QUIZ 1 Flashcards
1
Q
the study of drug action
A
PHARMACOLOGY
2
Q
It involves looking at the interaction of chemical substances with the system in out bodies, as well as identifying ways in which our biological systems affect drugs.
A
PHARMACOLOGY
3
Q
Greek word or pharmakon
A
DRUGS/MEDICINE
4
Q
Greek word of logos
A
TO STUDY
5
Q
Is the interaction of drugs and living organisms.
A
PHARMACOLOGY
6
Q
a chemical substance, [other than food and water] derived from either natural, synthetic, microbial, and other source, presented in different dosage forms used in prevention, diagnosis relieve or alleviate, as supplement [to enhance physical or mental well-being] and treatment or cure, of diseases.
A
DRUG (MEDICINE)
7
Q
Every drug is given a chemical name which is a precise description of its chemical constituents and indicates the arrangement and position of atoms or atomic groups. Chemical names are long and too cumbersome to remember.
A
CHEMICAL NAME
8
Q
This is the name given to a drug after it might have been found to be of therapeutic use. It is the name with which the drug is described in official books of reference like pharmacopoeias. It is also the name that is authoritatively accepted by a scientific body.
A
GENERIC NAME
9
Q
The brand (also known as proprietary or trade name) is the name given to a drug by its manufacturer.
A
BRAND NAME
10
Q
name listen in official books or Pharmacopeia. (It is the same with the generic name)
A
OFFICIAL NAME
11
Q
“The books containing the standards of drugs and related substances are known as Pharmacopoeias & Formularies, collectively these books are known as Drug Compendia.”
A
OFFICIAL BOOKS OR PHARMACOPOEIA
12
Q
Green word of Poeio
A
MAKE
13
Q
USP
A
UNITED STATES OF PHARMACOPOEIA
14
Q
NF
A
NATIONAL FORMULARY
15
Q
grouping according to chemical structure.
A
CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION
16
Q
grouping according to therapeutic indication.
A
THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION
17
Q
Drug that relieves pain
A
ANALGESICS
18
Q
A drug that causes loss of sensation
A
ANESTHETIC
19
Q
drug used in controlling or preventing allergic symptoms.
A
ANTI-ALLERGY
20
Q
drug that helps prevent the symptoms of asthma.
A
ANTIASTHMA
21
Q
drug that reduce or block histamines, so they stop allergy symptoms.
A
ANTIHISTAMINES
22
Q
a medicine (such as penicillin or its derivatives) that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms.
A
ANTIBIOTIC
23
Q
a drug used to prevent or reduce or lower an elevated body temperature or fever.
A
ANTIPYRETIC
24
Q
are medicines that suppress coughing, also known as cough suppressants.
A
ANTITUSSIVE
25
Drug to dissolve mucus or phlegm
MUCOLYTIC
26
drug that helps loosen mucus so you can cough it up. It does this by increasing the water content of the mucus, thinning it out, and making your cough more productive.
EXPECTORANT
27
grouping according to Mechanism of action.
PHARMACOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION
28
such as codeine, tramadol, and morphine.
OPIOID PAINKILLERS
29
example is paracetamol
OPIATE PAINKILLERS
30
Drugs not approved for medical use. High potential for abuse.
CI or CSI
31
Examples: hallucinogens, heroin, marijuana
CI or CSI
32
Drugs having medicinal use. High potential for abuse.
CII or CSII
33
Examples: Barbiturates, CNS Stimulants, Hypnotics, Narcotic Analgesics,
Sedatives
CII or CSII
34
Drugs less potential for abuse than CII; Potential for dependence
CIII or CSIII
35
Examples: Male sex hormones, Other CNS Stimulants
CIII or CSIII
36
Drugs less potential for abuse than CIII; Limited potential for Dependence.
CIV or CSIV
37
Drugs containing small amount of controlled substances; limited potential for abuse
CV or CSV
38
Examples: Antitussives like DM; Antidiarrheal like loperamide.
CV or CSV
39
Pure drugs must contain only one chemical agent; but this is rarely
Attainable, because there shall always be additives or called excipients.
PURITY
40
is the drug’s strength which depends on the concentration of active drug or ingredient.
POTENCY
41
the measure of the rate and extent of drug transfer from site of administration to systemic circulation.
BIOAVAILABILITY
42
Drugs safety is measured by the incidence and severity of adverse reactions.
SAFETY
43
all chemicals or drugs are toxic to certain degree.
TOXICITY
44
Properties of Drugs [according to Official Standards]
PURITY
POTENCY
BIOAVAILABILITY
SAFETY
EFFICACY or EFFECTIVENESS
TOXICITY
45
Sources or Origin of Drugs
PHARMACOGNOSY
46
A number of plants have medicinal qualities and have been used for centuries as drugs or drug sources. Although the earliest plant source for drugs was the leaf, other parts of plants (e.g., barks, fruits, roots, stem, wood, seeds, blossoms, bulb etc.) were also later exploited for drug extraction.
PLANT SOURCES
47
Many important drugs are derived from animal source. In most instances, these medicinal substances are derived from the animal’s body secretions, fluid or glands. Insulin, heparin, adrenaline, thyroxin, cod liver oil, musk, beeswax, enzymes, and antitoxins sera are some examples of drugs obtained from animal sources.
ANIMAL SOURCES
48
Several life-saving drugs have been historically derived from microorganisms.
Examples include penicillin produced by Penicillium chrysogenum, streptomycin from Streptomyces griseus, chloramphenicol from Streptomyces venezuelae, neomycin from Streptomyces fradiae, bacitracin from Bacillus subtilis etc.
MICROBIAL SOURCES
49
Bioactive compounds from marine flora and fauna have extensive past and present use in the prevention, treatment, or cure of many diseases. Coral, sponges, fish, and marine microorganisms produce biologically potent chemicals with interesting anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anticancer activity.
MARINE SOURCES
50
Minerals (both metallic and non-metallic minerals) have been used as drugs since ancient times. Our body requires trace elements of minerals in order to maintain homeostasis. Patients lacking an adequate level of these materials may take specific mineral-based drugs to raise the level of minerals.
MINERAL SOURCES
51
A synthetic drug is produced using chemical synthesis, which rearranges chemical derivatives to form a new compound. The synthetic sources of drugs evolved with human skills in the laboratory and advanced knowledge and understanding of phytochemical investigation. At present, majority of drugs used in clinical practice are exclusively prepared synthetically in pharmaceutical and chemical laboratory.
SYNTHETIC-MAN-MADE
52
One of the earliest synthetic drugs is? Which began with the synthesis of prontosil dye
SULPHONAMIDE
53
drugs are neither completely natural nor completely synthetic. They are a hybrid and are generally made by chemically modifying substances that are available from natural source to improve its potency, efficacy and/or reduce side effects.
SEMI-SYNTHETIC SOURCES
54
the nucleus of drug obtained from natural source is kept intact but the chemical structure is altered. Examples of this include heroin from morphine, bromoscopolamine from scopolamine, homatropine from atropine, ampicillin from penicillin etc.
SEMI-SYNTHETIC DRUGS
55
This is relatively a new field which is being developed by mixing discoveries from molecular biology, recombinant DNA technology, DNA alteration, gene splicing, immunology, and immune pharmacology. Drugs developed using living organisms with the help of biotechnology or genetic engineering are known as biologics, biopharmaceuticals, recombinant DNA expressed products, bioengineered, or genetically engineered drugs Examples include recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine, recombinant insulin, and others.
BIOSYNTHETIC SOURCES
56
refers to pharmaceutical preparations or formulations in which a specific mixture of drug substances (active pharmaceutical ingredients) and inactive components (excipients) are presented in a particular configuration to facilitate easy and accurate administration and delivery of active drug substances.
DOSAGE FORMS
57
These comprise drug products with definite shape and volume. They constitute approximately 90% of all dosage forms clinically used to provide systemic administration of therapeutic agents.
SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
58
This class broadly encompasses two types of formulation – tablets and capsules. Others include pills,powders, granules etc.
SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
59
a pharmaceutical oral dosage form (oral solid dosage, or OSD) or solid unit dosage form. ... It comprises a mixture of active substances and excipients, usually in powder form, pressed or compacted from a powder into a solid dose. It is prepared by either molding or compression.
TABLETS
60
a solid dosage form in which the drug is enclosed in a hard or soft soluble container, usually of a form of gelatin. In microbiology, a coat around a microbe, such as a bacterium or fungus.
CAPSULE
61
In pharmacy, a medicinal substance in a small round or oval mass meant to be swallowed. often contain a filler and a plastic substance such as lactose that permits the pill to be rolled by hand or machine into the desired form.
PILLS
62
These preparations applied on the skin or to the mucous membrane to achieve local or systemic effect. Examples include ointments, pastes, creams, gels etc.
SEMI-SOLID DOSAGE FORM
63
These include drug products administered in the form of syrups, solutions, suspensions, elixir, colloidons, emulsions etc. This can be sterile or non-sterile depending on the route of administration.
LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS
64
This class comprises drug products that are packaged under pressure in a holder with a ceaseless or restricted conveyance valve framework. The gas inside contains restoratively dynamic medicaments that are released upon activation of an appropriate valve system. Examples include aerosols, nebulizer, sprays, inhalers etc.
GASEOUS DOSAGE FORMS
65
comprise pharmaceutical formulations taken orally for systemic effects. They are absorbed through the various epithelia and mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract at varying rates with the exception of drugs that are absorbed in the buccal cavity.
PER-ORAL DOSAGE FORMS
66
These include drug molecules that are in a suitable solid base (e.g., powders and aerosols), semi-solid base (e.g., ointments, creams, foams, gels, poultice, and pastes), or in liquid form (e.g., solutions, suspension of solids in aqueous solutions or emulsions) which possesses either hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties.
TOPICAL DOSAGE FORM
67
also called a cataplasm, is a soft moist mass, often heated and medicated, that is spread on cloth and placed over the skin to treat an aching, inflamed or painful part of the body.
POULTICE
68
These are solutions, suppositories or emulsions administered rectally for local rather than systemic effect. These formulations can also be used to deliver drugs that are inactivated by gastrointestinal fluids when administered orally or when the oral route of the patient is precluded.
RECTAL DOSAGE FORMS
69
These are usually sterile, particulate free and non-pyrogenic solutions or suspensions (of drugs in water or other suitable physiological acceptable vehicles) that are injected into the body using syringe and needle, infusion set etc.
PARENTERAL DOSAGE FORMS
70
This is a type of dosage form where drugs are delivered in gaseous, aerosol mist or ultrafine solid particle form into the lungs.
RESPIRATORY/INHALED DOSAGE FORMS
71
These classes of dosage form are mainly for direct treatment and management of respiratory diseases. Examples include nebulizers, powder aerosols and pressurized metered dose aerosols.
RESPIRATORY/INHALED DOSAGE FORMS
72
These are dosage forms that are intended to be used in the vaginal cavity for either contraception, induction of labour, treatment of vaginal infections or local menopausal symptoms.
VAGINAL DOSAGE FORMS
73
Commonly include creams, tablets, vaginal gels and pessaries, suppositories, foams, ointments, tampons, and inserts. Others include vaginal rings, vaginal films etc.
VAGINAL DOSAGE FORMS
74
These are principally sterile solutions, ointments and suspensions, essentially free from particles or substances that might irritate the eye.
OPHTHALMIC DOSAGE FORMS
75
They are meant to be gently applied to the eyelids or placed in the pocket between the eyelids and the eyeball. This are commonly used to treat local ocular disorders, e.g. infection and inflammation; or intraocular disorders e.g. glaucoma.
OPHTHALMIC DOSAGE FORMS
76
are non-sterile aqueous-based systems that are instilled within or sprayed into the nasal cavity from a dropper or from a plastic squeeze bottle. They are predominantly employed for the treatment of local disorders – infections, congestion, and allergic rhinitis. Nasal preparations when absorbed through the nasal mucosa to achieve systemic effect.
NASAL DOSAGE FORMS
77
These are non-sterile aqueous solutions, or solutions prepared with glycerin or other solvents and dispersing agents that are instilled into the ear canal for the treatment of local disorders.
OTIC DOSAGE FORMS
78
given (via gastrointestinal tract)
ENTERAL OR PER-ORAL
79
(commonly refers to injections)
PARENTERAL
80
delivered directly into circulation, bolus or steady infusion
INTRAVENOUS (IV)
81
absorbed into systemic circulation, more gradual than IV, faster than oral (with possible exception of sublinqual)
INTRAMUSCULAR (IM)
82
given under the skin
SUBCUTANEOUS
83
Systemic (gases, insulin now available in inhaler) or local effect (bronchodilator) aimed at target organ (lung), helps reduce, minimize side effects.
INHALATION
84
absorbed into systemic circulation, provides long-term continuous delivery, steady state
Dosage Forms: Patch, paste.
TRANSDERMAL
85
Local effect at site applied – minimize systemic absorption
EX. Corticosteroid cream, eye drops, nasal decongestant spray
Dosage Forms: Powder, lotion, ointment, solution
TOPICAL
86
are solid dose pharmaceutical preparation containing drug substances usually prepared with the aid of suitable pharmaceutical excipients. They may vary in size, shape, weight, hardness, thickness, disintegration, and dissolution characteristics and in other aspects, depending on their intended use and method of manufacture.
TABLET
87
are prepared primarily by compression of granules or powder blends, with a limited number prepared by moulding.
TABLETS
88
[A tablet must be strong and hard to withstand mechanical shock during manufacturing, packing, shipping, dispensing and use.]
89
[The drug content of the tablet must be bioavailable that is, the tablet must be able to release its content in a predictable and reproducible manner.]
90
[The tablet must be chemically and physically stable to maintain its chemical and physical attributes during manufacture, storage, and use.]
91
[The tablet should have elegant product identity which is free from any tablet defect]
92
[Tablets must be uniform in weight and in drug content.]
93
represent a significant proportion of tablets that are clinically used to provide systemic administration of therapeutic agents either in an uncoated state (i.e., in their simplest form) or in a coated state. These tablets are designed to provide rapid disintegration in the gastric fluid following ingestion hence, allowing rapid release of the drug and, ultimately, systemic absorption of the dosage form.
COMPRESSED TABLETS
94
are formed by compression of powdered, crystalline, or granular materials into the required geometry by the application of high pressures, utilizing steel punches and die.
COMPRESSED TABLETS
95
These are compressed tablets that have been coated with concentrated sugar solution to improve patient’s compliance, increase aesthetic appeal, mask objectionable tastes or odours, increase stability and/or modify the release of therapeutic agent(s).
SUGAR-COATED TABLETS
96
are conventional tablets coated with a thin layer of polymer (e.g., hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose) or a mixture of polymers (e.g., Eudragit E100) capable of forming a skin-like film.
FILM-COATED TABLETS
97
usually coloured and also impacts the same general characteristics as sugar coating with the added advantage of being more durable, less bulky, and less time-consuming to apply. By its composition, the coating is designed to break and expose the core tablet at the desired location in the gastrointestinal tract.
FILM-COATED TABLETS
98
are uncoated tablets that generally contain organic acids (such as tartaric or citric acid) and sodium bicarbonate in addition to the medicinal substance or API. They react rapidly in the presence of water by releasing carbon dioxide which acts as a disintegrator to produce either a drug suspension or an aqueous solution.
EFFERVESCENT TABLETS
99
are compressed tablets that have delayed-release properties. They are coated with polymeric substances (such as cellulose acetate phthalate/cellulose acetate butyrate; hydroxypropylmethylcellulose succinate; and methacrylic acid copolymers) that resist solution in gastric fluid but disintegrate and allow drug dissolution and absorption in the intestine.
ENTERIC-COATED TABLETS
100
are big sized tablets which are difficult to swallow and thus, are chewed within the buccal cavity prior to swallowing.
CHEWABLE TABLETS
101
They are especially useful for administration of large tablets to children and adults who have difficulty swallowing conventional tablets or antacid formulations in which the size of the tablet is normally large and the neutralisation efficacy of the tablet is related to particle size within the stomach.
CHEWABLE TABLETS
102
are small, flat, oval tablets that are intended to be dissolved in the buccal pouch (buccal tablets) or beneath the tongue (sublingual tablets) for absorption through the oral mucosa to produce a systemic effect. These tablets are employed to achieve either rapid absorption into the systemic circulation e.g. glyceryl trinitrate sublingual tablets or, alternatively, to enable oral absorption of drugs that are destroyed by the gastric juice and/or are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
BUCAL AND SUBLINGUAL TABLETS
103
Amount of medication required to produce the desired outcome
Effect-Therapeutic effect.
THERAPEUTIC DOSE
104
amount of drug more than the therapeutic dose.
Effect-toxic effect
TOXIC DOSE
105
dose of drug that produce deadly effect.
Effect instant death.
LETHAL EFFECT
106
is used to cause muscle paralysis and respiratory arrest
PANCURONIUM BROMIDE (PAVULON)
107
Used to stop the heart
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
108
A drug used for sedation
MIDAZOLAM
109
Formula or Rules Used to adjust Child’s Dose:
For infants up to 2 years.
Age in months / 150 X adult dose [a.d]
FRIED’S RULE
110
Formula or Rules Used to adjust Child’s Dose:
Age in years / Age in years + 12 X Adult dose [a.d]
YOUNG’S RULE
111
Formula or Rules Used to adjust Child’s Dose:
Age of child at next birthday / 24 X Adult dose [a.d]
COWLING’S RULE
112
Weight in pounds [lbs] / 150 X adult dose [a.d]
CLARK’S RULE
113
this formula utilized both Height and Weight [Body Surface Area or BSA] of the patient.
NOMOGRAM
114
Dangerous Drug Act of 1992, as Amended, providing Funds therefor, and for other purposes. This Act, consisting of 101 sections, provides for importation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6425
115
An Act to Promote, Require and Ensure the Production of an Adequate Supply, Distribution, Use and Acceptance of Drugs and Medicines Identified by their Generic Names.
REPUBLIC ACT 6675 (GENERICS ACT OF 1988)
116
refers to a counterfeit product as a medicine with correct ingredients in wrong amounts, wrong ingredients, without active ingredients, or with sufficient quantity of active ingredient that results in the reduction of the drug's safety, efficacy, quality, ...
REPUBLIC ACT 8203 (SPECIAL LAW ON COUNTERFEIT DRUGS)
117
This regulation aims to promote the establishment and institutionalization of drug-free workplace policies in all government agencies and ensure that all public officers, both elective and appointive, remain drug-free through the conduct of authorized drug testing
REPUBLIC ACT 9165 (COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS OF 2002)
118
An Act to ensure the safety and purity of food, drugs and cosmetics being made available to the public by creating the Food and Drug Administration which shall administer and enforce the laws pertaining thereto.
Republic Act No. 3720
119
AN ACT REGULATING THE PRACTICE OF PHARMACY AND SETTING STANDARDS OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
R.A. No. 5921, Otherwise known as the pharmacy Law
120
An Act Regulating and Modernizing the Practice of Pharmacy in the Philippines, repealing for the Purpose RA No. 5921, otherwise known as the “Pharmacy Law”
10918
121
An Act Regulating and Modernizing the Practice of Pharmacy in the Philippines, repealing for the Purpose RA No. 5921, otherwise known as the “Pharmacy Law”.
RA No. 10918
122
An Act Regulating and Modernizing the Practice of Pharmacy in the Philippines, repealing for the Purpose RA No. 5921, otherwise known as the “Pharmacy Law”.
RA No. 10918
123
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
RA 3720
124
as the legal basis for consumer protection in the country. The law embodies the state policy on the protection of consumers and establishes standards of conduct for business and industry in the country.
RA 7394 -(Consumer Act of the Philippines of 1991)
125
AN ACT PENALIZING PERSONS DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL, DANGEROUS DRUGS, AND SIMILAR SUBSTANCES, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
RA 10586
126
- An Act Providing for Cheaper and Quality Medicines,
REPUBLIC ACT 9502
