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Biochemistry 1 > Carbs (mini-test 2) > Flashcards

Carbs (mini-test 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most abundant macromolecule in food?

A

carbs

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2
Q

What atoms make up carbs

A

Cn(H2O)n

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3
Q

Where are good carbs found?

A

in nature

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4
Q

What are bad carbs?

A

processed and unnatural

ex: ice cream and cookies

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5
Q

Which molecules have clean energy?

A

fats and carbs

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6
Q

What are the functions of carbs?

A

-energy storage (most organisms obtain energy from the oxidation of carbs)
-structural components (found on cell membranes and plant cell walls, ex: cellulose of plant cell walls or chitin of insect exoskeletons)

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7
Q

What molecules have energy/store energy?

A

-fats
-AAs
-carbs

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8
Q

Which molecule is not “clean energy”?

A

proteins/AAs (so body does not like to use AAs for energy unless its desperate)

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9
Q

Carbohydrate classification is based on the number of monomeric units. Carbs can be classified as:

A

monosaccharides
-this is one sugar (simple sugar)
-this is the simplest carb molecule with the CnH2nOn formula
-monosaccharides usually have 3-7 carbons
-ex: glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, ribose, etc

disaccharides
-this is 2 sugars (simple sugar)
-ex: sucrose is a table sugar that is made up of glucose and fructose, or lactose is a milk sugar that is made up of glucose and galactose

oligosaccharides
-this is 3-11 sugars (complex sugars)
-this is a short-chain of sugar subgroups
-ex: raffinose or stachyose

polysaccharides
-12+ sugars (complex sugars)
-long chain branched sugar subgroups
-2 types: homo and hetero-polysacchardies
-ex: cellulose, glycogen, chitin, starch

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10
Q

What are the simple carbs?

A

any sugar that is mono or disaccharide

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11
Q

Which sugars taste sweet?

A

any sugar that is mono or disaccharide (simple carbs only)

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12
Q

What are the complex carbs?

A

oligosaccharides and polysaccharides (3+ sugars)

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13
Q

Which sugars are usually found in foods?

A

polysaccharides

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14
Q

Natural polysaccharides are almost always…..

A

homo-polysaccharides

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of polysaccharides?

A

-homo polysaccharides (all sugars are the same)
-hetero polysaccharides (different sugars)

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16
Q

What is the 1st part of monosaccharide nomenclatures?

A

Is the carb an aldose or ketose? This is based on the position of the carbonyl group

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17
Q

What is an aldose?

A

C=O at C1

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18
Q

What is a ketose?

A

C=O at anywhere besides C1 (so any of the middle carbons of sugars)

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19
Q

If a sugar is an aldose, then where does numbering start?

A

at the aldehyde carbon

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20
Q

If a sugar is a ketose, then where does numbering start?

A

at the terminal carbon (closest to the carbonyl carbon)

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21
Q

How do you calculate the number of chiral carbons for ketoses?

A

total number of carbons - 3

ex: pentoketose
5-3 = 2 chiral carbons

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22
Q

What is the 2nd part of monosaccharide nomenclature?

A

number of carbons

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23
Q

How many carbons is a triose?

A

3 carbons

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24
Q

How many carbons is a tetrose?

A

4 carbons

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25
Q

How many carbons is a pentose?

A

5 carbons

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26
Q

How many carbons is a hexose?

A

6 carbons

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27
Q

A 4 carbon ketose would be called….

A

ketotetrose

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28
Q

A 5 carbon aldose would be called….

A

aldopentose

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29
Q

What are the different aldohexoses we talked about in class?

A

-glucose
-galactose
-mannose

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30
Q

What is an example of a ketohexose?

A

fructose

31
Q

What is an example of an aldopentose?

A

ribose

32
Q

What is the 3rd part of monosaccharide nomenclature?

A

common names

33
Q

What is an example of an aldotriose?

A

glyceraldehyde

34
Q

What is an example of a ketotriose?

A

dihydroxyacetone

35
Q

What is this?

A

glyceraldehyde

36
Q

What is this?

A

dihydroxyacetone

37
Q

What is this?

A

ribose

38
Q

What are the other names for glucose?

*there are a ton of varieties with the nomenclature

A

-glucoaldose
-hexoglucose
-aldohexose
-aldopyranose
-pyranhexose
-glucopyranose

39
Q

How do you calculate the number of chiral carbons for an aldose?

A

total number of carbons- 2

ex: pentoaldose
5-2= 3 chiral carbons

40
Q

Sugars naturally like which form- D or L form?

A

D form

41
Q

Sugars are either D or L form based on the configuration of the chiral carbon furthest away from the….

A

carbonyl carbon

42
Q

What are isomers?

A

same formula, different structures

43
Q

How do you calculate the number of stereoisomers?

A

first find/calculate the chiral carbons

then take the number of chiral carbons and put it as: 2^x

x= number of chiral carbons, its an exponent of 2

example 2^2 = 4 stereoisomers

44
Q

What is this?

A

D- glyceraldehyde

45
Q

What is this?

A

L-glyceraldehyde

46
Q

What is an isomer with glyceraldehyde?

A

dihydroxyacetone

(BUT they are NOT stereoisomers

47
Q

ALL monosaccharides besides ______________ have at least one chiral center

A

dihydroxyacetone

48
Q

How many stereoisomers does this molecule have?

A

2^3= 8

49
Q

Is this monosaccharide D form or L form?

A

D form

50
Q

How many stereoisomers does fructose have?

A

6 carbons- 3= 3 chiral carbons

2^3 = 8 stereoisomers

51
Q

How many stereoisomers does galactose have?

A

6 carbons- 2 = 4 chiral carbons

2^4 = 16 stereoisomers

52
Q

What is this?

A

D- glucose

53
Q

What is this?

A

D-fructose

54
Q

What is this?

A

D-galactose

55
Q

What is this?

A

D- mannose

56
Q

What are the 2 big categories for isomers?

A

1) constitutional (structural) isomers
2) stereoisomers (spatial isomers)

57
Q

What are constitutional isomers?

A

-bonds/connections are different
-ex: aldose vs ketose, or galactose vs fructose

58
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

-same bonds
-aldose with aldose, or ketose with ketose
-ex: glucose and mannose, mannose and galactose, glucose and galactose
-stereoisomers can be further divided into diastereomers and enantiomers

59
Q

What are diastereomers?

A

-NOT mirror image
-ex: L glucose with D galactose, both have 6 carbons and are aldoses but theyre different forms and structures
-there are 2 subcategories of diastereomers: cis/trans isomers and epimers

60
Q

What are epimers?

A

diastereomers that are similar BUT differ by only 1 chiral carbon

ex: D glucose and D mannose differ only in one chiral carbon, so they are epimers

61
Q

What are enantiomers?

A

-mirror images
-ex: D glucose and L glucose

62
Q

Glucose and galactose are _____ epimers

A

C4

63
Q

Glucose and mannose are ____ epimers

A

C2

64
Q

Galactose and mannose differ in 2 chiral carbons. So they are not epimers. What are they?

A

stereoisomers

65
Q

What is the 4th part of monosaccharide nomenclature?

A

carbohydrate ring structures

66
Q

Monosaccharides with 5 or more carbons (mostly pentoses and hexoses) are going to form cyclic ring structures in the ___________ environment

A

aqueous

66
Q

Aldohexoses tend to form a _________ ring structure when C1 aldehyde reacts with C5 hydroxyl

A

pyranose

67
Q

Ketohexoses tends to form a __________ ring structure when C2 reacts with C5 hydroxyl

A

furanose

68
Q

__________ can form both pyranose and furanose ring structures

A

aldopentose

69
Q

How does a fisher projection turn into a ring structure?

A

isomerization reaction

70
Q

Aldohexoses tend to form pyranose rings. A new chiral carbon is formed when a monosaccharide forms the ring structure. The new chiral carbon is called _________ carbon (the previous carbonyl carbon). 2 new stereoisomers are possible- when the hydroxyl group points down, it means alpha and when the hydroxyl group points up, it means beta

A

anomeric

71
Q

What is it called when the hydroxyl group is pointed down?

A

alpha

72
Q

What is it called when the hydroxyl group is pointed up?

A

beta

73
Q

This deck does not cover all the notes!!! I got about halfway through, sorry

If you want to finish it let me know and I’ll give you editing power

A

Biochemistry 1 (12 decks)

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