BOOKS Flashcards
Isoproterenol produces maximal contraction of cardiac muscle in a manner similar to epinephrine. Which of the following best describes isoproterenol?
A. Full agonist.
B. Partial agonist.
C. Competitive antagonist.
D. Irreversible antagonist.
E. Inverse agonist.
A. Full agonist
If 10 mg of naproxen produces the same analgesic response as 100 mg of ibuprofen, which of the following statements is correct?
A. Naproxen is more efficacious than is ibuprofen.
B. Naproxen is more potent than ibuprofen.
C. Naproxen is a full agonist, and ibuprofen is a partial agonist.
D. Naproxen is a competitive antagonist.
E. Naproxen is a better drug to take for pain relief than is ibuprofen.
B. Naproxen is more potent than ibuprofen.
If 10 mg of morphine produces a greater analgesic response than can be achieved by ibuprofen at any dose, which of the following statements is correct?
A. Morphine is less efficacious than is ibuprofen.
B. Morphine is less potent than is ibuprofen.
C. Morphine is a full agonist, and ibuprofen is a partial agonist.
D. Ibuprofen is a competitive antagonist.
E. Morphine is a better drug to take for pain relief than is ibuprofen.
E. Morphine is a better drug to take for pain relief than is ibuprofen.
In the presence of naloxone, a higher concentration of morphine is required to elicit full pain relief. Naloxone by itself has no effect. Which of the following is correct regarding these medications?
A. Naloxone is a competitive antagonist.
B. Morphine is a full agonist, and naloxone is a partial agonist.
C. Morphine is less efficacious than is naloxone.
D. Morphine is less potent than is naloxone.
E. Naloxone is a noncompetitive antagonist.
A. Naloxone is a competitive antagonist.
In the presence of pentazocine, a higher concentration of morphine is required to elicit full pain relief. Pentazocine by itself has a smaller analgesic effect than does morphine, even at the highest dose. Which of the following is correct regarding these medications?
A. Pentazocine is a competitive antagonist.
B. Morphine is a full agonist, and pentazocine is a partial agonist.
C. Morphine is less efficacious than is pentazocine.
D. Morphine is less potent than is pentazocine.
E. Pentazocine is a noncompetitive antagonist.
B. Morphine is a full agonist, and pentazocine is a partial agonist.
In the presence of picrotoxin, diazepam is less efficacious at causing sedation, regardless of the dose. Picrotoxin by itself has no sedative effect even at the highest dose. Which of the following is correct?
A. Picrotoxin is a competitive antagonist.
B. Diazepam is a full agonist, and picrotoxin is a partial agonist.
C. Diazepam is less efficacious than is picrotoxin.
D. Diazepam is less potent than is picrotoxin.
E. Picrotoxin is a noncompetitive antagonist.
E. Picrotoxin is a noncompetitive antagonist.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes a system having spare receptors?
A. The number of spare receptors determines the maximum effect.
B. Spare receptors are sequestered in the cytosol.
C. A single drug–receptor interaction results in many cellular response elements being activated.
D. Spare receptors are active even in the absence of an agonist.
E. Agonist affinity for spare receptors is less than their affinity for “non-spare” receptors.
C. A single drug–receptor interaction results in many cellular response elements being activated.
Which of the following would up-regulate postsynaptic β1 adrenergic receptors?
A. Daily use of amphetamine that causes norepinephrine to be released.
B. A disease that causes an increase in the activity of norepinephrine neurons.
C. Daily use of isoproterenol, a β1 receptor agonist.
D. Daily use of formoterol, a β2 receptor agonist.
E. Daily use of propranolol, a β1 receptor antagonist.
E. Daily use of propranolol, a β1 receptor antagonist.
The _____ carry signals away from the brain and spinal cord to the peripheral tissues.
EFFERENT NEURONS
the ______ bring information from the periphery to the CNS.
AFFERENT NEURONS
“brain of the gut.”
ENTERIC NEURONS
The ____ nerve accounts for 90% of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in the body.
VAGUS
The vagus nerve accounts for ___ of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in the body.
90%
Fight or Flight
SYMPHATETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Rest and Digest
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Which of the following is correct regarding the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
A. Afferent neurons carry signals from the CNS to the effector organs.
B. The neurotransmitter at the parasympathetic ganglion is norepinephrine (NE).
C. The neurotransmitter at the sympathetic ganglion is acetylcholine (ACh).
D. Sympathetic neurons release ACh in the effector organs.
E. Parasympathetic neurons release NE in the effector organs.
C. The neurotransmitter at the sympathetic ganglion is acetylcholine (ACh).
Which of the following is correct regarding somatic motor neurons?
A. The neurotransmitter at the somatic motor neuron ganglion is acetylcholine.
B. The neurotransmitter at the somatic motor neuron ganglion is norepinephrine.
C. Somatic motor neurons innervate smooth muscles.
D. Somatic motor neurons do not have ganglia.
E. Responses in the somatic motor neurons are
generally slower than in the autonomic nervous system.
D. Somatic motor neurons do not have ganglia.
Which of the following physiological changes could happen when a person is attacked by a grizzly bear?
A. Increase in heart rate.
B. Increase in lacrimation (tears). C. Constriction of the pupil (miosis). D. Increase in gastric motility.
A. Increase in heart rate.
Which of the following changes could theoretically happen in a person when the parasympathetic system is inhibited using a pharmacological agent?
A. Reduction in heart rate.
B. Constriction of the pupil (miosis).
C. Increase in gastric motility.
D. Dry mouth (xerostomia).
E. Contraction of detrusor muscle in the bladder.
D. Dry mouth (xerostomia).
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
A. Acetylcholine activates muscarinic receptors.
B. Acetylcholine activates adrenergic receptors.
C. Norepinephrine activates muscarinic receptors.
D. Activation of the sympathetic system causes a drop in blood pressure
A. Acetylcholine activates muscarinic receptors.
Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic nervous system is correct?
A. The parasympathetic system uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter.
B. The parasympathetic system often discharges as a single, functional system.
C. The parasympathetic division is involved in accommodation of near vision, movement of food, and urination.
D. The postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division are long compared to those of the sympathetic nervous system.
E. The parasympathetic system controls the secretion of the adrenal medulla.
C. The parasympathetic division is involved in accommodation of near vision, movement of food, and urination.
Which of the following is correct regarding neurotrans- mitters and neurotransmission?
A. Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic nerve terminals.
B. Neurotransmitter release is triggered by the arrival of action potentials in the postsynaptic cell.
C. Intracellular calcium levels drop in the neuron before the neurotransmitter is released.
D. Serotonin and dopamine are the primary neurotransmitters in the ANS.
A. Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic nerve terminals.
An elderly man was brought to the emergency room after he ingested a large quantity of carvedilol tablets, a drug that blocks α1, β1, and β2 adrenergic receptors, which mainly mediate the cardiovascular effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the body. Which of the following symptoms would you expect in this patient?
A. Increased heart rate (tachycardia).
B. Reduced heart rate (bradycardia).
C. Dilation of the pupil (mydriasis).
D. Increased blood pressure.
B. Reduced heart rate (bradycardia).
All of the following statements regarding central control of autonomic functions are correct except:
A. Baroreceptors are pressure sensors located at various cardiovascular sites.
B. The parasympathetic system is activated by the CNS in response to a sudden drop in blood pressure.
C. The parasympathetic system is activated by the CNS in response to a sudden increase in blood pressure.
D. The sympathetic system is activated by the CNS in response to a sudden drop in blood pressure.
B. The parasympathetic system is activated by the CNS in response to a sudden drop in blood pressure.
