling in the direction opposite to the incident photon and is called backscatter radiation.

A

TRUE

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169
Q

What is the total differential absorption in bone compared to fat?

bone Z# 13.8 and mass density 1900 kg/m3

fat Z# 6.8 and mass density 910 kg/m3

  1. 51
  2. 05
  3. 02
  4. 5
A

17.5

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170
Q

During which interaction with matter is the x-ray photon converted to matter in the form of two electrons?

pair production

Compton scattering

photoelectric absorption

coherent scattering

A

pair production

171
Q

In which element are the inner-shell electrons more tightly bound to the nucleus?

mercury (Z = 80)

tungsten (Z = 74)

lead (Z = 82)

chromium (Z = 24)

A

lead (Z = 82)

172
Q

Which of the following interaction has a significant impact on the x-ray image?

photoelectric absorption

coherent scatter

pair production

photodisintegration

A

photoelectric absorption

173
Q

Which atomic shell possesses the highest binding energy?

K

L

M

all atomic shells possess the same binding energy

A

K

174
Q

Which of the following interactions with matter results in a radiograph with a short scale of contrast (high contrast black and white image)?

Compton scattering

coherent scatter

photoelectric interactions

photodisintegration

A

photoelectric interactions

175
Q

When x-ray photons interact with matter and change direction, the process is called

absorption

scatter

radiation

binding energy

A

scatter

176
Q

Compton scattering occurs when an incident x-ray photon interacts with a ___ electron.

loosely bound inner-shell

tightly bound inner-shell

loosely bound outer-shell

tightly bound outer-shell

A

loosely bound outer-shell

177
Q

Which of the following interactions with matter results in a radiograph with a long scale of contrast (low contrast gray image)?

Compton scattering

coherent scatter

photoelectric interactions

photodisintegration

A

Compton scattering

178
Q

When an x-ray passes through matter, it undergoes a process called

radiation

filtration

attenuation

fluoroscopy

A

attenuation

179
Q

TRUE/FALSE

During the photoelectric interaction, the incident x-ray photon must be greater than the binding energy of the inner-shell electron.

A

TRUE

180
Q

Secondary radiation is created after a ________ interaction.

Pairs production

Photoelectric absorption

Photodisintegration

Compton’s scatter

A

Photoelectric absorption

181
Q

TRUE/FALSE

As kVp increases, the total number of photons transmitted without interaction increases.

A

TRUE

182
Q

During Compton scattering, the incident photon energy is divided between the

ejected electron and the scattered photon

incident photon and the scattered photon

incident photon and the recoil electron

recoil electron and the photoelectron

A

ejected electron and the scattered photon

183
Q

The electron dislodged during Compton scattering is called the

photoelectron

recoil electron

incident electron

lost electron

A

recoil electron

184
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Some x-ray photons may pass through matter and not interact with that matter at all.

A

TRUE

185
Q

Secondary radiation energies are highest for which element?

hydrogen

carbon

barium

oxygen

A

barium

186
Q

During the photoelectric interaction, as an electron transfers from an outer shell to a vacant inner shell, energy is released in the form of

a characteristic photon

a primary radiation

an incident electron

an incident photon

A

a characteristic photon

187
Q

During photoelectric absorption, a/an ___ shell electron is typically ejected.

inner-

middle-

outer-

all of the above

A

inner-

188
Q

An interaction that occurs between very low energy x-ray photons and matter is called ___ scatter.

coherent

classical

unmodified

all of the above

A

all of the above

189
Q

Unwanted densities caused predominantly by scattered photons are called

kilovoltage

radiation fog

amperage

pair production

A

radiation fog

190
Q

During the process of attenuation, the x-ray photon may interact with

the nucleus

the entire atom

an orbital electron

all of the above

A

all of the above

191
Q

The two primary forms of x-ray interaction in the diagnostic range are ____.

Compton scattering and pair production

photoelectric absorption and coherent scattering

Compton scattering and photoelectric absorption

coherent scattering and Thompson scattering

A

Compton scattering and photoelectric absorption

192
Q

An incident x-ray interacts with an atom without ionization during ____.

photoelectric absorption

Compton scattering

coherent scattering

pair production

A

coherent scattering

193
Q

An outer-shell electron is ejected and the atom is ionized during ___.

photoelectric interactions

Compton interactions

coherent scattering

pair production

A

Compton interactions

194
Q

Which x-ray interaction involves the ejection of the K-shell electron?

photoelectric absorption

pair production

Compton interaction

coherent scattering

A

photoelectric absorption

195
Q

The scattered x-ray from a Compton interaction usually retains ___ of the energy of the incident photon.

none

little

most

all

A

most

196
Q

As kVp ___, the probability of photoelectric absorption ___.

increases, remains the same

increases, decreases

decreases, decreases

decreases, remains the same

A

increases, decreases

197
Q

In ___, there is complete absorption of the incident x-ray photon

photoelectric interaction

Compton interaction

coherent scatter

none of the above

A

photoelectric interaction

198
Q

____ occurs only at the very high energies used in radiation therapy and in nuclear medicine P.E.T. imaging.

photoelectric absorption

coherent scatter

pair production

Compton scatter

A

pair production

199
Q

Only at energies above 10 MeV can ___ take place.

photodisintegration

pair production

Compton scatter

photoelectric absorption

A

photodisintegration

200
Q

When the mass density of the absorber is ___, it results in ___ Compton scatter.

decreased, increased

increased, increased

increased, decreased

decreased, no change

A

increased, increased

201
Q

K-shell binding energy increases with increasing ____.

mass density

kVp

atomic number

mAs

A

atomic number

202
Q

Which has the greatest mass density?

soft tissue

bone

fat

air

A

bone

203
Q

Differential absorption in diagnostic imaging is primarily caused by ___.

photoelectric absorption

Compton scatter

pair production

all of the above

A

photoelectric absorption

204
Q

Differential absorption is dependent on (the) ___.

kVp of the exposure

atomic number of the absorber

mass density of the absorber

all of the above

A

all of the above

205
Q

Barium is a good contrast agent because of its ____.

low atomic number

high atomic number

light color

low density

A

high atomic number

206
Q

In the diagnostic range, rare earth scintillators are better absorbers than Calcium Tungstate. This is due to the phenomena know as ________.

Quantum mottle

Annihilation reaction

k-edge effect or absorption

Photoelectric effect

A

k-edge effect or absorption

207
Q

X-rays transmitted without interaction contribute to ___.

photoelectric absorption

the radiographic image

the image fog

beam attenuation

A

the radiographic image

208
Q

Compton interactions, photoelectric absorption, and transmitted x-rays all contribute to ___.

image fog (graying of image)

differential absorption (gray vs. Black and white)

patient dose

attenuation

A

differential absorption (gray vs. Black and white)

209
Q

At energies below 40 keV, the predominant x-ray interaction in bone is ___.

coherent scatter

Compton scatter

photoelectric absorption

photodisintegration

A

photoelectric absorption

210
Q

If 5% of an incident beam is transmitted through a body part, then 95% of that beam was ___.

absorbed

back-scattered

scattered

attenuated

A

attenuated

211
Q

The main reason to use a scintillator or phosphor as a capture element is ________.

to increase detail vs. direct exposure film systems

to decrease exposure time vs. direct exposure systems

to decrease patient exposure (dose) vs. direct exposure systems

none of the above

A

to decrease patient exposure (dose) vs. direct exposure systems

212
Q

The light-emitting efficiency (speed) of the intensifying screen is improved by the ___.

protective coating

reflective layer

added dyes

phosphor afterglow

A

reflective layer

213
Q

Screen characteristics are determined by the ___.

size of the phosphor crystals

thickness of the phosphor layer

phosphor composition

all of the above

A

all of the above

214
Q

A phosphorescent material emits light ___.

only from chemical stimulation

for less than a nanosecond

for a period of time after stimulation

only while it is stimulated

A

for a period of time after stimulation

215
Q

Luminescent material emits light after its outer shell electrons are ___.

excited

ejected

removed

none of the above

A

excited

216
Q

A screen that emits light after an exposure terminates is exhibiting ___.

conversion efficiency

image noise

screen lag

screen blur

A

screen lag

217
Q

The intensification factor is a measurement of screen ___.

resolution

speed

noise

quality

A

speed

218
Q

The ability of an intensifying screen to absorb x-rays is called ___.

intensification factor

quantum mottle

conversion efficiency

detective quantum efficiency

A

detective quantum efficiency

219
Q

Image noise in increased with increased ___.

detective quantum efficiency (DQE)

conversion efficiency (CE)

both A and B

none of the above

A

conversion efficiency (CE)

220
Q

Both the isotropic emission of light from screen phosphor crystals and the added reflective layer contribute to ___.

conversion efficiency

image blur

quantum mottle

detective quantum efficiency

A

image blur

221
Q

As screen speed ______ image detail _______.

increases, increases

increases, decreases

decrease, decrease

decrease, no change

A

increases, decreases

222
Q

A wrist x-ray required ________ detail and would be best imaged with a ______ speed phosphor.

lower, 100

lower, 400

higher, 400

higher, 100

A

higher, 100

223
Q

Adding a light absorbing dye to the tube side of a phosphor ___________ the screen speed compared to phosphors with a reflective layer

does not change

decreases

increases

A

decreases

224
Q

TRUE/FALSE

The tube side of a cassette should have a high Z# material, to prevent excessive attenuation.

A

FALSE

225
Q

A scintillator can resolve 6 LP/mm, what is the smallest object we can resolve in that image?

0.1mm

.09mm

0.17mm

not enough information to answer

A

.09mm

226
Q

TRUE/FALSE

The best method of reducing noise when using a very fast speed system, would be to increase the mAs.

A

TRUE

227
Q

Energy is measured in _____.

a. kilograms
b. joules
c. electron volts
d. B or C

A

D

Energy is measured in joules or electron volts

228
Q

Atoms and molecules are the fundamental building blocks of _____.

a. energy
b. radiation
c. matter
d. gravity

A

C

Atoms and molecules are the fundamental building blocks of matter.

229
Q

The formula E=mc2 is the basis for the theory that led to the development of _____.

a. x-rays
b. electromagnetic radiation
c. nuclear power
d. cathode ray tubes

A

C

The formula E=mc2 is the basis for the theory that led to the development of nuclear power.

230
Q

Radio waves, light, and x-rays are all examples of _____ energy.

a. nuclear
b. thermal
c. electrical
d. electromagnetic

A

D

Electromagnetic energy includes radio waves, light, and x-rays as well as other parts of the spectrum.

231
Q

What is the removal of an electron from an atom called?

a. ionization
b. pair production
c. irradiation
d. electricity

A

A

The removal of an electron from an atom is called ionization.

232
Q

The energy of x-rays is _____.

a. thermal
b. potential
c. kinetic
d. electromagnetic

A

D

X-rays are a form of electromagnetic energy.

233
Q

The biggest source of man-made ionizing radiation exposure to the public is _____.

a. atomic fallout
b. diagnostic x-rays
c. smoke detectors
d. nuclear power plants

A

B

Medical x-ray exposure is the biggest source of man-made radiation.

234
Q

The basic quantities measured in mechanics are _____, _____, and _____.

a. volume, length, meters
b. mass, length, time
c. radioactivity, dose, exposure
d. meters, kilos, seconds

A

B

The basic quantities measured in mechanics are mass, length, and time.

235
Q

_____ is a special quantity of radiologic science.

a. Mass
b. Velocity
c. Radioactivity
d. Momentum

A

C

Radioactivity is a special quantity of radiologic science.

236
Q

Exposure is measured in units of _____.

a. becquerel
b. sieverts
c. meters
d. grays

A

D

Exposure is measured in units of grays.

237
Q

Today, radiology is considered to be a(n) _____ occupation.

a. safe
b. unsafe
c. dangerous
d. high-risk

A

A

Today, radiology is considered to be a safe occupation because of effective radiation protection practices.

238
Q

What does ALARA mean?

a. All Level Alert Radiation Accident
b. As Low As Reasonably Achievable
c. Always Leave A Restricted Area
d. As Low As Regulations Allow

A

B

ALARA means As Low As Reasonably Achievable.

239
Q

The smallest particle that has all the properties of an element is a(n) _____.

a. neutron
b. proton
c. electron
d. atom

A

D

The smallest particle that has all the properties of an element is an atom.

240
Q

A positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons in well-defined orbits is the _____ model of the atom.

a. Bohr
b. Thomson
c. Rutherford
d. Dalton

A

A
A positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons in well-defined orbits is the Bohr model of the atom.

241
Q

What are the fundamental particles of an atom?

a. quark, positron, negatron
b. nucleon, electron, proton
c. proton, neutron, quark
d. proton, electron, neutron

A

D

The fundamental particles of an atom are the proton, electron, and neutron.

242
Q

An atom in a normal state has an electrical charge of _____.

a. one
b. zero
c. positive
d. negative

A

B

An atom in a normal state has an electrical charge of zero.

243
Q

The binding energies, or energy levels, of electrons are represented by their _____.

a. atomic numbers
b. atomic mass units
c. shells
d. isotopes

A

C

The binding energies, or energy levels, of electrons are represented by their shells.

244
Q

When an atom has the same number of protons as another, but a different number of neutrons, it is called an _____.

a. isomer
b. isobar
c. isotone
d. isotope

A

D

When an atom has the same number of protons as another, but a different number of neutrons, it is called an isotope.

245
Q

An atom that loses or gains one or more electrons is a(n) _____.

a. ion
b. molecule
c. isotope
d. isomer

A

A

An atom that loses or gains one or more electrons is an ion.

246
Q

The maximum number of electrons that can exist in an electron shell is calculated with the formula _____.

a. 2n
b. 2n^2
c. 2/n
d. 2/n^2

A

B

The number of electrons in an electron shell is calculated with the formula 2n^2.

247
Q

The innermost electron shell is symbolized by the letter _____.

a. J
b. K
c. L
d. M

A

B

The innermost electron shell is symbolized by the letter K.

248
Q

The atomic number of an element is symbolized by the letter _____.

a. A
b. X
c. Z
d. n

A

C

The atomic number of an element is symbolized by the letter Z.

249
Q

Two identical atoms which exist at different energy states are called _____.

a. isotopes
b. isomers
c. isotones
d. isobars

A

B

Two identical atoms which exist at different energy states are called isomers.

250
Q

During beta emission, an atom releases _____.

a. electrons
b. positrons
c. protons
d. neutrons

A

A

During beta emission, an atom releases electrons.

251
Q

The only difference between x-rays and gamma rays is their _____.

a. energy
b. size
c. origin
d. name

A

C

The only difference between x-rays and gamma rays is their origin.

252
Q

The four properties of photons are _____, _____, _____ and _____.

a. size, shape, spin, mass
b. frequency, mass, amplitude, wavelength
c. frequency, wavelength, velocity, amplitude
d. refraction, velocity, spin, amplitude

A

C

The properties of photons are frequency, wavelength, velocity, and amplitude.

253
Q

The smallest quantity of any type of electromagnetic radiation is a(n) _____.

a. photon
b. electron
c. neutrino
d. quark

A

A

The smallest quantity of any type of electromagnetic radiation is a photon.

254
Q

What is the velocity of all electromagnetic radiation?

a. 8 × 10^3 m/s
b. 2 × 10^8 m/s
c. 3 × 10^8 m/s
d. 4 × 10^3 m/s

A

C

The velocity of all electromagnetic radiation is 3 × 10^8 m/s.

255
Q

The rate of rise and fall of a sine wave is called its _____.

a. amplitude
b. frequency
c. wavelength
d. velocity

A

B

The rate of rise and fall of a sine wave is called its frequency.

256
Q

If the wavelength of a beam of electromagnetic radiation increases by a factor of 2, then its frequency must _____.

a. double
b. increase four times
c. decrease by half
d. remain constant

A

C
If the wavelength of a beam of electromagnetic radiation increases by a factor of 2, then its frequency must decrease by half.

257
Q

The intensity of radiation _____ in _____ proportion to the square of the distance of the object from the source.

a. increases, direct
b. decreases, direct
c. increases, inverse
d. decreases, inverse

A

D

The intensity of radiation decreases in inverse proportion to the square of the distance of the object from the source.

258
Q

If the intensity of light from a flashlight is 4 millilumens (mlm) at a distance of 3 feet, what will the intensity be at 6 feet?

a. 0.4 millilumens
b. 1 millilumen
c. 2 millilumens
d. 16 millilumens

A

B
If the intensity of light from a flashlight is 4 millilumens (mlm) at a distance of 3 feet using the inverse square law, it will be 1 millilumen at 6 feet.

259
Q

The energy of a photon is directly proportional to its _____.

a. amplitude
b. frequency
c. velocity
d. wavelength

A

B

The energy of a photon is directly proportional to its frequency.

260
Q

X-rays are usually identified by their _____.

a. energy
b. velocity
c. wavelength
d. hertz

A

A

X-rays are usually identified by their energy.

261
Q

Photons with the highest frequencies have the _____.

a. highest velocity
b. lowest energy
c. longest wavelengths
d. shortest wavelengths

A

D

Photons with the highest frequencies have the shortest wavelengths.

262
Q

The smallest unit of electrical charge is the _____.

a. electron
b. proton
c. neutron
d. neutrino

A

A

The smallest unit of electrical charge is the electron.

263
Q

Electrification occurs through the movement of _____.

a. protons only
b. protons and electrons
c. electrons only
d. electrons and neutrons

A

C

Electrification occurs only through the movement of electrons.

264
Q

Like charges _____ and unlike charges _____.

a. repel, repel
b. attract, attract
c. attract, repel
d. repel, attract

A

D

Like charges repel and unlike charges attract.

265
Q 
Electrostatic force is \_\_\_\_\_ proportional to the distance between charges, and \_\_\_\_\_ proportional to
the product of the charges.
a. directly, inversely
b. inversely, directly
c. inversely, inversely
d. directly, directly
A

B
Electrostatic force is inversely proportional to the distance between charges, and directly
proportional to the product of the charges.

266
Q

The charges on an electrified object are distributed _____.

a. in the center of the object
b. on the side nearest the charge
c. on the topside of the object
d. evenly throughout the object

A

D

The charges on an electrified object are distributed evenly throughout.

267
Q

On the surface of an electrified object, the charges concentrate on the _____.

a. top side
b. underside
c. sharpest curvatures
d. smoothest curvatures

A

C

On the surface of an electrified object, the charges concentrate on the sharpest curvature.

268
Q

A _____ is a source of direct current.

a. wall socket
b. battery
c. generator
d. spark

A

B

A battery is a source of direct current.

269
Q

What is the unit of electric potential?

a. watt
b. amp
c. volt
d. ohm

A

C

The unit of electric potential is the volt.

270
Q

An electric potential applied to a conductor produces _____.

a. an electric current
b. a magnetic field
c. an electric insulator
d. both A and B

A

D
When an electric potential is applied to a conductor, both an electric current and a magnetic field are
produced.

271
Q

An alternating (AC) current is represented by a _____ line.

a. sinusoidal
b. horizontal
c. vertical
d. descending

A 
A
An alternating (AC) current is represented by a sinusoidal line.
272
Q

A _____ uses direct current.

a. hair dryer
b. toaster
c. microwave
d. flashlight

A

D

A flashlight is battery operated, and batteries use direct current.

273
Q

Alternating current is produced by a _____.

a. battery
b. generator
c. capacitor
d. semiconductor

A

B

Alternating current is produced by a generator.

274
Q

What is Ohm’s law?

a. I = V/R
b. V = I/R
c. R = VI
d. I = VR

A

A

Ohm’s law is I = V/R.

275
Q

A charged particle in motion creates a(n) _____.

a. negative charge
b. positive charge
c. magnetic field
d. electrostatic charge

A

C

A charged particle in motion creates a magnetic field.

276
Q

Electrical power is measured in _____.

a. coulombs
b. amperes
c. volts
d. watts

A

D

Electrical power is measured in watts.

277
Q

Rubber and glass are _____.

a. semiconductors
b. conductors
c. insulators
d. superconductors

A

C

Rubber and glass are insulators because they are nonconductors.

278
Q

The rotation of electrons on their axis is the property called _____.

a. magnetic force
b. electron spin
c. unified field theory
d. magnetic induction

A

B

The rotation of electrons on their axis is the property called electron spin.

279
Q

When a group of dipoles are aligned, they create _____.

a. a magnetic domain
b. paramagnetic material
c. magnetic resonance
d. a north pole

A

A

When a group of dipoles are aligned, they create a magnetic domain.

280
Q

In the United States, alternating current goes through a complete cycle every _____ second.

a. 1/120
b. 1/100
c. 1/60
d. 1/30

A

C

In the United States, alternating current goes through a complete cycle every 1/60 second.

281
Q

What is the SI unit of magnetic field strength?

a. ampere
b. tesla
c. dipole
d. ohm

A

B

The SI unit of magnetic field strength is the tesla or gauss.

282
Q

The force between magnetic poles is proportional to the _____ of the magnetic pole strengths,
divided by the _____ of the distance between them.
a. square, sum
b. sum, square
c. square, product
d. product, square

A

D
The force between magnetic poles is proportional to the product of the magnetic pole strengths,
divided by the square of the distance between them.

283
Q

What type of material can be made magnetic when placed in an external magnetic field?

a. diamagnetic
b. ferromagnetic
c. paramagnetic
d. nonmagnetic

A

B

Ferromagnetic material can be made magnetic when placed in an external magnetic field.

284
Q

Like magnetic poles _____ and unlike magnetic poles _____.

a. attract, attract
b. repel, repel
c. repel, attract
d. attract, repel

A

C

Like magnetic poles repel and unlike magnetic poles attract.

285
Q

Water is a _____ material.

a. paramagnetic
b. magnetic
c. diamagnetic
d. ferromagnetic

A

C

Water is a diamagnetic material.

286
Q

The magnetic intensity of an electromagnet is greatly increased by the addition of a(n) _____ core.

a. wood
b. iron
c. aluminum
d. copper

A

B

The magnetic intensity of an electromagnet is greatly increased by the addition of an iron core.

287
Q

The transformer changes:

A.	on AC but not on DC
B.	on both DC and AC
C.	on DC but not on AC
D.	only above its critical current
E.	only on a constant voltage
A

A. on AC but not on DC

288
Q

The output current in a step-up transformer is:

A.	higher than the input current
B.	independent of the input current
C.	independent of the turns ratio
D.	lower than the input current
E.	the same as the input current
A

D. lower than the input current

289
Q

If DC is applied to the primary coil of a step-up transformer, what is the result in the secondary coil?

A.	AC
B.	Increased current
C.	Increased magnetic field
D.	Increased voltage
E.	Nothing
A

E. Nothing

290
Q

Power to the primary side of the high-voltage transformer comes from the:

A.	Filament transformer
B.	Line-voltage compensator
C.	Primary side of the autotransformer 
D.	Rectifier
E.	Secondary side of the autotransformer
A

E. Secondary side of the autotransformer

291
Q

The autotransformer has only one:

A.	Coil
B.	Meter
C.	Rectifier
D.	Switch
E.	Turns ratio
A

A. Coil

292
Q

Line compensation:

A.	Adjusts the line frequency to 60 Hz
B.	Compensates for rectification
C.	Is necessary for proper exposure timing
D.	Is necessary to convert AC to DC
E.	Is required to stabilize voltage
A

E. Is required to stabilize voltage

293
Q

The filament transformer:

A.	Has four windings
B.	Increases current
C.	Increases voltage
D.	Is an autotransformer
E.	Must have precision resistors
A

B. Increases current

294
Q

The design of fixed mA stations requires the use of which of the following?

A.	A center-tapped meter
B.	DC power
C.	Major and minor taps
D.	Precision resistors
E.	Primary and secondary windings
A

D. Precision resistors

295
Q

A change in the voltage waveform from the primary side to the secondary side of the high-voltage transformer produces a change in:

A.	Amplitude
B.	Frequency
C.	Phase
D.	Velocity
E.	Wavelength
A

A. Amplitude

296
Q

Which of the following is an advantage of three-phase power over single-phase power?

A.	Improved spatial resolution
B.	Increased kVp
C.	Increased mAs
D.	Increased x-ray intensity per mAs
E.	Lower capital cost
A

D. Increased x-ray intensity per mAs

297
Q

Oil is used in the high-voltage section of an x-ray imaging system for which of the following functions?

A.	Electrical insulation
B.	Reduction of rotor friction
C.	Reduction of voltage ripple
D.	Thermal conduction
E.	Voltage rectification
A

A. Electrical insulation

298
Q

If 60 Hz AC power is full-wave rectified, output voltage consists of:

A.	60 pulses per second
B.	90 pulses per second
C.	120 pulses per second
D.	70% ripple
E.	Zero ripple
A

C. 120 pulses per second

299
Q

TRUE/FALSE

As the kinetic energy of the incident electron increases, so does the efficiency of the photon production.

A

TRUE

300
Q

TRUE/FALSE

In the diagnostic range, the kinetic energy of the incident electrons is high enough to eject an outer-shell electron causing ionization.

A

TRUE

301
Q

TRUE/FALSE

In a bremsstrahlung interaction, the closer the incident electron travels to the nucleus, the lower the energy of the resultant x-ray photon.

A

FALSE

302
Q

TRUE/FALSE

The electron ejected during a characteristic interaction is also known as the x-ray photon.

A

FALSE

303
Q

TRUE/FALSE

The creation of a characteristic photon is always the result of a K-shell electron ejection.

A

FALSE

304
Q

TRUE/FALSE

The creation of a characteristic photon in the diagnostic range is always the result of a K-shell electron ejection.

A

FALSE

305
Q

TRUE/FALSE

As the tube ages, the anode begins to pit and the glass envelope may gain a mild coating of vaporized metal. This will cause a decrease in inherent filtration.

A

FALSE

306
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Inherent filtration is the filtration found within the tube design.

A

TRUE

307
Q

TRUE/FALSE

In diagnostic radiology, filtration is typically added between the source and the patient.

A

TRUE

308
Q

Almost all of the kinetic energy of the incident electrons is converted to:

a. a bremsstrahlung photon
b. a characteristic x-ray photon
c. light
d. heat

A

d. heat

309
Q

What percentage of target interaction results in the production of x-ray photons?

a. 1 percent
b. 50 percent
c. 99 percent
d. 100 percent

A

a. 1 percent

310
Q

The transfer of the incident electrons’ kinetic energy to the outer-shell electrons causing vibration of the outer-shell electron results in the emission of:

a. infrared radiation.
b. ultraviolet radiation.
c. light.
d. sound.

A

a. infrared radiation.

311
Q

The energy of a bremsstrahlung photon is
a. equal to the kinetic energy of the entering electron.

b. equal to the kinetic energy of the exiting electron.
c. the sum of the entering and exiting kinetic energy of the electron.
d. the difference between the entering and exiting kinetic energy of the electron.

A

d. the difference between the entering and exiting kinetic energy of the electron.

312
Q

Bremsstrahlung interactions may occur only when the incident electron interacts with:

a. an inner-shell electron.
b. an outer-shell electron.
c. the force field of the nucleus.
d. none of the above

A

c. the force field of the nucleus.

313
Q

Characteristic interactions may occur only when the incident electron interacts with:

a. an inner-shell electron.
b. an outer-shell electron.
c. the force field of the nucleus.
d. none of the above

A

a. an inner-shell electron.

314
Q

During a characteristic interaction, the energy of the incident electron must be ____ the electron it knocks from its orbit.

a. less than that of
b. greater than that of
c. proportional to that of
d. characteristic of

A

b. greater than that of

315
Q

During a characteristic interaction, the dropping of a higher-energy state electron into a lower-energy state “hole” results in the emission of:

a. a photon of energy.
b. a high-energy electron.
c. a low-energy electron.
d. more than one of the above

A

a. a photon of energy.

316
Q

The energy of a characteristic photon is:

a. equal to the binding energy of the entering electron.
b. equal to the binding energy of the exiting electron.
c. the sum of the binding energy of the outer and inner shells between which the electron dropped.
d. the difference between the binding energy of the outer and inner shells between which the electron dropped.

A

d. the difference between the binding energy of the outer and inner shells between which the electron dropped.

317
Q

At the end of the characteristic cascade, the ____ shell is missing an electron.

a. innermost
b. K
c. outermost
d. characteristic

A

c. outermost

318
Q

The K-shell can hold a maximum of ____ electrons.

a. 1
b. 2
c. 6
d. 8

A

b. 2

319
Q

Filtration is the process of eliminating undesirable ____ by the insertion of absorbing materials into the primary beam.

a. high-energy x-ray photons
b. high-energy incident electrons
c. low-energy x-ray photons
d. low-energy incident electrons

A

c. low-energy x-ray photons

320
Q

Filtration permits the radiographer to ____ the photon emission spectrum into a more useful beam.

a. narrow
b. widen
c. soften
d. There is no effect.

A

a. narrow

321
Q

Filtration has what effect on patient dose?

a. It has no effect on patient dose.
b. It increases patient dose.
c. It decreases patient dose.
d. It increases occupational worker dose.

A

c. It decreases patient dose.

322
Q

Which of the following materials is/are used as a filter?

a. glass
b. oil
c. aluminum
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

323
Q

All filtration can be expressed in terms of the thickness of:

a. HVL.
b. Pb/Eq.
c. Al/Eq.
d. Sn/Eq..

A

c. Al/Eq.

324
Q

The amount of material that will reduce the intensity of the primary beam to one-half its original value is the:

a. half-value layer.
b. radioactive half-life.
c. aluminum equivalency.
d. half-life equivalency.

A

a. half-value layer.

325
Q

Which of the following is affected by half-layer value?

a. anode construction
b. image quality
c. target longevity
d. patient exposure

A

d. patient exposure

326
Q

How many half-value layers must be added to the primary beam to reduce its intensity to less than 20 percent of its original value?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4

A

c. 3

327
Q

Which one of these statements is true?

a. The thickest portion of the wedge filter is placed over the densest part of the patient.
b. The thickest portion of the wedge filter is placed over the less dense part of the patient.
c. The thinnest portion of the wedge filter is placed over the less dense part of the patient.
d. A wedge filter should not be used to compensate for unequal subject density.

A

b. The thickest portion of the wedge filter is placed over the less dense part of the patient.

328
Q

True/False?

AC current is required in the x-ray tube, and DC current is required in the transformers

A

False

329
Q

The filament in the x-ray tube requires ______ amperes to emit electrons, thermionic emission.

0.5-1

1-2

3-5

not enough information to answer

A

3-5

330
Q

True/False?

The high voltage generator consistes of a high voltage transformer, rectifiers and an autotransformer

A

False

331
Q

The most likely found incoming line current in a modern radiography system is:

single phase power

three phase power

direct current

~ 60 volts

A

three phase power

332
Q

The incoming power to a step up transformer is 100 V, 10 A with a turns ration of 250:1.

What is the resulting voltage in this transformer?

25,000 kV
25,000 V
0.4 kV
0.4 V

A

25,000 V

333
Q

The voltage in the x-ray circuit is adjusted or fine tuned in the __________ for ease and safety.

filament transformer

high voltage transformer

rectifier circuit

autotransformer

A

autotransformer

334
Q

An induction motor is used in what area of imaging?

rotor rotation

power increase

x-ray table movement

all of the above

A

rotor rotation

335
Q

A filament transformer with a turns ration of 1:20 provides 3.1 amperes to the filament. What is the current flowing through the primary coil of the transformer?

62

  1. 2
  2. 55

.155

A

155

336
Q

True/False

In single phase power systems, the potential never drops to zero.

A

False

337
Q

When full wave rectification is applied to three phase current, a varying(slight increases and decreases over time) ____ is produced.

current

star

double

voltage

A

voltage

338
Q

The electrical device used to adjust the mA station is the

autotransformer

stator

switch

precision resistor

A

precision resistor

339
Q

Nearly all hard wired equipment operates on incoming line voltage of

440 V

120 AC

120 Hz

210 A

A

440 V

340
Q

All of the following are radiographer operated controls except

kVp selection

generator selection

rotor switch

mA selection

A

generator selection

341
Q

A step down transformer has ______ windings in the secondary vs. primary side.

less

more

the same

none of the above

A

less

342
Q

True/False?

The basic x-ray circuit is divided into the main circuit and the anode circuit.

A

False

343
Q

A single phase full wave rectified system produces _____ pulses per cycle.

1

2

6

12

A

2

344
Q

True/False?

The mAs in a system controls the quality of the beam.

A

False

345
Q

At what point in the x-ray circuit is the rectification circuit located?

between the semiconductors and the valve tubes

between the step down transformer and the rheostat

between the step up transformer and the x-ray tube

between the thermionic diode tubes and the x-ray tube

A

between the step up transformer and the x-ray tube

346
Q

Which of the following transformers has one winding?

Filament transformer

Hi voltage transformer

Autotransformer

none of the above

A

Autotransformer

347
Q

Which of the following waveforms has the highest efficiency?

Three phase 6 pulse

Three phase 12 pulse

Single phase full wave

All are equal

A

Three phase 12 pulse

348
Q

The voltage input to an x-ray transformer is most likely _____.

A. 60
B. 220
C. 660
D. >660

A

B. 220

349
Q

A typical turns ratio in a step-up transformer is most likely _____.

A. 7:1
B. 70:1
C. 700:1
D. 7000:1

A

C. 700:1

350
Q

Variation of x-ray tube voltage with time is best described as the:

A. ripple
B. pulse frequency
C. uniformity
D. nonlinearity

A

A. ripple

351
Q

The percentage of ripple of a high-frequency generator is most likely:

A. 1
B. 5
C. 10
D. >10

A

A. 1

352
Q

The number of pulses per cycle of a half-wave rectified single-phase generator is _____.

A. 1/2
B. 1
C. 2
D. 6

A

B. 1

353
Q

Which generator has the lowest ripple?

A. single pulse
B. six pulse
C. twelve pulse
D. high-frequency

A

D. high-frequncy

354
Q

Which generator is most likely to reduce the kVp during an exposure?

A. portable
B. dedicated chest
C. R/F unit
D. Interventional radiology

A

portable

355
Q

The maximum distance (mm) energetic electrons travel to the x-ray tube tungsten target is most likely _____.

A. 0.05
B. 0.5
C. 5
D. 50

A

B. 0.5

356
Q

The maximum Bremasstrahlung energy (keV) produced at 80 kVp is most likely _____.

A. 100
B. 80
C. 70
D. 35

A

B. 80

357
Q

The percentage of Bremasstrahlung radiation at 120 kVp is most likely _____%.

A. 1
B. 10
C. 50
D. 90

A

D. 90

358
Q

The average Bremsstrahlung energy (keV) produced at 100 kVp is most likely _____.

A. 100
B. 70
C. 55
D. 40

A

D. 40

359
Q

Tungsten characteristic K-shell x-rays have an energy (keV) of _____.

A. 85
B. 65
C. 35
D. 18

A

B. 65

360
Q

The percentage of K-shell characteristic x-rays at 55 kVp in a tungsten target is _____.

A. 0
B. 5
C. 10
D. >10

A

A. 0

361
Q

An x-ray spectrum shows a graph of the number of photons on the vertical axis against _____ on the horizontal axis.

A. kVp
B. keV
C. mAs
D. mA

A

B. keV

362
Q

The highest intensity in a spectrum from a tungsten target is most likely at the _____.

A. low energies
B. middle energies
C. high energies
D. low and high energies

A

B. middle energies

363
Q

1 roentgen is approx. equal to _____ mGy.

A. 0.1
B. 1
C. 10
D. 100

A

C. 10

364
Q

An x-ray tube current is a flow of:

A. electrons
B. protons
C. neutrons
D. ionized atoms

A

A. electrons

365
Q

Doubling the x-ray tube current, and quadrupling exposure time, increases x-ray tube output by _____.

A. 2x
B. 4x
C. 8x
D. 16x

A

C. 8x

366
Q

The most likely x-ray tube output (mGy/mAs) 100cm from the x-ray tube focus is most likely _____.

A. 0.05
B. 0.5
C. 5
D. 50

A

A. 0.05

367
Q

Doubling the mAs increases x-ray production efficiency by ______%.

A. 0
B. 10
C. 50
D. 100

A

A. 0

368
Q

Doubling the x-ray tube voltage would likely increase the x-ray tube output by _____%.

A. 50
B. 100
C. 200
D. 400

A

D. 400

369
Q

Doubling the x-ray tube voltage would likely increase the x-ray tube output by _____%.

A. 50
B. 100
C. 200
D. 400

A

D. 400

370
Q

Doubling the x-ray tube mAs is equivalent to increasing the x-ray tube voltage by _____%.

A. 5
B. 15
C. 50
D. 100

A

B. 15

371
Q

Which x-ray component is most likely to store the heat generated during an x-ray?

A. anode
B. cathode
C. target
D. filament

A

A. anode

372
Q

Anode heat capacity is most likely expressed in terms of:

A. heat units
B. watts
C. temperature
D. specific heat

A

A. heat units

373
Q

How many heat units is 1J?

A. 0.35
B. 0.7
C. 1.35
D. 1.7

A

C. 1.35

374
Q

Which of the following is not a method for heat dissipation?

A. conduction
B. radiation
C. convection
D. spallation

A

D. spallation

375
Q

The length of an x-ray tube filament is most likely _____ mm.

A. 0.15
B. 1.5
C. 15
D. 150

A

B. 1.5

376
Q

X-ray tube filaments are most likely made of:

A. moly
B. silver
C. tungsten
D. lead

A

C. tungsten

377
Q

The most likely x-ray tube filament current is _____ A.

A. 0.04
B. 0.4
C. 4
D. 40

A

C. 4

378
Q

The melting point of tungsten targets in x-ray tubes is most likely _____ °C.

A. 34
B. 340
C. 3,400
D. 34,000

A

C. 3,400

379
Q

The material added to tungsten targets in x-ray tubes is most likely:

A. rhenium
B. silver
C. thorium
D. iron

A

A. rhenium

380
Q

The target of a mammography x-ray tube is most likely:

A. moly
B. silver
C. aluminum
D. copper

A

A. moly

381
Q

X-ray tube targets are most likely embedded in the:

A. anode
B. cathode
C. housing
D. focusing grid

A

A. anode

382
Q

The most likely rotation speed of an anode in a chest radiograph x-ray tube is _____ RPM.

A. 50
B. 500
C. 5,000
D. 50,000

A

C. 5,000

383
Q

The type of gas in an x-ray tube is most likely:

A. air
B. oxygen
C. nitrogen
D. none (vacuum)

A

D. none (vacuum)

384
Q

Vaporized tungsten coated on the x-ray tube glass envelope is most likely to result in:

A. arcing
B. leakage radiation
C. gas leaks
D. secondary radiation

A

A. arcing

385
Q

X-ray production in an x-ray tube is most likely to be emitted towards:

A. anode
B. cathode
C. filament
D. isotropically

A

D. isotropically

386
Q

The area of an x-ray window is most likely _____ cm^2.

A. 5
B. 50
C. 500
D. 5000

A

A. 5

387
Q

Radiation that escapes through the protective housing is most likely called:

A. primary
B. secondary
C. leakage
D. scatter

A

C. leakage

388
Q

The most likely material between the protective housing and the x-ray tube is:

A. oil
B. water
C. air
D. acrylic

A

A. oil

389
Q

The shape of an aperture diaphragm is least likely a(n):

A. circle
B. square
C. rectangle
D. ellipse

A

D. ellipse

390
Q

Field size is most severely restricted by use of a(n):

A. cylinder
B. cone
C. diaphragm
D. alignment mirror

A

A. cylinder

391
Q

The lead thickness of collimator leaves is most likely _____ mm.

A. 0.003
B. 0.03
C. 0.3
D. 3

A

D. 3

392
Q

The minimum filtration required in a diagnostic x-ray tube is most likely _____ mm Al.

A. 1.0
B. 1.5
C. 2.5
D. 4.0

A

C. 2.5

393
Q

Added filtration is most likely made of:

A. moly
B. rhenium
C. aluminum
D. silver

A

C. aluminum

394
Q

The inherent aluminum equivalence of light mirror is most likely _____ mm.

A. 0.01
B. 0.3
C. 1
D. 3

A

C. 1

395
Q

The small focal spot size in a conventional (W target) x-ray tube is most likely _____ mm.

A. 0.1
B. 0.3
C. 0.6
D. 1.2

A

C. 0.6

396
Q

The limiting tube current on a small focal spot size is most likely _____ mA.

A. 3
B. 30
C. 300
D. 3000

A

C. 300

397
Q

The maximum tube current for a typical diagnostic x-ray tube is most likely _____ mA.

A. 100
B. 1,000
C. 10,000
D. 100,000

A

B. 1,000

398
Q

The maximum tube voltage for a typical diagnostic x-ray tube is most likely _____ kV.

A. 15
B. 150
C. 1,500
D. 15,000

A

B. 150

399
Q

The most likely exposure time(s) for a synchronous timer would be _____ second.

A. 1/50
B. 1/60
C. 1/70
D. 1/80

A

B. 1/60

400
Q

The lowest exposure time of an electronic timer is most likely _____ second.

A. 0.001
B. 0.003
C. 0.010
D. 0.030

A

A. 0.001

401
Q

The most important factor affecting the heel effect is most likely the anode:

A. angle
B. rotation
C. size
D. density

A

A. angle

402
Q

Which field size (cm x cm) is likely to show the highest heel effect?

A. 35 x 43
B. 30 x 35
C. 24 x 30
D. 18 x 25

A

A. 35 x 43

403
Q

Off-focus radiation is best controlled by the use of:

A. high kVp
B. high mA
C. collimators
D. a grid

A

C. collimators

404
Q

X-ray tubes that are used with reduced techniques are most likely to have:

A. longer lives
B. off-focus radiation
C. microprocessor failures
D. repeat rates

A

A. longer lives

405
Q

Which target will result in the most x-rays, assuming a constant x-ray tube kVp?

A. Mo
B. Rh
C. W
D. no difference (all the same)

A

C. W

406
Q
  1. The reduction in the number and energy of photons as radiation passes through matter is termed:
    a. Irradiation
    b. Deflection
    c. Photoelectrolysis
    d. Attenuation
A

d. Attenuation

407
Q
  1. The production of scatter radiation wen x-radiation strikes an object principally results from:
    a. Compton interaction
    b. Brem’s event
    c. Characteristic event
    d. Photoelectric interaction
A

a. Compton interaction

408
Q
  1. The type of interaction in the diagnostic range responsible for the radiographic contrast between soft tissue and bone is:
    a. Compton interaction
    b. Coherent scattering
    c. Pairs production
    d. Photoelectric absorption
A

d. Photoelectric absorption

409
Q
  1. At photon energies above 1.02 MeV, the creation of a negatron and a positron may occur in an event termed:
    a. Photodisintegration
    b. Pairs production
    c. Annihilation reaction
    d. Van de Graff production
A

b. Pairs production

410
Q
  1. The photoelectric interaction most commonly occurs when the incident photon strikes a/an:
    a. Inner shell electron
    b. Outer shell electron
    c. Protons
    d. Neutron
A

a. Inner shell electron

411
Q
  1. The interaction of a x-ray photon and an orbital electron, which results in partial transfer of energy is
    a. Photoelectric effect
    b. Pairs production
    c. Compton scatter
    d. Thomas scatter
A

c. Compton scatter

412
Q
  1. At 70 KeV photon strikes and inner shell electron, all of the photon energy is transferred to the electron. This describes:
    a. Coherent scattering
    b. Compton scattering
    c. Photoelectric effect
    d. Photodisintegration
A

c. Photoelectric effect

413
Q
  1. The incoming photon before any interaction with matter takes place is called the :
    a. Incident photon
    b. Scatter photon
    c. Inherent photon
    d. Recoil photon
A

a. Incident photon

414
Q
  1. Which of the following interactions contributes to image noise?
    a. Brems
    b. Characteristic
    c. Compton
    d. Photodisintegration
    e. Photoelectric effect
A

c. Compton

415
Q
  1. Compton scatter is:
    a. Independent of Z#
    b. Inversely proportional to Z#
    c. Proportional to E
    d. Proportional to Z#2
A

a. Independent of Z#

416
Q
  1. The probability that a photon will undergo attenuation :
    a. Decreases with increasing energy
    b. Increases with decreasing electron energy
    c. Increases with increasing electron energy
    d. Increase with increasing x-ray energy
A

a. Decreases with increasing energy

417
Q
  1. The photoelectric effect is principally associated with which of the following?
    a. Absorption of an x-ray
    b. Brems production
    c. Characteristic production
    d. Scattering of an x-ray
A

a. Absorption of an x-ray

418
Q
  1. During photoelectric interactions:
    a. An electron is emitted from an atom
    b. An x-ray is emitted from the atom
    c. Electron excitation results
    d. The atom is made radioactive
A

a. An electron is emitted from an atom

419
Q
  1. A 35 KeV x-ray will most likely undergo a k-shell PE interaction with which of the following?
    a. Barium, BE of 37 keV
    b. Calcium, BE of 4 keV
    c. Iodine, BE of 33 keV
    d. Tungsten, BE of 69 keV
A

c. Iodine, BE of 33 keV

420
Q
  1. The probability of the PE effect varies as what function of x-ray energy?
    a. E^-3
    b. E^-2
    c. E
    d. E^2
    e. E^3
A

a. E^-3

421
Q
  1. A 39 keV photon interacts through PE absorption with a k-shell electron having a BE of 37 keV. Therefore:
    a. The photoelectron will have 2 keV of energy
    b. The photoelectron will have 37 keV of energy
    c. The photoelectron will have 39 keV of energy
    d. The scatter x-ray will have 2 keV of energy
A

a. The photoelectron will have 2 keV of energy

422
Q
  1. Differential absorption between bone and soft tissue occurs principally for which of the following reasons?
    a. The difference in Z#
    b. The difference in mass density
    c. The polychromatic x-ray beam
    d. The monochromatic x-ray beam
A

a. The difference in Z#

423
Q

The formula for computing the generator power is:

A. voltage + current
B. voltage • current
C. voltage / current
D. (voltage / current)^-1

A

B. voltage • current

2016FA PHYSICS (K. Greene) (13 decks)

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