Motor Learning Flashcards
what is motor learning?
an individual learns or modifies a task
the method used to learn new movements
changes in internal process that determines the capability to produce a motor task
increases with practice and and relatively stable levels of the person’s motor performance
what are the 2 forms of long term memory?
explicit and implicit
what is explicit memory (declarative)?
facts and events
what is implicit memory (nondeclarative)?
nonassociative learning (habituation and sensitization)
associative learning (classical and operant conditioning)
procedural learning (skills and habits)
does habituation cause an increase or decrease in behavior?
decrease
does sensitization cause an increase or decrease in responsiveness?
increased
what is classic conditioning?
a learned response from pairing two stimuli
what is operant conditioning?
trial and error learning
rewarded behavior is repeated
what is procedural learning?
learning that can become automatic with repetitions
without attention or conscious thought
becomes a habit
what is declarative memory?
ability to remember factual knowledge
consciously recalled info
awareness, attention, and reflection
what is Adam’s closed loop theory?
looks at the role of feedback and its impact on movement
movements are performed by comparing ongoing movement w/an internal reference of correctness that is developed during practice (“that just doesn’t feel right”)
what is Schmidt’s theory (open loop)?
learning in one way may not be transferrable so you should practice action in lots of dif way under many dif conditions
recall and recognition schemas
what is the recall schema?
used to select a method to complete task
the learner stores the schema and recalls it for the next time
what is the recognition schema?
how well motor behavior is performed
once a schema is established, recognition of the schema is used to produce an estimate of sensory consequences
what are the practice conditions?
massed vs. distributed
random vs. blocked (contextual interference)
constant vs. variable
whole vs. part
mental practice
transfer
what is massed practice in rehab?
repetition of skills
more practice than rest time
what is distributed practice?
amount of rest =/> amount of time practicing skill
what kind of practice is being described?
- retention is worse at first
- better long term retention of skills
random practice
what kind of practice is being described?
- better retention in the beginning
- worse long term retention of skills
blocked practice
what is variable practice?
variability increases ability to adapt and generalize learning
results in better long term learning and transfer
what is task analysis?
practicing parts in isolation
t/f: mental practice can enhance physical practice
true
what is mental practice?
ask the patient to visual the movement before trying to complete it
t/f: physical practice is better than just mental imagery
true
what is a helpful skill to use in breaks bw exercises for patient who fatigue easily?
mental practice
how can you make a task more transferable?
make the environment similar to their home environment
t/f: mental practice enhances long term memory
true
what is intrinsic feedback?
internal feedback the pt is getting
somatosensory, proprioception, visual
what is extrinsic feedback?
what we ask the patients to do (verbal or manual)
can be concurrent, intermittent, faded, or mirror therapy
what is terminal feedback?
summarized at the end of performance
knowledge of results
knowledge of performance
what is knowledge of results?
“you did the task well”
what is knowledge of performance?
“you didn’t keep your arms straight”
“you were looking at your feet while walking”
what is intermittent feedback?
giving feedback spread out throughout a visit
what is faded feedback?
giving more feedback in the beginning, then reeling it back
is intermittent or faded feedback better for long term carryover?
faded feedback
what are the Fitts and Posner 3 stages of learning?
cognitive: earlier learning that involves more conscious thinking
associative: refining skills, less variability
autonomous: don’t pay much attention to the details and can add in other components (talking on the phone while walking)
what are the therapeutic considerations of learning?
the learning environment
arousal and attention motivation and meaning
instruction and guidance
feedback: types and selection
practice: types and organization
what are some learning changes related to aging?
performance skills that are time related or depend on reaction times are most challenged
influence of pain and poor health
influence of co-impairments
what is the process of learning during infancy?
engagement
exploration
postural adaptability
subsystem integration
cognitive development in concert with sensorimotor development
skill mastery
what is the process of learning during childhood?
play is a child’s work
children do appear to learn on a continuum but bridging between stages and processing does occur: learning is very fluent
children of different ages, experience levels, and ability have different developmental tasks, skills, and strategies
role of practice
role of feedback
what is the process of learning in early childhood?
exploration expanded into investigation
increased capacity to process information with more efficiency
exploratory play shifting into more constructive pursuits with interest in outcomes
practice
learning about social systems, roles, group processes, autonomy and decision making. Self-absorption gives way to increased social skills
thinking and reasoning develop
what is the process of learning throughout mid and late childhood?
refinement in perceptual skills
interpersonal skills expand with focus broadened to include groups and peers
emergence of higher-level mastery in all domains
importance of recognition and acceptance
what are some strategies for teaching children related to motor learning?
importance of context
motivation
encourage creative behaviors and allows for flexibility for generation of a movement response
instructions
modeling
practice!!!!
what are some strategies for adult learners?
problem solving approach to learning
real life situations are main motivators
value the immediate application of learned info
individual learning style
practice
feedback
flexibility
what are important factors to consider in adults learners?
readiness
influence of environmental factors
importance of intrinsic motivation
positive reinforcement
need for organized presentation of material
enhancement by repetition
meaningfulness of tasks
active participation
what learning deficits may be present in older adults?
sequence motor learning deficits
learning new technologies
learning effortfull bimanual coordination patterns w/presevered/enhanced use of augmentated feedback
what is the Singer 5 step strategy?
readying
imaging
focusing
executing
evaluation
