Quiz 1 Flashcards
Prokaryotic
Smaller and less complex cells with an undefined Nucleus
Eukaryotic
Larger, structurally more complex cells with a defined nucleus. Found in Humans and Animals.
Plasma Membrane
Sheet like membrane composed of phospholipids and proteins held together non-covalently.
Phospholipids form a bilayer due to phobic tail and phillic head.
Most of the body’s ATP is produced via…
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Substrate Level phosphorylation happens…
in the cytosol
Golgi Apparatus
A series of membrane sacks that process and package proteins after they leave the rough ER. Final site for protein modifications, carbs are attached to move across plasma membrane.
Lysosome
Contains digestive enzymes that break up proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Also remove and recycle waste products
Smooth ER
Regions of the ER involved in lipid synthesis. Smooth ER do not have ribosomes and are not involved in protein synthesis. Contains enzymes that are important for detoxification and metabolism of many drugs.
Rough ER
Series of membrane sacks that contain ribosomes that build and process proteins. Primary site for protein synthesis
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid
a bile acidformed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilise fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed
Sucrase purpose
Released from the enterocyte to hydrolyze sucrose
Substrate
Hydrolyzed by an enzyme
Small Intestine
is the major site of enzymatic digestion and nutrient absorption
Standard Conditions
(Delta)G = (Delta)Go’(Products and Reactants = 1)
Equilibrium
(Delta) G = 0(Delta)Go’ = -2.3RTlog Keq
Name a compound that is involved in the electron transport part of oxidative phosphorylation.
NADH, FADH
Name a compound that is phosphorylated during oxidative phosphorylation.
NAD+, FAD+
Nutrigenetics
How genes affect digestion of food
Nutrigenomics
How bioactive components in food affect gene expression
Types of Enzymes
Oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases
3 Amphoteric Structures
phospholipids, cholesterol, phosphoglycerides
Mitochondrion Pathways
Krebs / TCA cycle, pyruvate -/+ CO2, B Oxidation, part of Urea Cycle
Cytoskeleton
Microtubules and fillaments that provide support and control movement of cell organelles. Also brings enzymes and substrates in place for metabolic activities.
Cytoplasmic Matrix Pathways
Glycolysis, Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, Hexose Monophosphate Shunt, Fatty Acid Synthesis.
Nucleus
Envelope attaches to ER and Golgi Apparatus. Transcription happens in nucleus and translation happens in cytoplasm
Protein movement
ER > Cis Golgi > Medial Golgi > Trans Golgi> plasma membrane
Aquaporins
Proteins that form pores that allow water to cross plasma membrane
Taking too much aspirin
Soaks into mitochondria and binds a protein. It drags the protein through the e- transport chain and damages the gradient.
When setting up an electron transport chain…
You would organize the redox pairs from most negative standard reduction potential to most positive.
Pepsin
Synthesized in the stomach
Sucrase
Synthesized in the Enterocyte or Mucosal cell
Cholic Acid
Synthesized in the Liver
Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid
Synthesized in the Liver
Pancreatic Lipase
Synthesized in the Pancreas
Trypsin
Synthesized in the Pancreas
How much ATP are NADH and FADH worth?
NADH = 2.5, FADH = 1.5
Components of the plasma membrane
Proteins (Integral [transporter], and Peripheral [receptor]), glycolipids and glycoproteins (sugar residue attached, unique to plasma type membranes), bi-layer, cholesterol
Transcription
the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template
Translation
the process where ribosomes synthesize proteins using the mature mRNA transcript produced during translation
Integral Proteins
Imbedded in the lipid bi-layer (amphoteric), and can perform functions inside and outside of the membrane.
Microtubular Lattice (Tubules and Filaments)
Provides support and controls movement of organelles. Brings enzymes and substrates in place for metabolic activities.
Active Transport of Glucose
Sodium ions symport across the membrane carrying glucose along. They separate from each other in the intestinal epithelium and go separate from each other into the blood.
Aspirin
acetylsalicylic acid
More on Delta G
It is the energy available to do work. As G approaches 0, the reaction proceeds to equilibrium. Predicts if the reaction will be favorable or not.
Carbohydrates are absorbed in…
the small intestine
CCK
Cholecystokinin moves the gallbladder (bile release into duodenum), pancreatic juice/insulin/enzyme secretion
Neck Cells
Mucus producing cells which cover the inside of the stomach
Chief Cells
Release pepsinogen, gastric lipase, and chymosin
Parietal Cells
Secretes gastric acid and intrinsic factor
Enterocyte / Brush Border in Small Intestine
Frequent turnover in crypts of Lieber-Kun (3-5 days), Protective barrier (MALT & GALT), Paneth (antimicrobial peptides), Goblet (proteins with antifungal activity and mucus), enterochromaffin (endochrine functions)
Components of Bile
Bile Acid/Salt, cholesterol, phospholipids, bile pigments
Acid in the stomach is secreted from the…
Oxyntic glands (parietal)
Plasma Membrane components
Hydrophobic Tail
Hydrophillic Head
Cholesterol
Fatty Acyl Groups (phsophoglycerides, phosphingolipids, etc)
Proteins (integral [transporter] and peripheral [receptor])
Glycolipid
Glycoprotein
Oxidative Phosphorylation
happens in the…
Mitochondria
Uses ETC
Site of major oxygen use in the cell (including the TCA cycle). More ATP
Found in most cells except RBCs
Transport across the plasma membrane:
- Simple diffusion (no transporter)
- Diffusion through pores
- Facilitated diffusion w/ carrier protein
- Primary Active Transport (ATP required, goes against gradient)
Nucleolus
Compacted DNA that manufactures subunits of Ribosomes
Pepsin
stomach
Sucrase
intestine along with other sugar enzymes
Cholic Acid
liver
Glycochenodeoxycholic acid
liver
Trypsin
pancreas
Secretions from the Pancreatic Acinar
dextrin, trypsin, phospholipase, cholesterol esterase
Intestinal secretions
Sugar enzymes like sucrase, amino peptidases, monoglyceride lipase
Peroxisome
Bud from the SER
Part of MEOS
Breaks H2O2 to H2O and O2
Keq and how it relates to delta G ‘not’
If the P/R is >1 then equation will have a negative G (o) so it will proceed forward
Ways to affect a biological system
- Adjust the ratio (vastly less product) is more favorable
- Coupling
- Lower AE
What are the high energy bonds in ATP
The middle two P-O bonds (anhidride bonds)
Making ATP with Substrate level phosphorylation
Transfer of phsophoryl group from a substrate to ADP
coupling
Making ATP with oxidative phosphorylation
Flow of electrons from oxidized substrate molecules provides energy to make ATP.
Salivary secretions
a-amylase
lingual lipase
Stomach in and out
LES and Pyloric Sphincter
delta G = ~~~
-n (23062) delta E
n= number, usually 2
