Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SPH-N430 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name two ways to make ATP

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation and Substrate Level Phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Cells with an undefined nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Larger, structurally more complex cells with a defined nucleus. Found in Humans and Animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Cells are surrounded by a phospholipid bi-layer that contains embedded macro nutrients. Membrane proteins act as receptors sensitive to external stimuli and channels that regulate the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Organelles that produce a majority of the body’s ATP through Oxidative Phosphorylation. Site of major oxygen use in the cell (including the TCA cycle).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed Cell Death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cytosol

A

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

A series of membrane sacks that process and package proteins after they leave the rough ER. Final site for protein modifications, carbs are attached to move across plasma membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lysosome

A

Contains digestive enzymes that break up proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Also remove and recycle waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Smooth ER

A

Regions of the ER involved in lipid synthesis. Smooth ER do not have ribosomes and are not involved in protein synthesis. Contains enzymes that are important for detoxification and metabolism of many drugs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Rough ER

A

Series of membrane sacks that contain ribosomes that build and process proteins. Primary site for protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Taurochenodeoxycholic acid

A

a bile acidformed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilise fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sucrase

A

Released from the enterocyte to hydrolyze sucrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Substrate

A

Hydrolyzed by an enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Small Intestine

A

is the major site of enzymatic digestion and nutrient absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Non-Equilibrium

A 
(Delta)G = (Delta)Go’ + 2.3RTlog[P]/[R]
(K= C + 273.16)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Standard Conditions

A

(Delta)G = (Delta)Go’

Products and Reactants = 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Equilibrium

A

(Delta) G = 0

(Delta)Go’ = -2.3RTlog Keq

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Standard Reduction Potential

A 
(Delta)Go' = -nF(Delta)Eo'
n = #of e- transferred
F = 23062 cal V^-1 mol^-1
(Delta)Eo' = Difference between standard reduction potential of donor and acceptor (Eo acceptor - Eo donor)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name a compound that is involved in the electron transport part of oxidative phosphorylation.

A

NADH, FADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name a compound that is phosphorylated during oxidative phosphorylation.

A

NAD+, FAD+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nutritional Genomics

A

Interactions among genes and environmental factors (bioactive components of food)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Nutrigenetics

A

How genes affect digestion of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Nutrigenomics

A

How bioactive components in food affect gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Types of Enzymes

A

Oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

3 Amphoteric Structures

A

phospholipids, cholesterol, phosphoglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Mitochondrion Pathways

A

Krebs / TCA cycle, pyruvate -/+ CO2, B Oxidation, part of Urea Cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules and fillaments that provide support and control movement of cell organelles. Also brings enzymes and substrates in place for metabolic activities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Cytoplasmic Matrix Pathways

A

Glycolysis, Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, Hexose Monophosphate Shunt, Fatty Acid Synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Membrane Transport

A

Uniport (one through), Symport (two through ex: glucose + Na), Antiport (one in each direction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Nucleus

A

Envelope attaches to ER and Golgi Apparatus. Transcription happens in nucleus and translation happens in nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Protein movement

A

ER > Cis Golgi > Medial Golgi > Trans Golgi> plasma membrane

33
Q

Aquaporins

A

Proteins that form pores that allow water to cross plasma membrane

34
Q

Taking too much aspirin

A

Soaks into mitochondria and binds a protein. It drags the protein through the e- transport chain and damages the gradient.

35
Q

Major Forms of Regulation

A

Covalent Modification, Allosteric, Induction

36
Q

Covalent Modification

A

Modify enzyme activity by attaching a strong bond (usually a phosphate group)

37
Q

Allosteric Modification

A

Modify enzyme activity by using a non-covalent interaction. Weaker than covalent

38
Q

Induction

A

Make more of an enzyme through repetition. Alcohol ex: If you don’t drink much you have fewer enzymes to break down alcohol. If you drink you have more of the necessary enzyme. MEOS breaks down alcohol, but also Vit. A

39
Q

When setting up an electron transport chain…

A

You would organize the redox pairs from most negative standard reduction potential to most positive.

40
Q

Pepsin

A

Synthesized in the stomach

41
Q

Sucrase

A

Synthesized in the Enterocyte or Mucosal cell

42
Q

Cholic Acid

A

Synthesized in the Liver

43
Q

Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid

A

Synthesized in the Liver

44
Q

Pancreatic Lipase

A

Synthesized in the Pancreas

45
Q

Trypsin

A

Synthesized in the Pancreas

46
Q

How much ATP are NADH and FADH worth?

A

NADH = 2.5, FADH = 1.5

47
Q

Lysosome

A

Important in phagocytosis and autolysis.

48
Q

Peroxisome

A

Contains Catabolic oxidative enzymes; creates and breaks down H2O2 and also breaks down ethanol.

49
Q

Components of the plasma membrane

A

Proteins (Integral [transporter], and Peripheral [receptor]), glycolipids and glycoproteins (sugar residue attached, unique to plasma type membranes), bi-layer, cholesterol

50
Q

Transcription

A

the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

51
Q

Translation

A

the process where ribosomes synthesize proteins using the mature mRNA transcript produced during translation

52
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Imbedded in the lipid bi-layer (amphoteric), and can perform functions inside and outside of the membrane.

53
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

Loosely attached to bi-layer and easily separable.

54
Q

Transport functions of proteins

A

Allow for movement across the phospho-lipid bi-layer via diffusion (through membrane pores), by acting as a carrier (facilitated diffusion), and Active transport (1 degree, ATP needed when going against gradient). W/O a transporter, simple diffusion is the method to cross bi-layer.

55
Q

Microtubular Lattice (Tubules and Filaments)

A

Provides support and controls movement of organelles. Brings enzymes and substrates in place for metabolic activities.

56
Q

Oxidoreductases

A

Enzymes in electron transport and Cytochrome

57
Q

Transferases

A

Enzymes including transaminases, catalyze the transfer of a functional group

58
Q

Hydrolases

A

Digestive Enzymes, catalyze the hydrolysis of a chemical bond

59
Q

Lyases

A

Citrate Lyase, enzymes that catalyze the breaking of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation.

60
Q

Isomerases

A

Phosphohexose isomerase, catalyze the structural rearrangement of isomers.

61
Q

Ligases

A

Acetyl CoA carboxylase, catalyze the joining of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond.

62
Q

Active Transport of Glucose

A

Sodium ions symport across the membrane carrying glucose along. They separate from each other in the intestinal epithelium and go separate from each other into the blood.

63
Q

Aspirin

A

acetylsalicylic acid

64
Q

Stomach Capacity

A

About .9-1L

65
Q

More on Delta G

A

It is the energy available to do work. As G approaches 0, the reaction proceeds to equilibrium. Predicts if the reaction will be favorable or not.

66
Q

Carbohydrates are absorbed in…

A

the small intestine

67
Q

CCK

A

Cholecystokinin moves the gallbladder (bile release into duodenum), pancreatic juice/insulin/enzyme secretion

68
Q

Neck Cells

A

Mucus producing cells which cover the inside of the stomach

69
Q

Chief Cells

A

Release pepsinogen, gastric lipase, and chymosin

70
Q

Parietal Cells

A

Secretes gastric acid and intrinsic factor

71
Q

Enterocyte / Brush Border in Small Intestine

A

Frequent turnover in crypts of Lieber-Kun (3-5 days), Protective barrier (MALT & GALT), Paneth (antimicrobial peptides), Goblet (proteins with antifungal activity and mucus), enterochromaffin (endochrine functions)

72
Q

Components of Bile

A

Bile Acid/Salt, cholesterol, phospholipids, bile pigments

73
Q

Oxyntic Glands

A

secreting acid, as the parietal (oxyntic) cells of the stomach.

74
Q

Canaliculi

A

Small passageways

75
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

76
Q

Disaccharides

A

Lactose, sucrose, maltose

77
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

Raffinose, Stachyose, Verbacose

78
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Starch, glycogen, dietary fiber

79
Q

Types of bonds in saccharides

A

1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

SPH-N430 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions