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DPT 502 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is kinesiology?

A

the study of human movement and how movement affects tissues

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2
Q

why is kinesiology important to PTs?

A

injury prevention, optimal performance, and recovery of function

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3
Q

what is biomechanics?

A

application of physics principles to quantify how forces interact within a body

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4
Q

what is kinematics?

A

motion without regards to forces or torques

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5
Q

what are the 2 types of kinematics?

A

osteokinematics and arthrokinematics

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6
Q

what is kinetics?

A

forces that resist or produce movement

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7
Q

what are the 2 types of kinetic forces?

A

internal and external

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8
Q

what is osteokinematics?

A

movement of boney levers through their ROM

motion of bone segments in one plane around a corresponding axis

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9
Q

what is the sagittal plane?

A

the plane that divides the body into left and right

parallel to the sagittal skull suture

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10
Q

what is the frontal plane?

A

the plane that divides the body into front and back

parallel to the coronal skull suture

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11
Q

what is the transverse/horizontal plane?

A

the plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves

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12
Q

what axis goes through the frontal plane?

A

the z/anterior-posterior axis

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13
Q

what axis goes through the sagittal plane?

A

the x/medial lateral axis

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14
Q

what axis goes through the transverse plane?

A

the y/vertical axis

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15
Q

what is translatory/linear motion?

A

motion parallel to the axis

can be a straight or curved line

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16
Q

what is an example of linear motion in the human body?

A

the carpal bones sliding next to each other

the head moving in a curvy linear path as you walk

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17
Q

what is rotary/angular motion?

A

motion around an axis in a circular pattern

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18
Q

what is an example of rotary/angular motion in the human body?

A

the forearm moving along the arc of a circle where the joint is he axis of rotation

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19
Q

what are the 4 types of endfeels?

A

soft, hard, firm, empty

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20
Q

what are degrees of freedom?

A

the number of axes about which a joint can move

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21
Q

what does one degree of freedom mean

A

the joint is uniaxial and the segment only moves in 1 plane around 1 axis

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22
Q

what joints are uniaxial with 1 DF?

A

hinge and pivot joints

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23
Q

what does 2 degrees of freedom mean?

A

the joint is biaxial and the segment moves in 2 planes around 2 axes

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24
Q

what joints are biaxial with 2 DF?

A

wrist joints: condyloid, ellipsoid, and saddle joints

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25
Q

what does 3 degrees of freedom mean?

A

the joint is triaxial and the segment moves in 3 planes around 3 axes

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26
Q

what joints are triaxial with 3 DF?

A

ball and socket joints

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27
Q

what are kinematic chains?

A

series of articulated segments linked together (ie. pelvis, thigh, knee, calf, ankle, foot)

a combo of several joints uniting body segments

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28
Q

what is the open kinematic chain (OKC)?

A

distal segment (hand and foot) is not fixed to the ground so it is free to move

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29
Q

does the OKC provide more mobility or stability?

A

mobility

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30
Q

can segments move independent of each other in the OKC?

A

yes!

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31
Q

what is the closed kinematic chain (CKC)?

A

the distal segment is fixed to the ground/unmoving object so it is not free to move, but the proximal segments can

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32
Q

can you move segments independent of each other in the CKC?

A

no

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33
Q

does the CKC provide more mobility or stability?

A

stability

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34
Q

what is arthrokinematics?

A

motion that occurs b/w the articular surfaces of joints

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35
Q

what are the 3 types of joints?

A

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis

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36
Q

what are synarthrodial joints?

A

fibrous joints that are immovable

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37
Q

what are the 2 types of synarthrodial joints?

A

syndesmosis and gomphosis

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38
Q

what is the main job of synarthrodial joints?

A

to provide stability

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39
Q

what is the syndesmosis joint?

A

2 parallel bones connected by strong ligaments or membranes

the tibia and fibula

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40
Q

what is a gomphosis joint?

A

the skull sutures

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41
Q

what are amphiarthrodial joints?

A

cartilaginous joints with fibrocartilage

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42
Q

what is the main job of amphiarthrodial joints?

A

mobility and stability

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43
Q

what are some examples of amphiarthrodial joints?

A

pubic symphysis, IV joints

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44
Q

what are diathrodial (synovial) joints?

A

the most common type of joints that provide provide moderate to extensive mobility

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45
Q

what are some of the components of a diathrodial joint?

A

synovial fluid filled cavity, cartilage, ligaments, bursa, joint capsules

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46
Q

what are some examples of diarthrodial joints?

A

gh joint, knee, ankle, fingers

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47
Q

how are diarthrodial joints classified?

A

by the # of axes about which joints can move (corresponds to DF)

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48
Q

what are the classifications of diarthrodial joints?

A

uni, bi, and triaxial joints

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49
Q

most synovial joints are ___ in shape

A

ovoid

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50
Q

what is a sellar shaped joint surface?

A

has both convex and concave surfaces

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51
Q

what is the point of the concave convex relationship?

A

to improve the congruency of bones and increased the surface area of bone contact to help guide motions

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52
Q

what actions occur in the sagittal plane around the medial-lateral axis?

A

flexion/extension

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53
Q

what motions do hinge joints allow?

A

flexion/extension

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54
Q

what motions do pivot joints allow?

A

pronation/supination

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55
Q

what is a condyloid joint?

A

one side has mostly spherical convex surface enlarged in one dimension paired with a very shallow concave surface

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56
Q

what are some condyloid joints?

A

knuckles, knees

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57
Q

what is an ellipsoid joint?

A

convex surface flatter than condyloid joints paired with deeper concave surface

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58
Q

what is an example of an ellipsoid joint?

A

the radiocarpal joint at the wrist

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59
Q

what is a saddle joint?

A

each surface has both concave and convex surfaces

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60
Q

what are some examples of saddle joints?

A

CMC joints of the thumb, SC joint, talocrural joint

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61
Q

what is a ball and socket joint?

A

convex surface with concave cup

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62
Q

what are some examples of ball and socket joints?

A

hip and shoulder

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63
Q

what are the 5 arthrokinematics motions?

A

roll, slide (glide), spin, distractions (traction), and compression

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64
Q

what is the roll motion?

A

rotary motion where multiple points along one rotating articular surface contact multiple points on another articular surface

a rocking chair motion

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65
Q

what is the slide (glide) motion?

A

linear motion where a single point on 1 articular surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface

a tire skidding on ice

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66
Q

what is the spin motion?

A

rotary motion where a single point on 1 articular surface rotates on a single point on another articular surface

a draddle spinning

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67
Q

what is distraction?

A

pulling of join surfaces directly away from each other usually done by a force applied perpendicular to each other

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68
Q

why don’t you want pure rolling motion?

A

it would cause a dislocation

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69
Q

normal knee motion requires a combination of _____, _____, and _____

A

rolling, sliding, spinning

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70
Q

what is the concave convex rule?

A

when the convex surface is moving on the concave surface, the roll and glide are in opposite directions

when the concave surface is moving on the convex surface, the roll and glide are in the same direction

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71
Q

when the concave surface is moving on the convex surface, the roll and glide are in the ____ direction

A

same

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72
Q

when the convex surface is moving on the concave surface, the roll and glide are in the ____ direction

A

opposite

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73
Q

are functional axes of rotation fixed?

A

no, they move during motion

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74
Q

most joint axes are ____ to the long axis of the bone

A

oblique (at a slight angle)

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75
Q

what is the closed packed position of a joint?

A

there is max surface contact of a joint

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76
Q

are the ligamentous structures taut in the closed or open packed position?

A

closed packed position

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77
Q

is it easy or difficult to distract a joint in the closed packed position?

A

difficult

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78
Q

t/f: there is a lot of accessory motion in the closed packed position

A

false

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79
Q

where in the ROM is the closed packed position usually?

A

at the end of the range or near its end

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80
Q

what is the open packed position of a joint?

A

the joint position where the capsuloligamentous tissues are slack and the joint surfaces don’t fit congruently

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81
Q

is there increased or decreased friction in the open packed position?

A

decreased

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82
Q

t/f: the open packed position allows for greater motion

A

true!

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83
Q

where is the ROM is the open packed position usually?

A

mid range

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84
Q

why is the open packed position clinically important?

A

the open packed position is preferred by patients and allows for joint mobilization with minimal friction

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85
Q

torque is ____ motion occuring about an axis

A

rotary

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86
Q

what are the 5 variables that determine and describe motion?

A

type, location, magnitude, direction, and rate of motion and rate of change

87
Q

what are the 2 types of motion?

A

linear and rotary

88
Q

what are the units for linear motion?

A

meters or feet

89
Q

what are the units for rotary motion?

A

degrees

90
Q

what is magnitude?

A

the distance

91
Q

what is positive motion on the x axis?

A

towards the right

92
Q

what is positive motion on the y axis?

A

upward

93
Q

what is positive motion on the z axis?

A

forward

94
Q

what is velocity?

A

rate at which motion occurs measured in ft/sec, m/sec, or degrees/sec

95
Q

what is acceleration?

A

rate at which velocity changes measured in m/s ^2 or degrees/s^2

96
Q

what is positive acceleration?

A

moving faster

97
Q

what is negative acceleration?

A

slowing down

98
Q

what are the 2 dimensions of forces?

A

direction and magnitude

99
Q

what is the difference between weight and mass?

A

weight is influenced by gravity, but mass remains stable as it is just the amount of matter in an object that is not influenced by the effects of gravity

100
Q

if 2 forces of the same magnitude are acting in opposite direction will there be movement?

A

no, it will be in a state of equilibrium

101
Q

what is moment?

A

force acting at a distance from the axis

102
Q

what is the equation for moment?

A

M = f x d

where M=moment
f=force
d=moment arm

103
Q

what is the moment arm?

A

the perpendicular distance from the force vector to the axis of motion

distance from the axis to the muscles insertion or resistance

104
Q

changing the length of the lever arm changes what about motion?

A

the forces required

105
Q

why is is easier to flex the hip with the knee flexed also?

A

when the knee is flexed, it creates a shorter moment arm and therefore a decreased moment

106
Q

does an increased moment arm or a decreased moment arm make exercises more difficult?

A

an increased moment arm

107
Q

what is newton’s law of inertia?

A

a body at rest and a body in motion will stay that way until acted upon by a force

108
Q

what is newton’s law of acceleration?

A

proportionate to the magnitude of the net forces acting on it and inversely proportionate to the mass of the body

acceleration is inversely related to mass

109
Q

what is newton’s law of action-reaction?

A

for every force, there’s an equal and opposite reaction force

110
Q

what a resultant force?

A

the sum of the forces acting on a segment

the simplest force that produces the same effect as all the forces acting on body

111
Q

how to you create a resultant force

A

connect the head of a force to the tail of another and so on with all forces, then connect the first tail to the last head in a straight line

112
Q

what happens if the traction force is greater than the force that a soft tissue can take?

A

dislocation

113
Q

what is a 1st class lever?

A

the axis of rotation is between the force and resistance arm

seesaw

114
Q

what is an example of a 1st class lever in the body?

A

the head and neck extensor muscles

115
Q

what a is a 2nd class lever?

A

the axis of rotation is at one end with the force arm longer than the resistance arm

wheel barrel

116
Q

what is an example of a 2nd class lever in the body?

A

the calf producing torque needed for tip-toeing

117
Q

what is a 3rd class lever?

A

the axis of rotation is at one end and the resistance arm is longer than the force arm

118
Q

what is an example of a 3rd class lever in the body

A

the biceps doing a bicep curl

119
Q

what is the most common type of lever in the body?

A

3rd class levers

120
Q

what is mechanical advantage?

A

the force arm / resistance length

121
Q

if the force arm length is greater than the resistance arm length, is there a mechanical advantage (MA>1)?

A

yes!

122
Q

if the force arm length is equal to the resistance arm length is there a mechanical advantage (MA>1)?

A

no, MA=0

123
Q

what is the role of 1st class levers?

A

balance and stability

124
Q

t/f: 1st class levers have varying force arm and resistance arm lengths, so there is no fixed ratio for MA

A

true!

125
Q

what is the role of 2nd class levers?

A

power and deceleration

126
Q

in 2nd class levers the displacement of _____ will always be < displacement of ____

A

resistance, force

127
Q

in 2nd class levers, the ____ arm > _____ arm

A

force, resistance

128
Q

what is the role of 3rd class levers?

A

producing speed

129
Q

t/f: in 3rd class levers, small changes in muscle length create large angular displacements

A

true!

130
Q

in 3rd class levers, the displacement of _____> displacement of _____

A

resistance, force

131
Q

why is performing a bicep curl with a weight closer to the elbow easier than performing a bicep curl with a weight in the hand?

A

because with the weight closer to the axis of rotation, the resistance arm becomes shorter.

132
Q

does a shorter or longer resistance arm make exercises easier?

A

shorter resistance arm

133
Q

what is internal moment arm?

A

the perpendicular distance from the axis to the muscles insertion (like the force arm)

134
Q

what is external moment arm?

A

the perpendicular distance from the axis to the external force or the body’s COM (like the resistance arm)

135
Q

what is torque?

A

force applied around an axis that produces rotational joint motion

136
Q

what is the equation for torque?

A

T = F x d

137
Q

what is internal torque?

A

product of internal force (muscle) and internal moment arm

138
Q

what is external torque?

A

product of external force (gravity) and external moment arm

139
Q

what is a tangential force?

A

compression/distraction

140
Q

at 90 degrees of flexion there is only _____ force

A

rotational

141
Q

at about 120 degrees, there is ____ and ____ forces

A

rotational and distraction

142
Q

in a half squat, would the compressive forces b/w the patella and femur be more or less than in a full squat?

A

less bc the resultant force is smaller

143
Q

there is max resistance force when the segment is ____

A

horizontal

144
Q

the ____ the IMA, the _____ the rotational motion by the muscle at the joint

A

greater, greater

145
Q

if the IMA is > resistance arm, there is more or less angular motion?

A

more

146
Q

traction is created by what kind of forces?

A

tangential

147
Q

at 90 degrees of flexion, are there tangential forces?

A

no

148
Q

at what angle of flexion is there the least amount of compressive forces?

A

90 degrees

149
Q

at greater than 90 degrees, what is the ratio of rotational and traction forces?

A

50/50

150
Q

at less than 90 degrees, is there more tangential or rotational forces?

A

rotational forces (flexion)

151
Q

the patella creates a larger or smaller IMA for the quad tendon?

A

larger

152
Q

what is the role of a pulley?

A

to provide varying resistance w/in a joint’s ROM as it changes the direction and magnitude of forces

153
Q

if the leg is straight out using a pulley system, are there more tangential or rotational forces

A

both, its 50/50 of each

154
Q

what is the role of anatomical pulleys?

A

to change the course of tendons and increased the MA

155
Q

what are 2 examples of anatomical pulleys in the body?

A

the peroneus longus around the lateral malleolus and the quad tendon over the patella

156
Q

what is pressure?

A

force per unit of area

157
Q

what happens with excessive pressure?

A

caluses, pressure ulcers, stress fractures, bone spurring, etc

158
Q

what are some ways to reduce pressure?

A

increase the surface area

traction

reducing the magnitude of the force

reducing the amount of time the pressure is applied

159
Q

during stretching, should external forces be applied proximally or distally to prevent high stress on tissues?

A

proximally

160
Q

how can we reduce stress in injured joints?

A

sling, splint, gravity eliminated positions, abduction of the shoulder in supine if gh joint is stress, and water activities

161
Q

what is the COG/COM?

A

theoretical point about which an object is balanced

162
Q

what is the origin of gravity’s force vector?

A

the COG/COM

163
Q

does the COG/COM change with movement?

A

yes!

164
Q

in adults, where is the COG located?

A

anterior to S2

165
Q

t/f: male COG tends to be higher than that of females

A

true bc females tend to have wider hips than males

166
Q

what is the COG of the head, arms, and trunk?

A

anterior border of T11 and just below the xiphoid process of the sternum

(literally don’t know if this is dif from body COG so sorry if this doesn’t make sense bc I don’t get it either)

167
Q

t/f the weight of the upper body is about 60% of the entire body’s weight

A

true!!

168
Q

what is the line of gravity?

A

the vertical line downward from the COM

169
Q

what is the BOS?

A

the area within points of contact of the body and any object an individual relies on for support

170
Q

when is the body stable?

A

when the COG is within the BOS and the line of gravity in through the center of the BOS

171
Q

does a wider BOS or a smaller BOS provide more stability?

A

a wider BOS

172
Q

what is wrong with the stoop position?

A

the COG is not over the BOS, the extensors (postural muscles) have to work harder so you are more prone to back injuries

173
Q

why is the squat position advantageous?

A

the COG is within the BOS, the muscles don’t have to work as hard bc the quads have more type 2 fibers for more force generation

174
Q

what are the 3 isotonic contractions?

A

isometric, eccentric, and concentric

175
Q

what is an isometric contraction?

A

contraction with no change in muscle length

176
Q

what is a concentric contraction?

A

contraction against gravity where the muscle is getting shorter

177
Q

is concentric contraction positive or negative work?

A

positive work because motion is produced by the muscle

178
Q

what is an eccentric contraction?

A

contraction with gravity where the muscle gets longer

179
Q

is eccentric contraction positive or negative work?

A

negative work because the external force is responsible for motion done by the muscle

180
Q

what is isokinetic contraction?

A

constant rate of movement (constant velocity=0 accelerartion)

181
Q

does the body really ever generate isokinetic contraction?

A

no, it is usually simulated by a machine like a Biodex)

182
Q

in isometric contractions muscle torque __ load torque

A

=

183
Q

in concentric contraction muscle torque __ load torque

A

>

184
Q

in eccentric contraction muscle torque __ load torque

A

<

185
Q

when is predicting muscle function simple?

A

proximal attachment is stabilized

distal attachment moves towards proximal (often OKC)

distal segment moves against gravity (concentric)

acceleration activity

3rd class lever

muscles provides moving force

186
Q

how do muscles often function?

A

proximal attachments move toward distal attachments (often CKC)

distal segment motion may be assisted by gravity (eccentric) deceleration activity

2nd class lever
muscles provide resistance force

187
Q

what are type 1 muscle fibers?

A

slow twitch, fatigue resistance, small amount of forces

188
Q

what are type 2a muscle fibers?

A

fast twitch, oxidative, mix of type 1 and 2

189
Q

what are type 2b muscle fibers?

A

fast twitch, glycolytic, least fatigue resistance fibers that are good for explosive movements and large force generations

190
Q

as you age, there is a preferential loss of what type of muscle fibers?

A

type 2

191
Q

what happens with preferential loss of type 2 fibers?

A

loss of force generating capabilities

192
Q

what are postural muscles?

A

muscles that maintain posture

193
Q

what type of fibers are postural muscles?

A

type 1

194
Q

what are some examples of postural muscles?

A

trunk extensors, abdominals, hamstrings, quads, glutes, cervical flexors, delta, soleus, etc

195
Q

what are phasic muscles?

A

muscles that contract rapidly and generate a lot of fibers

196
Q

what type of fibers are phasic muscles?

A

type 2

197
Q

what are some examples of phasic muscles?

A

gastrocs, biceps, upper extremity flexors, etc

198
Q

what is an agonist?

A

the prime mover

199
Q

what is an antagonist?

A

muscle that produces opposite actions of the prime mover and resists movement if activated

200
Q

what is a synergist?

A

muscle that helps the agonist action

201
Q

what are the 2 types of synergists?

A

stabilizers and neutralizers

202
Q

what are stabilizers?

A

muscles that stabilize joints for distal movement and usually act isometrically

203
Q

what are neutralizers?

A

muscles that stop unwanted movement of agonists

204
Q

what is co-contraction?

A

agonist and antagonist acting together to stabilize a limb so that the distal movement can occur

usually of the proximal joint

205
Q

what are the 8 factors that affect the muscles strength/performance?

A
  1. muscle size
  2. architecture of muscles fibers
  3. passive components of the muscle
  4. physiological length of the muscles/length-tension relationship of the muscle (covered in 503)
  5. moment arm length
  6. speed of muscles contraction (covered in 503)
  7. active tension (covered in 503)
  8. age and gender
206
Q

what is the role of shorter muscles?

A

stability

207
Q

what is the role of longer muscles?

A

mobility

208
Q

what is muscle length associated with?

A

speed of motion

209
Q

what is muscle width associated with?

A

strength

210
Q

width is fibers in ____

A

parallel

211
Q

increase in width _____ cross sectional area

A

increases

212
Q

t/f: parallel fibers produce greater strength

A

true!

213
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

adding fibers in parallel so muscles get bigger not longer

214
Q

what is atrophy?

A

muscle loses its bulk often due to aging or inactivity

DPT 502 (9 decks)

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