Quiz 1 Flashcards
What are the levels of organization from largest to smallest?
-biosphere (all of world’s ecosystem)
-ecosystem (interacting community of organisms)
-organism (individuals in species)
-organ (specialized structural system, a group of tissues, carries out a function)
-tissue (more homogenous group of cells)
-cell (biological unit of all living organisms, cells consist of a cytoplasm within a membrane)
-biomolecule (any molecule that is present in living organisms, such as carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
What does kary mean?
nucelus
What does prokaryote mean?
before nucleus (no nucleus)
What does eukaryote mean?
true nucleus
What is the formula for finding volume of a cell?
V0= pi r ^3
What are the focuses of biochemistry?
-bottom level of the organization system
-universal principles apply across all organisms
-chemical and physical properties of biomolecules, with particular interest in their roles in biological systems
What are the 4 types of macromolecules/polymers?
-carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
-proteins
-lipids
-nucleic acids
What is the subunit/monomer for carbs?
monosaccharides (such as glucose, galactose, fructose, ribose)
What is the subunit/monomer for proteins?
amino acids
What is the subunit/monomer for lipids?
fatty acids like glycerol
What is the subunit/monomer for nucleic acids?
nucleotides
How many nucleotides are there?
8
4 for DNA, 4 for RNA (ATCG, AUCG)
Is insulin a polymer or a monomer?
polymer
What atoms are found in carbohydrates, like monosaccharide?
C, H, O atoms, usually with a H:O atom ratio of 2:1
formula= Cn(H2O)n
Glucose, galactose, and fructose all have the same formula but different structures. What is the formula?
C6H12O6
What is this?
glucose
What is this?
galactose
What is this?
fructose
What is the formula for ribose?
C5H10O5
What is this?
ribose
What does a carbonyl group look like?
C=O
If a carbonyl group is on C1 of a carbohydrate/monosaccharide, what is it called?
aldose
If a carbonyl group is on any carbon besides C1 of a carbohydrate/monosaccharide, what is it called?
ketose
What does a hydroxyl group look like?
O-H
What sugar has a ketose on C2?
fructose
What is attached to the alpha carbon on an amino acid?
amino group, carboxyl group (carboxylic acid), and a hydrogen atom
All amino acids also have an R group or side chain, but each amino acid will have a different one
What does a fatty acid consist of?
a carboxylic acid with a long hydrocarbon tail/chain
What foods is cholesterol found in?
animal products
What is the structure of cholesterol?
4-fused ring structure
Is cholesterol essential?
no, the body makes enough of it that we don’t need it in our diet
Nucleotides are molecules that serve as the monomers or subunits, of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. The building blocks of nucleic acids are nucleotides and are composed of nitrogen base (B), a 5 carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose, S) and at least….
one phosphate group (P)
What is this?
glycerol (monomer of lipid)
What is a covalent bond?
-chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms/elements
-strong bond, can only be broken down by enzymes
-determines hydrophilicity based on polarity
T/F: single covalent bond can bend, rotate, and stretch. Double and triple covalent bonds cant
true
define enzyme
biological catalysts that enable specific bonds to be broken or formed under physiological conditions
define electronegativity
tendency of atoms to attract electrons towards itself
What are nonpolar covalent bonds?
-electrons are shared equally
-tend to be relatively unreactive
-CC and CH covalent bonds are nonpolar and hydrophobic
What are polar covalent bonds?
-one atom has a higher affinity for electrons
-reactive
-O, N, and F are highly electronegative atoms
-NH and OH covalent bonds are polar and hydrophilic
What atoms are highly electronegative?
O, N, and F
What are the 2 types of non-covalent bonds we talked about?
1) hydrogen bonding
2) ionic bonding
What is hydrogen bonding?
electrostatic attraction between electronegative and electronpositive atoms (it has 1/20 of the strength of covalent bond)
water hydrogen bonds with water or with other polar compounds
What is ionic bonding?
-involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
-the ions represent atoms that have lost 1 or more electrons and atoms that have gained 1 or more electrons
Subunits are covalently bonded to one another to form macromolecules by condensation reactions. What happens in condensation reactions?
polymers are made from monomers
water is removed
What is hydrolysis?
use of water to break covalent bonds and make polymer into monomers
Where is hydrolysis seen in the human body?
digestive system because we can only absorb monomers, so the polymers need to be broken down with water
Monosaccharides are bonded together by _______________ bonds to form carbohydrates. The bond is synthesized by condensation of _____________
O-glycosidic, 2 hydroxyl groups
What is an amino acid made up of?
-alpha carbon
-carboxylic acid
-amino group
-H
-R group/side chain
Amino acids are bonded to one another by ___________ bonds to form ____________. This bond is synthesized by condensation of ___________________
peptide/amide, proteins, amino and carboxyl (carboxylic acid)
What is another name for tripeptide?
polypeptide or protein
Fatty acids can make ester bonds with each OH group on glycerol or….
one OH on cholesterol with fatty acid will also make an ester bond
1 glycerol + 1 FA=
monoglyceride
1 glycerol + 2 FA=
diglyceride
Subunits of lipids are bonded to one another by _______ bonds. This bond is formed by condensation of ___________________
ester, carboxyl (carboxylic acid) and hydroxyl group
Nucleotides are bonded to one another by _________________ bonds. This bond is formed by condensation of _____________________
phosphodiester, phosphor and hydroxyl group
Hydroxyl can also be called what?
alcohol or OH
Is a hydroxyl group polar or nonpolar?
polar
What is another name for aldehyde?
carbonyl
Are aldehydes polar or nonpolar?
polar
What is another name for ketone?
carbonyl or C=O
Are ketones polar or nonpolar?
polar
What is another name for carboxyl?
carboxylic acid, acid, or COOH
What is another name for amino groups?
amine or NH2
What is another name for amides?
peptide
Are amides/peptides polar or nonpolar?
polar
Which functional group is an antioxidant?
thiol (SH)
Are thiols polar or nonpolar?
nonpolar covalent/hydrophobic bc its easily oxidized and can form -S-S- disulfide bonds
Are esters polar or nonpolar?
nonpolar/hydrophobic
What is oxidation?
-loss of electrons and hydrogens
-need oxygen to do the reaction
What atoms have energy?
C-H, can only get energy from organic molecules
ex: water is not energetic
How many calories are there per lipid?
9 calories/g
How many calories are there per carb/proteins?
4 calories/g for carbs
4 calories/g for proteins
What lipid molecule has the most energy?
the lipid with the most H bonded to C, in the class example it was methane (and CO2 had the least energy)
What is reduction?
gain of electrons/hydrogen
Are calories in foods rounded up or down?
rounded down to closest whole number
What are the 3 types of energy containing nutrients?
-carbs
-fats
-proteins
What is catabolism?
-breaking down molecules
-oxidation reaction (loss of electrons/hydrogen)
What are the 3 energy depleted end products after catabolism?
-CO2
-H2O
-NH3
What are the precursor molecules for anabolism?
-amino acids
-sugars
-fatty acids
-nitrogenous bases
What is anabolism?
-building up compounds (proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids)
-reduction reaction (gaining H and electrons)
The free energy released from catabolic reactions is temporarily stored in the form of….
ATP
The energy derived from catabolic reactions is used by the cell to drive anabolic reactions. Anabolic reactions are said to be _______________ to catabolic reactions
coupled
What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?
energy and mass can neither be created or destroyed, only transformed into one form from another
What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?
the universe tends towards disorder (breaking down/disorganization) such that reactions occur at the expense of order
The tendency towards disorder is a form of energy called….
entropy (s)
When an organism breaks down a highly organized biomolecule (food), the energy contained within that molecule is released as several forms of energy. What are they?
-entropy (S, cannot be used by body)
-Heat (H, all energy will eventually turn to heat)
-Gibbs Free Energy (G, energy the body can use)
__________ drives the reaction by creating disorder. Heat cannot be used and is lost to the environment. Only ______________ is available to do biochemical work
Entropy, Free Energy
bigger molecule = _________ energy
higher
smaller molecule= _________ stable, ________ energy
more, less
A -> B
If GA (bigger) > GB(smaller) , then delta G is _______. Free energy is released to do work. This reaction is _________________
negative, exergonic
A-> B
If GA (smaller) < GB (larger) then delta G is __________. Free energy must be provided for the reaction to proceed. This reaction is ______________
positive, endergonic
In general, endergonic reactions are biosynthetic or ____________ reactions thats generate biomolecules and macromolecules
anabolic
______________ reactions are usually catabolic reactions that breakdown nutrients
Exergonic
What are some synonyms for exergonic?
-decrease in free energy
-increase stability
-spontaneous
-downhill
-movement towards equilibrium
-ATP producing
-Catabolism
What are some synonyms for endergonic?
-increase in free energy (pos delta G)
-decrease in stability
-non-spontaneous
-uphill
-movement away from equilibrium
-ATP requiring
-anabolism
What is the Keq equation?
keq= [B] / [A]
(concentrations of B and A)
What are the 3 basic atoms in biological molecules?
C, H, O
What is an organic molecule?
molecules that are made of carbon and hydrogen
What is the difference between a covalent bond and a non-covalent bond?
covalent= sharing of electron pairs between atoms, determines hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity based on polarity
non-covalent= does not share electron pairs
Is glucose hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophilic bc of OH bonds
Is sucrose hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophilic bc of OH bonds
Is ribose hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophilic because of OH bonds
Is deoxyribose hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophilic because of OH bonds
Is glycine hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophilic because of carboxylic acid and amino group
Is cholesterol hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophilic because of OH bond
Is cholesterol ester hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
fully hydrophobic because ester bond is hydrophobic and so is everything else
Is glycerol hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophilic because of OH, can bond with water easily
Is triglyceride (TG) hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
fully hydrophobic because all the bonds are nonpolar
Are fatty acids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophobic because of long hydrocarbon chain
