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Biochemistry 1 > Nucleic Acid Structure (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Nucleic Acid Structure (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

-DNA replicates itself
-needed for cell proliferation/duplication (cell division)

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2
Q

What is transcription?

A

DNA transcribed to RNA

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3
Q

What is translation?

A

RNA translated to protein

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4
Q

What is gene expression?

A

Transcription and translation (DNA to protein)

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5
Q

What is reverse transcription?

A

RNA to DNA (only retroviruses like HIV can do this)

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6
Q

What is G0?

A

Resting phase of cell cycle

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7
Q

What is G1?

A

Phase before synthesis (of cell cycle)

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8
Q

What is S of cell cycle?

A

Synthesis phase (duplication)

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9
Q

What is G2 of cell cycle?

A

Short phase right before mitosis

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10
Q

What is M phase of cell cycle?

A

Mitosis

Cell will be divided and then eventually go back to G0 or G1 phase depending on what the body needs/when

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11
Q

What is interphase?

A

G0, G1, S, G2 (everything but mitosis in the cell cycle)

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12
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

In the nucleus

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13
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

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14
Q

Where does DNA replication occur?

A

In the nucleus

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15
Q

What is the difference between gene expression and replication?

A
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16
Q

What are the 2 purines?

A

1) adenine
2) guanine

Pure As Gold

Note: purines have a shorter name, but larger structure

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17
Q

What do nucleotides consist of?

A

Base, sugar, and phosphate group(s)

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18
Q

What are the 3 pyrimidines?

A

1) cytosine
2) uracil
3) thymine

CUT = mnemonic to remember

Note: pyrimidines have a longer name, but smaller structure

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19
Q

What functional group sticks out in adenine?

A

amino group

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20
Q

What functional group sticks out in guanine?

A

carbonyl group

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21
Q

What functional group sticks out in cytosine?

A

amino group

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22
Q

What functional group sticks out in uracil?

A

carbonyl group

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23
Q

What functional group sticks out in thymine?

A

methyl group

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24
Q

What bases are found in DNA?

A

A, T, C, G

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25
Q

What bases are found in RNA?

A

A, U, C, G

26
Q

What is a nucleoside?

A

nitrogen base + sugar

27
Q

Is RNA single or double stranded?

A

single stranded

28
Q

Is DNA single or double stranded?

A

double stranded

29
Q

What bond connects the bases in DNA?

A

hydrogen bonds

3 hydrogen bonds between C-G
2 hydrogen bonds between A-T (would be A-U in RNA)

30
Q

What bond holds the base to sugar?

A

N- glycosidic bond

31
Q

What bond holds the phosphate to the sugar?

A

ester bond

32
Q

What bond uses 2 oxygens from phosphate to connect to 2 sugars?

A

phosphodiester bond

33
Q

What bond is between phosphate groups?

A

phosphoanhydride bond

34
Q

What bond in DNA is more stable C-G or A-T?

A

C-G because its 3 hydrogen bonds (A-T is only 2 hydrogen bonds)

so more C-G= DNA is more stable

35
Q

What are the 2 major rules/properties of dsDNA?

A

1) complementary pairs (A-T and C-G)
2) antiparallel sugar phosphate backbone

36
Q

The correct structure of DNA components can be presented as:
A) phosphate-base-sugar
B) phosphate-sugar-base
C) base-phosphate-sugar
D) phosphate-sugar-phosphate-base
E) base-sugar-phosphate base

A

B) phosphate-sugar-base

37
Q

What are the Chargaff rules?

A

dsDNA ONLY
- % of A= % of T
- % of G= % of C
- % of purines= % of pyrimidines

38
Q

What is the complementary sequence of 5’ TAGAC 3’?

A

5’ GTCTA 3’

39
Q

According to Chargaff’s rules, which of the following statements about dsDNA is true?
A) A=T and C=G
B) A+G= C+T
C) A+T = C+G
D) A and B
E) A, B, and C

A

D) A and B

40
Q

What is primary structure in DNA?

A

the linear arrangement of the nucleotides in the polynucleotide

41
Q

What bond forms primary structure in DNA?

A

phosphodiester bond

42
Q

What structure is DNA double helix?

A

secondary structure

43
Q

What is a right handed double helix?

A

-pentose sugar and phosphate face the outside environment (towards water)
-complementary base pairing
-antiparallel
-10 residues (nucleotides) per turn of DNA

44
Q

There are 4 DNA conformations found in nature. Which type is predominated in cells?

45
Q

What is B-DNA?

A

-dominant DNA form found in nature
-right handed helix
-sugar phosphate on the outside and bases on the inside (sugar phosphates like water)

46
Q

What is chromatin?

A

-DNA + protein
-complex macromolecule found in cells, consisting of DNA and protein

47
Q

What is nucleosome?

A

DNA + histone octamer
-basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes
-consisting of a segment of DNA wound in sequence around 8 histone protein cores

48
Q

Besides DNA and RNA, what are the other forms/functions of nucleotides?

A

-energy carriers (ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP)
-coenzymes (FAD, NAD, CoA)
-cellular communication with cAMP (carries messages from cell surface when hormone attaches)

49
Q

are coenzymes active?

A

yes! They help enzymes function, its the active form of vitamins

50
Q

What are the energy carriers we learned about?

A

-ATP
-GTP
-CTP
-UTP

can also be diphosphate or monophosphate, or have different base than adenine

51
Q

anything ending with -ase=

52
Q

anything ending with -ose=

53
Q

What is another name for riboflavin?

A

vitamin B2

54
Q

What is the active form of riboflavin (vit B2)?

A

flavin adenine dinucleotide (in electron transfer), also known as FAD is the active form/coenzyme

will catch hydrogens for energy = FADH2

dinucelotide= 2 nucleotides (sugar, P, and base)
-the base here would be riboflavin

55
Q

What is another name for nicotinamide?

A

vit B3, or niacin

56
Q

What is the active form of nicotinamide (vit B3, or niacin)?

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) (transfers hydride)

57
Q

What is another name for pantothenate?

58
Q

What is the active form of pantothenate (vit B5)?

A

CoA (coenzyme A, transfers an acyl group)

59
Q

What are the 2 types of hormones?

A

lipid and protein

lipid hormones can easily get through cell membrane because of phospholipid bilayer, for ex: steroids

protein hormones like insulin and glucagon cannot penetrate cell membrane and need a 2nd messenger to get through

60
Q

What is the major function of nucleotides?

A

make RNA and DNA

Biochemistry 1 (12 decks)

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