QUIZ 1 Flashcards
the study of drug action
PHARMACOLOGY
It involves looking at the interaction of chemical substances with the system in out bodies, as well as identifying ways in which our biological systems affect drugs.
PHARMACOLOGY
Greek word or pharmakon
DRUGS/MEDICINE
Greek word of logos
TO STUDY
Is the interaction of drugs and living organisms.
PHARMACOLOGY
a chemical substance, [other than food and water] derived from either natural, synthetic, microbial, and other source, presented in different dosage forms used in prevention, diagnosis relieve or alleviate, as supplement [to enhance physical or mental well-being] and treatment or cure, of diseases.
DRUG (MEDICINE)
Every drug is given a chemical name which is a precise description of its chemical constituents and indicates the arrangement and position of atoms or atomic groups. Chemical names are long and too cumbersome to remember.
CHEMICAL NAME
This is the name given to a drug after it might have been found to be of therapeutic use. It is the name with which the drug is described in official books of reference like pharmacopoeias. It is also the name that is authoritatively accepted by a scientific body.
GENERIC NAME
The brand (also known as proprietary or trade name) is the name given to a drug by its manufacturer.
BRAND NAME
name listen in official books or Pharmacopeia. (It is the same with the generic name)
OFFICIAL NAME
“The books containing the standards of drugs and related substances are known as Pharmacopoeias & Formularies, collectively these books are known as Drug Compendia.”
OFFICIAL BOOKS OR PHARMACOPOEIA
Green word of Poeio
MAKE
USP
UNITED STATES OF PHARMACOPOEIA
NF
NATIONAL FORMULARY
grouping according to chemical structure.
CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION
grouping according to therapeutic indication.
THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION
Drug that relieves pain
ANALGESICS
A drug that causes loss of sensation
ANESTHETIC
drug used in controlling or preventing allergic symptoms.
ANTI-ALLERGY
drug that helps prevent the symptoms of asthma.
ANTIASTHMA
drug that reduce or block histamines, so they stop allergy symptoms.
ANTIHISTAMINES
a medicine (such as penicillin or its derivatives) that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms.
ANTIBIOTIC
a drug used to prevent or reduce or lower an elevated body temperature or fever.
ANTIPYRETIC
are medicines that suppress coughing, also known as cough suppressants.
ANTITUSSIVE
Drug to dissolve mucus or phlegm
MUCOLYTIC
drug that helps loosen mucus so you can cough it up. It does this by increasing the water content of the mucus, thinning it out, and making your cough more productive.
EXPECTORANT
grouping according to Mechanism of action.
PHARMACOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION
such as codeine, tramadol, and morphine.
OPIOID PAINKILLERS
example is paracetamol
OPIATE PAINKILLERS
Drugs not approved for medical use. High potential for abuse.
CI or CSI
Examples: hallucinogens, heroin, marijuana
CI or CSI
Drugs having medicinal use. High potential for abuse.
CII or CSII
Examples: Barbiturates, CNS Stimulants, Hypnotics, Narcotic Analgesics,
Sedatives
CII or CSII
Drugs less potential for abuse than CII; Potential for dependence
CIII or CSIII
Examples: Male sex hormones, Other CNS Stimulants
CIII or CSIII
Drugs less potential for abuse than CIII; Limited potential for Dependence.
CIV or CSIV
Drugs containing small amount of controlled substances; limited potential for abuse
CV or CSV
Examples: Antitussives like DM; Antidiarrheal like loperamide.
CV or CSV
Pure drugs must contain only one chemical agent; but this is rarely
Attainable, because there shall always be additives or called excipients.
PURITY
is the drug’s strength which depends on the concentration of active drug or ingredient.
POTENCY
the measure of the rate and extent of drug transfer from site of administration to systemic circulation.
BIOAVAILABILITY
Drugs safety is measured by the incidence and severity of adverse reactions.
SAFETY
all chemicals or drugs are toxic to certain degree.
TOXICITY
Properties of Drugs [according to Official Standards]
PURITY
POTENCY
BIOAVAILABILITY
SAFETY
EFFICACY or EFFECTIVENESS
TOXICITY
Sources or Origin of Drugs
PHARMACOGNOSY
A number of plants have medicinal qualities and have been used for centuries as drugs or drug sources. Although the earliest plant source for drugs was the leaf, other parts of plants (e.g., barks, fruits, roots, stem, wood, seeds, blossoms, bulb etc.) were also later exploited for drug extraction.
PLANT SOURCES
Many important drugs are derived from animal source. In most instances, these medicinal substances are derived from the animal’s body secretions, fluid or glands. Insulin, heparin, adrenaline, thyroxin, cod liver oil, musk, beeswax, enzymes, and antitoxins sera are some examples of drugs obtained from animal sources.
ANIMAL SOURCES
Several life-saving drugs have been historically derived from microorganisms.
Examples include penicillin produced by Penicillium chrysogenum, streptomycin from Streptomyces griseus, chloramphenicol from Streptomyces venezuelae, neomycin from Streptomyces fradiae, bacitracin from Bacillus subtilis etc.
MICROBIAL SOURCES
Bioactive compounds from marine flora and fauna have extensive past and present use in the prevention, treatment, or cure of many diseases. Coral, sponges, fish, and marine microorganisms produce biologically potent chemicals with interesting anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anticancer activity.
MARINE SOURCES
Minerals (both metallic and non-metallic minerals) have been used as drugs since ancient times. Our body requires trace elements of minerals in order to maintain homeostasis. Patients lacking an adequate level of these materials may take specific mineral-based drugs to raise the level of minerals.
MINERAL SOURCES