Carbs (mini-test 2) Flashcards by Julia Gumirov

What is the most abundant macromolecule in food?

carbs

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What atoms make up carbs

Cn(H2O)n

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Where are good carbs found?

in nature

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What are bad carbs?

processed and unnatural

ex: ice cream and cookies

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Which molecules have clean energy?

fats and carbs

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What are the functions of carbs?

-energy storage (most organisms obtain energy from the oxidation of carbs)
-structural components (found on cell membranes and plant cell walls, ex: cellulose of plant cell walls or chitin of insect exoskeletons)

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What molecules have energy/store energy?

-fats
-AAs
-carbs

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Which molecule is not “clean energy”?

proteins/AAs (so body does not like to use AAs for energy unless its desperate)

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Carbohydrate classification is based on the number of monomeric units. Carbs can be classified as:

monosaccharides
-this is one sugar (simple sugar)
-this is the simplest carb molecule with the CnH2nOn formula
-monosaccharides usually have 3-7 carbons
-ex: glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, ribose, etc

disaccharides
-this is 2 sugars (simple sugar)
-ex: sucrose is a table sugar that is made up of glucose and fructose, or lactose is a milk sugar that is made up of glucose and galactose

oligosaccharides
-this is 3-11 sugars (complex sugars)
-this is a short-chain of sugar subgroups
-ex: raffinose or stachyose

polysaccharides
-12+ sugars (complex sugars)
-long chain branched sugar subgroups
-2 types: homo and hetero-polysacchardies
-ex: cellulose, glycogen, chitin, starch

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What are the simple carbs?

any sugar that is mono or disaccharide

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Which sugars taste sweet?

any sugar that is mono or disaccharide (simple carbs only)

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What are the complex carbs?

oligosaccharides and polysaccharides (3+ sugars)

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Which sugars are usually found in foods?

polysaccharides

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Natural polysaccharides are almost always…..

homo-polysaccharides

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What are the 2 types of polysaccharides?

-homo polysaccharides (all sugars are the same)
-hetero polysaccharides (different sugars)

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What is the 1st part of monosaccharide nomenclatures?

Is the carb an aldose or ketose? This is based on the position of the carbonyl group

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What is an aldose?

C=O at C1

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What is a ketose?

C=O at anywhere besides C1 (so any of the middle carbons of sugars)

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If a sugar is an aldose, then where does numbering start?

at the aldehyde carbon

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If a sugar is a ketose, then where does numbering start?

at the terminal carbon (closest to the carbonyl carbon)

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How do you calculate the number of chiral carbons for ketoses?

total number of carbons - 3

ex: pentoketose
5-3 = 2 chiral carbons

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What is the 2nd part of monosaccharide nomenclature?

number of carbons

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How many carbons is a triose?

3 carbons

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How many carbons is a tetrose?

4 carbons

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How many carbons is a pentose?

5 carbons

How many carbons is a hexose?

6 carbons

A 4 carbon ketose would be called....

ketotetrose

A 5 carbon aldose would be called....

aldopentose

What are the different aldohexoses we talked about in class?

-glucose -galactose -mannose

What is an example of a ketohexose?

fructose

What is an example of an aldopentose?

ribose

What is the 3rd part of monosaccharide nomenclature?

common names

What is an example of an aldotriose?

glyceraldehyde

What is an example of a ketotriose?

dihydroxyacetone

What is this?

glyceraldehyde

What is this?

dihydroxyacetone

What is this?

ribose

What are the other names for glucose? *there are a ton of varieties with the nomenclature

-glucoaldose -hexoglucose -aldohexose -aldopyranose -pyranhexose -glucopyranose

How do you calculate the number of chiral carbons for an aldose?

total number of carbons- 2 ex: pentoaldose 5-2= 3 chiral carbons

Sugars naturally like which form- D or L form?

D form

Sugars are either D or L form based on the configuration of the chiral carbon furthest away from the....

carbonyl carbon

What are isomers?

same formula, different structures

How do you calculate the number of stereoisomers?

first find/calculate the chiral carbons then take the number of chiral carbons and put it as: 2^x x= number of chiral carbons, its an exponent of 2 example 2^2 = 4 stereoisomers

What is this?

D- glyceraldehyde

What is this?

L-glyceraldehyde

What is an isomer with glyceraldehyde?

dihydroxyacetone (BUT they are NOT stereoisomers

ALL monosaccharides besides ______________ have at least one chiral center

dihydroxyacetone

How many stereoisomers does this molecule have?

2^3= 8

Is this monosaccharide D form or L form?

D form

How many stereoisomers does fructose have?

6 carbons- 3= 3 chiral carbons 2^3 = 8 stereoisomers

How many stereoisomers does galactose have?

6 carbons- 2 = 4 chiral carbons 2^4 = 16 stereoisomers

What is this?

D- glucose

What is this?

D-fructose

What is this?

D-galactose

What is this?

D- mannose

What are the 2 big categories for isomers?

1) constitutional (structural) isomers 2) stereoisomers (spatial isomers)

What are constitutional isomers?

-bonds/connections are different -ex: aldose vs ketose, or galactose vs fructose

What are stereoisomers?

-same bonds -aldose with aldose, or ketose with ketose -ex: glucose and mannose, mannose and galactose, glucose and galactose -stereoisomers can be further divided into diastereomers and enantiomers

What are diastereomers?

-NOT mirror image -ex: L glucose with D galactose, both have 6 carbons and are aldoses but theyre different forms and structures -there are 2 subcategories of diastereomers: cis/trans isomers and epimers

What are epimers?

diastereomers that are similar BUT differ by only 1 chiral carbon ex: D glucose and D mannose differ only in one chiral carbon, so they are epimers

What are enantiomers?

-mirror images -ex: D glucose and L glucose

Glucose and galactose are _____ epimers

Glucose and mannose are ____ epimers

Galactose and mannose differ in 2 chiral carbons. So they are not epimers. What are they?

stereoisomers

What is the 4th part of monosaccharide nomenclature?

carbohydrate ring structures

Monosaccharides with 5 or more carbons (mostly pentoses and hexoses) are going to form cyclic ring structures in the ___________ environment

aqueous

Aldohexoses tend to form a _________ ring structure when C1 aldehyde reacts with C5 hydroxyl

pyranose

Ketohexoses tends to form a __________ ring structure when C2 reacts with C5 hydroxyl

furanose

__________ can form both pyranose and furanose ring structures

aldopentose

How does a fisher projection turn into a ring structure?

isomerization reaction

Aldohexoses tend to form pyranose rings. A new chiral carbon is formed when a monosaccharide forms the ring structure. The new chiral carbon is called _________ carbon (the previous carbonyl carbon). 2 new stereoisomers are possible- when the hydroxyl group points down, it means alpha and when the hydroxyl group points up, it means beta

anomeric

What is it called when the hydroxyl group is pointed down?

alpha

What is it called when the hydroxyl group is pointed up?

beta

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