Exam 1 Flashcards
Name two ways to make ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation and Substrate Level Phosphorylation
Prokaryotic
Cells with an undefined nucleus
Eukaryotic
Larger, structurally more complex cells with a defined nucleus. Found in Humans and Animals.
Plasma Membrane
Cells are surrounded by a phospholipid bi-layer that contains embedded macro nutrients. Membrane proteins act as receptors sensitive to external stimuli and channels that regulate the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
Mitochondrion
Organelles that produce a majority of the body’s ATP through Oxidative Phosphorylation. Site of major oxygen use in the cell (including the TCA cycle).
Apoptosis
Programmed Cell Death
Cytosol
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
Golgi Apparatus
A series of membrane sacks that process and package proteins after they leave the rough ER. Final site for protein modifications, carbs are attached to move across plasma membrane.
Lysosome
Contains digestive enzymes that break up proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Also remove and recycle waste products
Smooth ER
Regions of the ER involved in lipid synthesis. Smooth ER do not have ribosomes and are not involved in protein synthesis. Contains enzymes that are important for detoxification and metabolism of many drugs.
Rough ER
Series of membrane sacks that contain ribosomes that build and process proteins. Primary site for protein synthesis
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid
a bile acidformed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilise fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed
Sucrase
Released from the enterocyte to hydrolyze sucrose
Substrate
Hydrolyzed by an enzyme
Small Intestine
is the major site of enzymatic digestion and nutrient absorption
Non-Equilibrium
(Delta)G = (Delta)Go’ + 2.3RTlog[P]/[R] (K= C + 273.16)
Standard Conditions
(Delta)G = (Delta)Go’
Products and Reactants = 1
Equilibrium
(Delta) G = 0
(Delta)Go’ = -2.3RTlog Keq
Standard Reduction Potential
(Delta)Go' = -nF(Delta)Eo' n = #of e- transferred F = 23062 cal V^-1 mol^-1 (Delta)Eo' = Difference between standard reduction potential of donor and acceptor (Eo acceptor - Eo donor)
Name a compound that is involved in the electron transport part of oxidative phosphorylation.
NADH, FADH
Name a compound that is phosphorylated during oxidative phosphorylation.
NAD+, FAD+
Nutritional Genomics
Interactions among genes and environmental factors (bioactive components of food)
Nutrigenetics
How genes affect digestion of food
Nutrigenomics
How bioactive components in food affect gene expression
Types of Enzymes
Oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases
3 Amphoteric Structures
phospholipids, cholesterol, phosphoglycerides
Mitochondrion Pathways
Krebs / TCA cycle, pyruvate -/+ CO2, B Oxidation, part of Urea Cycle
Cytoskeleton
Microtubules and fillaments that provide support and control movement of cell organelles. Also brings enzymes and substrates in place for metabolic activities.
Cytoplasmic Matrix Pathways
Glycolysis, Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, Hexose Monophosphate Shunt, Fatty Acid Synthesis.
Membrane Transport
Uniport (one through), Symport (two through ex: glucose + Na), Antiport (one in each direction)
Nucleus
Envelope attaches to ER and Golgi Apparatus. Transcription happens in nucleus and translation happens in nucleolus
Protein movement
ER > Cis Golgi > Medial Golgi > Trans Golgi> plasma membrane
Aquaporins
Proteins that form pores that allow water to cross plasma membrane
Taking too much aspirin
Soaks into mitochondria and binds a protein. It drags the protein through the e- transport chain and damages the gradient.
Major Forms of Regulation
Covalent Modification, Allosteric, Induction
Covalent Modification
Modify enzyme activity by attaching a strong bond (usually a phosphate group)
Allosteric Modification
Modify enzyme activity by using a non-covalent interaction. Weaker than covalent
Induction
Make more of an enzyme through repetition. Alcohol ex: If you don’t drink much you have fewer enzymes to break down alcohol. If you drink you have more of the necessary enzyme. MEOS breaks down alcohol, but also Vit. A
When setting up an electron transport chain…
You would organize the redox pairs from most negative standard reduction potential to most positive.
Pepsin
Synthesized in the stomach
Sucrase
Synthesized in the Enterocyte or Mucosal cell
Cholic Acid
Synthesized in the Liver
Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid
Synthesized in the Liver
Pancreatic Lipase
Synthesized in the Pancreas
Trypsin
Synthesized in the Pancreas
How much ATP are NADH and FADH worth?
NADH = 2.5, FADH = 1.5
Lysosome
Important in phagocytosis and autolysis.
Peroxisome
Contains Catabolic oxidative enzymes; creates and breaks down H2O2 and also breaks down ethanol.
Components of the plasma membrane
Proteins (Integral [transporter], and Peripheral [receptor]), glycolipids and glycoproteins (sugar residue attached, unique to plasma type membranes), bi-layer, cholesterol
Transcription
the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template
Translation
the process where ribosomes synthesize proteins using the mature mRNA transcript produced during translation
Integral Proteins
Imbedded in the lipid bi-layer (amphoteric), and can perform functions inside and outside of the membrane.
Peripheral Proteins
Loosely attached to bi-layer and easily separable.
Transport functions of proteins
Allow for movement across the phospho-lipid bi-layer via diffusion (through membrane pores), by acting as a carrier (facilitated diffusion), and Active transport (1 degree, ATP needed when going against gradient). W/O a transporter, simple diffusion is the method to cross bi-layer.
Microtubular Lattice (Tubules and Filaments)
Provides support and controls movement of organelles. Brings enzymes and substrates in place for metabolic activities.
Oxidoreductases
Enzymes in electron transport and Cytochrome
Transferases
Enzymes including transaminases, catalyze the transfer of a functional group
Hydrolases
Digestive Enzymes, catalyze the hydrolysis of a chemical bond
Lyases
Citrate Lyase, enzymes that catalyze the breaking of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation.
Isomerases
Phosphohexose isomerase, catalyze the structural rearrangement of isomers.
Ligases
Acetyl CoA carboxylase, catalyze the joining of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond.
Active Transport of Glucose
Sodium ions symport across the membrane carrying glucose along. They separate from each other in the intestinal epithelium and go separate from each other into the blood.
Aspirin
acetylsalicylic acid
Stomach Capacity
About .9-1L
More on Delta G
It is the energy available to do work. As G approaches 0, the reaction proceeds to equilibrium. Predicts if the reaction will be favorable or not.
Carbohydrates are absorbed in…
the small intestine
CCK
Cholecystokinin moves the gallbladder (bile release into duodenum), pancreatic juice/insulin/enzyme secretion
Neck Cells
Mucus producing cells which cover the inside of the stomach
Chief Cells
Release pepsinogen, gastric lipase, and chymosin
Parietal Cells
Secretes gastric acid and intrinsic factor
Enterocyte / Brush Border in Small Intestine
Frequent turnover in crypts of Lieber-Kun (3-5 days), Protective barrier (MALT & GALT), Paneth (antimicrobial peptides), Goblet (proteins with antifungal activity and mucus), enterochromaffin (endochrine functions)
Components of Bile
Bile Acid/Salt, cholesterol, phospholipids, bile pigments
Oxyntic Glands
secreting acid, as the parietal (oxyntic) cells of the stomach.
Canaliculi
Small passageways
Monosaccharides
Glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides
Lactose, sucrose, maltose
Oligosaccharides
Raffinose, Stachyose, Verbacose
Polysaccharides
Starch, glycogen, dietary fiber
Types of bonds in saccharides
1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
