PREMID Flashcards
1
Q
the study of drug action.
A
PHARMACOLOGY
2
Q
It involves looking at the interaction of chemical substances with the systems in our bodies, as well as identifying ways in which our biological systems affect drugs.
A
PHARMACOLOGY
3
Q
which means drugs/medicine
A
PHARMAKON
4
Q
which means to study
A
LOGOS (LOGY)
5
Q
it is defined as the study of drugs.
A
PHARMACOLOGY
6
Q
the INTERACTION of drugs and living organisms
A
PHARMACOLOGY
7
Q
A substance (other than food) derived from either natural, synthetic, microbial, and other source, presented in different dosage forms used in prevention, diagnosis relieve or alleviate, as supplement (to enhance physical or mental well-being) and treatment or cure, of diseases.
A
DRUG (MEDICINE)
8
Q
Every drug is given which is a precise description of its chemical constituents and indicates the arrangement and position of atoms ot atomic groups.
A
CHEMICAL NAME
9
Q
this is long and too cumbersome to remember.
A
CHEMICAL NAME
10
Q
genetically engineered drugs
A
BIOSYNTHETIC SOURCES
11
Q
This is a new field which us being developed by mixing discoveries from molecular biology, recombinant DNA technology, DNA alteration, gene splicing, immunology, and immune pharmacology.
A
BIOSYNTHETIC SOURCES
12
Q
Compounding and dispensing
A
PHARMACY
13
Q
100% bioavailability route, used for emergency.
A
IV / INTRAVENOUS
14
Q
Routes of drug administration
A
PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS
15
Q
The dose of drug
A
POSOLOGY
16
Q
known by generic, non-proprietary. This is the name given to a drug after it might have been found to be of therapeutic use. It is the name with which the drug is described in official books of reference like pharmacopoeias.
A
GENERIC NAME
17
Q
It is easier to read and pronounce than the drug’s chemical name.
A
GENERIC NAME
18
Q
It is the name given to a drug by its manufacturer. A drug may have several brand names, depending on the number of manufacturers.
A
BRAND NAME
19
Q
It is easy to remember, short, catchy and most often suggestive of the drug component.
A
BRAND NAME
20
Q
Name listed in official books or pharmacopeia.
A
OFFICIAL NAME
21
Q
(OFFICIAL NAME IS THE SAME WITH THE GENERIC NAME)
A
22
Q
Books containing the standards of drugs and related substances are known as Pharmacopoeias and Formularies, collectively these books are known as Drug Compendia.
A
OFFICIAL BOOKS OR PHARMACOPEIA
23
Q
Poieo which means
A
MAKE
24
Q
USP
A
UNITED STATED PHARMACOPOEIA
25
NF
NATIONAL FORMULARY
26
Grouping according to chemical structure
CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION
27
Grouping according to therapeutic indication.
THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION
28
Drug that relieve pain
ANALGESICS
29
Drug that causes loss of sensation
ANESTHETIC
30
Drug used in controlling or preventing allergic symptoms.
ANTI-ALLERGY
31
Drug that helps prevent the symptoms of asthma.
ANTIASTHMA
32
Drug that reduce or block histamines, so they stop allergy symptoms.
ANTIHISTAMINES
33
A medicine (such as penicillin or its derivatives) that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms.
ANTIBIOTIC
34
Used to prevent or reduce or lower an elevated body temperature or fever.
ANTIPYRETIC
35
Medicines that suppress coughing, also known as cough suppressants.
ANTITUSSIVE
36
Drug to dissolve mucus or phlegm.
MUCOLYTIC
37
Drug that helps looses mucus so you can cough it up. It does this by increasing the water content of the mucus, thinning it out, making you cough more productive.
EXPECTORANT
38
Drug that relieves pain such ad codeine, tramadol, and morphine.
OPIOID PAINKILLERS
39
Drugs that relieve pain such as paracetamol.
OPIATE PAINKILLERS
40
Drug that relieves pain such as Ibuprofen, naproxen.
NSAIDS (Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
41
Drugs not approved for medical use. High potential for abuse.
CI or CSI
42
Examples: Hallucinogens, Heroin, Marijuana
CI Or CSI
43
Drugs having medicinal use. High potential for abuse.
CII or CSII
44
Examples: Barbiturates, CNS stimulants, Hypnotics, Narcotic Analgesics, Sedatives
CII or CSII
45
Drugs less potential for abuse then CII, Potential for dependence.
CIII or CSIII
46
Examples: Male sex hormones, other CNS stimulants
CIII or CSIII
47
Drugs less potential for buse then CIII, Limited potential for dependence.
CIV or CSIV
48
Drugs containing small amount of controlled substances: limited potential for abuse.
CV or CSV
49
Examples: Antitussives like DM, Antidiarrheal like loperamide
CV or CSV
50
What unit shall we use for weighing the Clark’s Rule
POUNDS
51
Controlled studies show no risk: Adequate, well-controlled studies in pregnant women have failed to demonstrate risk to the fetus.
CATEGORY A
52
No evidence of risk in humans: Either animal findings show risk, but human findings do not; or, if no adequate human studies have been done, animal findings are negative.
CATEGORY B
53
Risk cannot be ruled: Human studies are lacking and animal studies are either positive for fetal risk or lacking as well. However, potential benefits may justify potential risk.
CATEGORY C
54
Positive evidence of risk: Investigational or postmarketing data show risk to the fetus. Nevertheless, potential benefits may outweigh risks.
CATEGORY D
55
Contraindicated in pregnancy: Studies in animals or humans, or investigational or postmarketing reports, have shown fetal risk that clearly outweighs any possible benefit to the patient.
CATEGORY X
56
For infants up to 2 years
Age in months / 150 X adult dose [a.d]
FRIED’S RULE
57
Age in years / Age in Years + 12 X Adult dose [a.d]
YOUNG’S RULE
58
Age of child at next birthday / 24 X Adult dose [a.d]
COWLING’S RULE
59
Weight in pounds (lbs) / 150 X adult dose [a.d]
CLARK’S RULE
60
formula utilized both height and weight [ body surface area or BSA] of the patient
NOMOGRAM
61
the time that tames the drug to reach it MINIMUM effect
ONSET OF ACTION
62
the time that takes the drug to reach it MAXIMUM effect
PEACK OF ACTION
63
the length of time that the drug remains in the body.
DURATION OF ACTION
64
the receptor of drug. The molecular cell where the drugs exerts its action and effect.
SITE OF ACTION
65
Expected effect
SIDE EFFECT
66
Unexpected effect
ADVERSE EFFECT
67
It is worse than side effect
ADVERSE EFFECT
68
all drugs are toxic… identified by the incidence and severity of adverse reaction.
TOXICITY
69
chemical that activates the receptor to produce a biological response
AGONIST
70
Block receptors activation by agonists./ BLOCKERS
ANTAGONIST
71
THE RELEASE OF DRUG FROM ITS DOSAGE FORM.
LIBERATION
72
THE TRANSFER OF DRUG ACROSS THE BIOLOGIC MEMBRANES TO THE TARGETTISSUE.BIOLOGIC MEMBRANE MAYBE THE SKIN, MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF THE EYES OR EAR, VAGINA OR RECTUM.
ABSORPTION
73
THE PROCESS BY WHICH DRUGS ARE TRANSPORTED BY BLOOD OR OTHER FLUIDS TO THE SITE OF ACTION.
DISTRIBUTION
74
THE PROCESS BY WHICH A DRUG IS ENZYMATICALLY CONVERTED OR CONJUGATED FROM ITS ORIGINAL FORM TO A SIMPLER COMPOUND.
METABOLISM [OR BIOTRANSFORMATION]
75
THE PROCESS BY WHICH A DRUG IS REMOVED FROM THE BODY.
EXCRETION OR ELIMINATION
76
Pure drugs must contain only one chemical agent; but this is rarely Attainable, because there shall always be additives or called excipients.
PURITY
77
is the drug’s strength which depends on the concentration of active drug or ingredient.
POTENCY
78
the measure of the rate and extent of drug transfer from site of
administration to systemic circulation.
BIOAVAILABILITY
79
Drugs safety is measured by the incidence and severity of adverse reactions
SAFETY
80
all chemicals or drugs are toxic to certain degree.
TOXICITY
81
Sources or Origin of Drugs
PHARMACOGNOSY
82
A number of plants have medicinal qualities and have been used for centuries as drugs or drug sources. Although the earliest plant source for drugs was the leaf, other parts of plants (e.g., barks, fruits, roots, stem, wood, seeds, blossoms, bulb etc.) were also later exploited for drug extraction. Where the product is used without further processing e.g., ground leaves or bark, boiled concoctions or powdered sap, the substance is called crude drug.
PLANT SOURCES
83
A number of plants have medicinal qualities and have been used for centuries as drugs or drug sources. Although the earliest plant source for drugs was the leaf, other parts of plants (e.g., barks, fruits, roots, stem, wood, seeds, blossoms, bulb etc.) were also later exploited for drug extraction. Where the product is used without further processing e.g., ground leaves or bark, boiled concoctions or powdered sap, the substance is called crude drug.
PLANT SOURCES
84
are drugs that bind to the receptor and prevent the cell from producing the effect especially the adverse effect.
ANATAGONIST
85
In most instances, these medicinal substances are derived from the animal’s body secretions, fluid or glands. Insulin, heparin, adrenaline, thyroxin, cod liver oil, musk, beeswax, enzymes, and antitoxins sera are some examples of drugs obtained from animal sources. Like plant products, drugs from animal sources may be crude (unrefined) or refined material.
ANIMAL SOURCES
86
Several life-saving drugs have been historically derived from microorganisms.
MICROBIAL SOURCES
87
Bioactive compounds from marine flora and fauna have extensive past and present use in the prevention, treatment, or cure of many diseases. Coral, sponges, fish, and marine microorganisms produce biologically potent chemicals with interesting anti-inflammatory, anti- viral, and anticancer activity.
MARINE SOURCES
88
have been used as drugs since ancient times. Our body requires trace elements of minerals in order to maintain homeostasis. Patients lacking an adequate level of these materials may take specific mineral-based drugs to raise the level of minerals.
MINERAL SOURCES
89
A synthetic drug is produced using chemical synthesis, which rearranges chemical derivatives to form a new compound. The synthetic sources of drugs evolved with human skills in the laboratory and advanced knowledge and understanding of phytochemical investigation. At present, majority of drugs used in clinical practice are exclusively prepared synthetically in pharmaceutical and chemical laboratory.
SYNTHETIC-MAN-MADE
90
completely natural nor completely synthetic. They are a hybrid and are generally made by chemically modifying substances that are available from natural source to improve its potency, efficacy and/or reduce side effects.
SEMI-SYNTHETIC SOURCES
91
the nucleus of drug obtained from natural source is kept intact but the chemical structure is altered
semi-synthetic drugs
92
Amount of medication required to produce the desired outcome Effect-Therapeutic effect.
THERAPEUTIC DOSE
93
amount of drug more than the therapeutic dose.
Effect-toxic effect
TOXIC DOSE
94
dose of drug that produce deadly effect.
Effect: instant death.
LETHAL DOSE/EFFECT
95
Dangerous Drug Act of 1992, as Amended, providing Funds therefor, and for other purposes. This Act, consisting of 101 sections, provides for importation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals.
REPUBLIC ACT 6425
96
Generics Act of 1988
REPUBLIC ACT 6675
97
An Act to Promote, Require and Ensure the Production of an Adequate Supply, Distribution, Use and Acceptance of Drugs and Medicines Identified by their Generic Names.
REPUBLIC ACT 6675
98
Special Law on Counterfeit Drugs
REPUBLIC ACT 8203
99
“Special Law on Counterfeit Drugs,” refers to a counterfeit product as a medicine with correct ingredients in wrong amounts, wrong ingredients, without active ingredients, or with sufficient quantity of active ingredient that results in the reduction of the drug's safety, efficacy, quality, .
REPUBLIC ACT 8203
100
Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act 2002
This regulation aims to promote the establishment and institutionalization of drug-free workplace policies in all government agencies and ensure that all public officers, both elective and appointive, remain drug-free through the conduct of authorized drug testing pursuant to the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of .
REPUBLIC ACT 9165
101
An Act Providing for Cheaper and Quality Medicines,
REPUBLIC ACT 9502
102
Republic Act No. 3720). An Act to ensure the safety and purity of food, drugs and cosmetics being made available to the public by creating the Food and Drug Administration which shall administer and enforce the laws pertaining thereto.
REPUBLIC ACT 9502
103
Otherwise known as the pharmacy Law.
AN ACT REGULATING THE PRACTICE OF PHARMACY AND SETTING STANDARDS OF
PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
REPUBLIC ACT 5921
104
An Act Regulating and Modernizing
the Philippines, repealing for the Purpose RA No. 5921, otherwise known as the “Pharmacy Law”.
REPUBLIC ACT 10918
105
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
REPUBLICK ACT 3720
106
Consumer Act of the Philippines of 1991) as the legal basis for consumer protection in the country. The law embodies the state policy on the protection of consumers and establishes standards of conduct for business and industry in the country.
REPUBLIC ACT 7394
107
AN ACT PENALIZING PERSONS DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL, DANGEROUS DRUGS, AND SIMILAR SUBSTANCES, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
REPUBLIC ACT 10586
