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SPH-N430 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Smaller and less complex cells with an undefined Nucleus

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2
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Larger, structurally more complex cells with a defined nucleus. Found in Humans and Animals.

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3
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Sheet like membrane composed of phospholipids and proteins held together non-covalently.
Phospholipids form a bilayer due to phobic tail and phillic head.

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4
Q

Most of the body’s ATP is produced via…

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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5
Q

Substrate Level phosphorylation happens…

A

in the cytosol

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6
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

A series of membrane sacks that process and package proteins after they leave the rough ER. Final site for protein modifications, carbs are attached to move across plasma membrane.

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7
Q

Lysosome

A

Contains digestive enzymes that break up proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Also remove and recycle waste products

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8
Q

Smooth ER

A

Regions of the ER involved in lipid synthesis. Smooth ER do not have ribosomes and are not involved in protein synthesis. Contains enzymes that are important for detoxification and metabolism of many drugs.

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9
Q

Rough ER

A

Series of membrane sacks that contain ribosomes that build and process proteins. Primary site for protein synthesis

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10
Q

Taurochenodeoxycholic acid

A

a bile acidformed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilise fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed

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11
Q

Sucrase purpose

A

Released from the enterocyte to hydrolyze sucrose

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12
Q

Substrate

A

Hydrolyzed by an enzyme

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13
Q

Small Intestine

A

is the major site of enzymatic digestion and nutrient absorption

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14
Q

Non-Equilibrium

A

(Delta)G = (Delta)Go’ + 2.3RTlog[P]/R

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15
Q

Standard Conditions

A

(Delta)G = (Delta)Go’(Products and Reactants = 1)

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16
Q

Equilibrium

A

(Delta) G = 0(Delta)Go’ = -2.3RTlog Keq

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17
Q

Name a compound that is involved in the electron transport part of oxidative phosphorylation.

A

NADH, FADH

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18
Q

Name a compound that is phosphorylated during oxidative phosphorylation.

A

NAD+, FAD+

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19
Q

Nutrigenetics

A

How genes affect digestion of food

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20
Q

Nutrigenomics

A

How bioactive components in food affect gene expression

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21
Q

Types of Enzymes

A

Oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases

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22
Q

3 Amphoteric Structures

A

phospholipids, cholesterol, phosphoglycerides

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23
Q

Mitochondrion Pathways

A

Krebs / TCA cycle, pyruvate -/+ CO2, B Oxidation, part of Urea Cycle

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24
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules and fillaments that provide support and control movement of cell organelles. Also brings enzymes and substrates in place for metabolic activities.

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25
Q

Cytoplasmic Matrix Pathways

A

Glycolysis, Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, Hexose Monophosphate Shunt, Fatty Acid Synthesis.

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26
Q

Nucleus

A

Envelope attaches to ER and Golgi Apparatus. Transcription happens in nucleus and translation happens in cytoplasm

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27
Q

Protein movement

A

ER > Cis Golgi > Medial Golgi > Trans Golgi> plasma membrane

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28
Q

Aquaporins

A

Proteins that form pores that allow water to cross plasma membrane

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29
Q

Taking too much aspirin

A

Soaks into mitochondria and binds a protein. It drags the protein through the e- transport chain and damages the gradient.

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30
Q

When setting up an electron transport chain…

A

You would organize the redox pairs from most negative standard reduction potential to most positive.

31
Q

Pepsin

A

Synthesized in the stomach

32
Q

Sucrase

A

Synthesized in the Enterocyte or Mucosal cell

33
Q

Cholic Acid

A

Synthesized in the Liver

34
Q

Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid

A

Synthesized in the Liver

35
Q

Pancreatic Lipase

A

Synthesized in the Pancreas

36
Q

Trypsin

A

Synthesized in the Pancreas

37
Q

How much ATP are NADH and FADH worth?

A

NADH = 2.5, FADH = 1.5

38
Q

Components of the plasma membrane

A

Proteins (Integral [transporter], and Peripheral [receptor]), glycolipids and glycoproteins (sugar residue attached, unique to plasma type membranes), bi-layer, cholesterol

39
Q

Transcription

A

the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

40
Q

Translation

A

the process where ribosomes synthesize proteins using the mature mRNA transcript produced during translation

41
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Imbedded in the lipid bi-layer (amphoteric), and can perform functions inside and outside of the membrane.

42
Q

Microtubular Lattice (Tubules and Filaments)

A

Provides support and controls movement of organelles. Brings enzymes and substrates in place for metabolic activities.

43
Q

Active Transport of Glucose

A

Sodium ions symport across the membrane carrying glucose along. They separate from each other in the intestinal epithelium and go separate from each other into the blood.

44
Q

Aspirin

A

acetylsalicylic acid

45
Q

More on Delta G

A

It is the energy available to do work. As G approaches 0, the reaction proceeds to equilibrium. Predicts if the reaction will be favorable or not.

46
Q

Carbohydrates are absorbed in…

A

the small intestine

47
Q

CCK

A

Cholecystokinin moves the gallbladder (bile release into duodenum), pancreatic juice/insulin/enzyme secretion

48
Q

Neck Cells

A

Mucus producing cells which cover the inside of the stomach

49
Q

Chief Cells

A

Release pepsinogen, gastric lipase, and chymosin

50
Q

Parietal Cells

A

Secretes gastric acid and intrinsic factor

51
Q

Enterocyte / Brush Border in Small Intestine

A

Frequent turnover in crypts of Lieber-Kun (3-5 days), Protective barrier (MALT & GALT), Paneth (antimicrobial peptides), Goblet (proteins with antifungal activity and mucus), enterochromaffin (endochrine functions)

52
Q

Components of Bile

A

Bile Acid/Salt, cholesterol, phospholipids, bile pigments

53
Q

Acid in the stomach is secreted from the…

A

Oxyntic glands (parietal)

54
Q

Plasma Membrane components

A

Hydrophobic Tail
Hydrophillic Head
Cholesterol
Fatty Acyl Groups (phsophoglycerides, phosphingolipids, etc)
Proteins (integral [transporter] and peripheral [receptor])
Glycolipid
Glycoprotein

55
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

happens in the…

A

Mitochondria
Uses ETC
Site of major oxygen use in the cell (including the TCA cycle). More ATP
Found in most cells except RBCs

56
Q

Transport across the plasma membrane:

A
  • Simple diffusion (no transporter)
  • Diffusion through pores
  • Facilitated diffusion w/ carrier protein
  • Primary Active Transport (ATP required, goes against gradient)
57
Q

Nucleolus

A

Compacted DNA that manufactures subunits of Ribosomes

58
Q

Pepsin

A

stomach

59
Q

Sucrase

A

intestine along with other sugar enzymes

60
Q

Cholic Acid

A

liver

61
Q

Glycochenodeoxycholic acid

A

liver

62
Q

Trypsin

A

pancreas

63
Q

Secretions from the Pancreatic Acinar

A

dextrin, trypsin, phospholipase, cholesterol esterase

64
Q

Intestinal secretions

A

Sugar enzymes like sucrase, amino peptidases, monoglyceride lipase

65
Q

Peroxisome

A

Bud from the SER
Part of MEOS
Breaks H2O2 to H2O and O2

66
Q

Keq and how it relates to delta G ‘not’

A

If the P/R is >1 then equation will have a negative G (o) so it will proceed forward

67
Q

Ways to affect a biological system

A
  • Adjust the ratio (vastly less product) is more favorable
  • Coupling
  • Lower AE
68
Q

What are the high energy bonds in ATP

A

The middle two P-O bonds (anhidride bonds)

69
Q

Making ATP with Substrate level phosphorylation

A

Transfer of phsophoryl group from a substrate to ADP

coupling

70
Q

Making ATP with oxidative phosphorylation

A

Flow of electrons from oxidized substrate molecules provides energy to make ATP.

71
Q

Salivary secretions

A

a-amylase

lingual lipase

72
Q

Stomach in and out

A

LES and Pyloric Sphincter

73
Q

delta G = ~~~

A

-n (23062) delta E

n= number, usually 2

SPH-N430 (17 decks)

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