AUTACOIDS

Question 1

secondary cell messenger

Answer 1

cAMP

Question 2

substance that trigger allergies

Answer 2

ALLERGENS

Question 3

low blood pressure

Answer 3

HYPOTENSION

Question 4

swelling caused by too much water trapped in body’s tissue

Answer 4

EDEMA

Question 5

are fatty acids that contain more than one double bond in their backbone

Answer 5

POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS (PUFA)

Question 6

a biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction in the cell

Answer 6

ENZYMES

Question 7

Blood-Brain Barrier

Answer 7

BBB

Question 8

BBB

Answer 8

BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER

Question 9

SSRIs

Answer 9

SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS

Question 10

A compound which is released by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries.

Answer 10

HISTAMINE

Question 11

Histamine is synthesized by amino acid called?

Answer 11

HISTIDINE

Question 12

Synthesized by amino acid called histidine, and stored with in the granules of mast cells found on tissues, basophill and eosinophill in blood vessels and enterochromaffin-like in the stomach lining.

Answer 12

HISTAMINE

Question 13

Factors Mediating the Release of Histamine:

Answer 13

ALLERGY REACTIONS
PHYSICAL INJURY
IMMUNE RELEASE
DRUGS AND FOREIGN CHEMICALS
PLANT AND ANIMAL STING

Question 14

Present on the vascular endothelial cell, smooth muscles, brain and peripheral nerve ending.

Answer 14

H1 RECEPTOR

Question 15

Contraction of smooth muscle and neuronal actions are due to increases in Calcium Ion and activation of protein kinase C.

Answer 15

H1 RECEPTOR

Question 16

Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle involves Ca2+ -induced formation of nitric oxide (NO).

Answer 16

H1 RECEPTOR

Question 17

mediate contraction of bronchiolar and intestinal smooth muscle, vasodilation of small arteries and veins, increased capillary permeability and pruritus.

Answer 17

H1 RECEPTOR

Question 18

Stimulation of Gs-coupled H2 receptors activate adenylyl cyclase and increase tissue cAMP levels. This is the mechanism by which vascular smooth muscle relaxes, and gastric acid secretion is stimulated.

Answer 18

H2 RECEPTOR

Question 19

Inhibition of the release of histamine and other neurotransmitters involves inhibition of cAMP synthesis, opening of K+ channels to increase K + efflux, and closure of Ca2+ channels to block Ca2+ entry into the nerve.

Answer 19

H3 RECEPTOR

Question 20

These receptors are selectively expressed in mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. Activation of H4- receptors mediates histamine-induced mast cell chemotaxis and leukotriene B4 production.

Answer 20

H4 RECEPTOR

Question 21

Physiologic and Pathologic Roles of Histamine Receptors

Answer 21

GASTRIC ACID SECRETIONS

ALLERGIC REACTION AND ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK

INFLAMMATION

NEUROTRANSMISSION

MICROCIRCULATION

Question 22

Respiratory smooth muscle is contracted in most species via H1- receptor

Answer 22

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Question 23

• Histamine dilates arterioles, capillaries, and venules, increases cardiac contractility and heart rate by activating both H1– and H2-receptors.

• There is an increase in capillary permeability brought about by contracting the endothelial cells, which exposes the basement membrane.

Answer 23

CARDIOVASUCULAR SYSTEM

Question 24

Histamine can stimulate glandular tissues to increase secretion. A most important action of histamine is its ability to increase gastric acid and pepsin secretion from the gastric mucosa via H2-receptors

Answer 24

GRANDULAR TISSUE

Question 25

also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a monoamine neurotransmitter molecule..

Answer 25

SEROTONIN

Question 26

It also acts as a hormone

Answer 26

SEROTONIN

Question 27

As a neurotransmitter, serotonin carries messages between nerve cells in your brain (your central nervous system) and throughout your body (your peripheral nervous system).

Answer 27

SEROTONIN

Question 28

_______ plays several roles in your body, including influencing learning, memory, happiness as well as regulating body temperature, sleep, sexual behavior and hunger.

Answer 28

SEROTONIN

Question 29

“the mood stabilizer”

Answer 29

SEROTONIN

Question 30

It is in your brain that regulates your mood. It’s often called your body’s natural “feel good” chemical.

Answer 30

SEROTONIN

Question 31

Serotonin is what called “the mood stabilizer”. Serotonin in your brain regulates your mood. It’s often called your body’s natural “feel good” chemical. When serotonin is at normal levels, you feel more focused, emotionally stable, happier and calmer. Low levels of serotonin are associated with depression. Many medications used to treat anxiety, depression and other mood disorders often target ways to increase the level of serotonin in your brain.

Answer 31

MOOD

Question 32

Serotonin levels may play a role in the density of your bones. High levels of serotonin in your gut may play a role in making bones weak, which can lead to bone breaks (fractures) and osteoporosis.

Answer 32

BONE HEALTH

Question 33

Most of your body’s serotonin is in your GI tract where it helps control your bowel function and plays a role in protecting your gut. Your gut can increase serotonin release to speed digestion to rid your body of irritating foods or toxic products. Serotonin also plays a part in reducing your appetite while eating.

Answer 33

DIGESTION

Question 34

Serotonin is released by platelets in your blood to help heal wounds. It also causes the tiniest blood vessels, arterioles, to narrow, which slows blood flow and helps clots to form. This is an important process in wound healing.

Answer 34

WOUND HEALING

Question 35

______ is triggered when serotonin is released into your gut faster than it can be digested. The chemical message is received by your brain, which you perceive as nausea. Many drugs used to reduce feelings of nausea and vomiting target specific serotonin receptors in your brain.

Answer 35

NAUSEA

Question 36

Serotonin, together with another neurotransmitter dopamine, plays a role in the quality of your sleep (how well and how long you sleep). Your brain also needs serotonin to make melatonin, a hormone that regulates your sleep-wake cycle.

Answer 36

SLEEP

Question 37

A type of signaling molecule that are derived from fatty acids such as arachidonic acid

Answer 37

EICOSANOIDS

Question 38

It is a local hormones

Answer 38

EICOSANOIDS

Question 39

a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that is a precursor to the eicosanoid family of signaling molecules.

Answer 39

ARACHIDONIC ACID

Question 40

Effects of Eicosanoids:

Answer 40

INFLAMMATION PAIN AND FEVER BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION BLOOD CLOTTING IMMUNE RESPONSE RESPIRATORY AND REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES

Question 41

Serotonin, together with another neurotransmitter ____, plays a role in the quality of your sleep (how well and how long you sleep)

Answer 41

DOPAMINE

Question 42

A hormone that regulates your sleep-wake cycle.

Answer 42

MELATONIN

Question 43

Are used when there is tissue damage or infections.

Answer 43

PROSTAGLANDINS

Question 44

Are used for platelet aggregation (to stop bleeding)

Answer 44

THROMBOXANES

Question 45

Are utilized during allergen attacks

Answer 45

LEUKOTRIENES

Question 46

• Well absorbed orally and can be given parenteral • Widely distributed in body. Newer drugs penetrate brain poorly •Metabolized in liver and excreted in urine • Duration of action of most agents is 4-6 hrs generally

Answer 46

PHARMACOKINETICS