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Biochemistry 1 > Nucleic Acid Structure (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Nucleic Acid Structure (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

-DNA replicates itself
-needed for cell proliferation/duplication (cell division)

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2
Q

What is transcription?

A

DNA transcribed to RNA

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3
Q

What is translation?

A

RNA translated to protein

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4
Q

What is gene expression?

A

Transcription and translation (DNA to protein)

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5
Q

What is reverse transcription?

A

RNA to DNA (only retroviruses like HIV can do this)

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6
Q

What is G0?

A

Resting phase of cell cycle

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7
Q

What is G1?

A

Phase before synthesis (of cell cycle)

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8
Q

What is S of cell cycle?

A

Synthesis phase (duplication)

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9
Q

What is G2 of cell cycle?

A

Short phase right before mitosis

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10
Q

What is M phase of cell cycle?

A

Mitosis

Cell will be divided and then eventually go back to G0 or G1 phase depending on what the body needs/when

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11
Q

What is interphase?

A

G0, G1, S, G2 (everything but mitosis in the cell cycle)

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12
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

In the nucleus

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13
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

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14
Q

Where does DNA replication occur?

A

In the nucleus

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15
Q

What is the difference between gene expression and replication?

A
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16
Q

What are the 2 purines?

A

1) adenine
2) guanine

Pure As Gold

Note: purines have a shorter name, but larger structure

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17
Q

What do nucleotides consist of?

A

Base, sugar, and phosphate group(s)

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18
Q

What are the 3 pyrimidines?

A

1) cytosine
2) uracil
3) thymine

CUT = mnemonic to remember

Note: pyrimidines have a longer name, but smaller structure

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19
Q

What functional group sticks out in adenine?

A

amino group

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20
Q

What functional group sticks out in guanine?

A

carbonyl group

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21
Q

What functional group sticks out in cytosine?

A

amino group

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22
Q

What functional group sticks out in uracil?

A

carbonyl group

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23
Q

What functional group sticks out in thymine?

A

methyl group

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24
Q

What bases are found in DNA?

A

A, T, C, G

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25
What bases are found in RNA?
A, U, C, G
26
What is a nucleoside?
nitrogen base + sugar
27
Is RNA single or double stranded?
single stranded
28
Is DNA single or double stranded?
double stranded
29
What bond connects the bases in DNA?
hydrogen bonds 3 hydrogen bonds between C-G 2 hydrogen bonds between A-T (would be A-U in RNA)
30
What bond holds the base to sugar?
N- glycosidic bond
31
What bond holds the phosphate to the sugar?
ester bond
32
What bond uses 2 oxygens from phosphate to connect to 2 sugars?
phosphodiester bond
33
What bond is between phosphate groups?
phosphoanhydride bond
34
What bond in DNA is more stable C-G or A-T?
C-G because its 3 hydrogen bonds (A-T is only 2 hydrogen bonds) so more C-G= DNA is more stable
35
What are the 2 major rules/properties of dsDNA?
1) complementary pairs (A-T and C-G) 2) antiparallel sugar phosphate backbone
36
The correct structure of DNA components can be presented as: A) phosphate-base-sugar B) phosphate-sugar-base C) base-phosphate-sugar D) phosphate-sugar-phosphate-base E) base-sugar-phosphate base
B) phosphate-sugar-base
37
What are the Chargaff rules?
dsDNA ONLY - % of A= % of T - % of G= % of C - % of purines= % of pyrimidines
38
What is the complementary sequence of 5' TAGAC 3'?
5' GTCTA 3'
39
According to Chargaff's rules, which of the following statements about dsDNA is true? A) A=T and C=G B) A+G= C+T C) A+T = C+G D) A and B E) A, B, and C
D) A and B
40
What is primary structure in DNA?
the linear arrangement of the nucleotides in the polynucleotide
41
What bond forms primary structure in DNA?
phosphodiester bond
42
What structure is DNA double helix?
secondary structure
43
What is a right handed double helix?
-pentose sugar and phosphate face the outside environment (towards water) -complementary base pairing -antiparallel -10 residues (nucleotides) per turn of DNA
44
There are 4 DNA conformations found in nature. Which type is predominated in cells?
B-DNA
45
What is B-DNA?
-dominant DNA form found in nature -right handed helix -sugar phosphate on the outside and bases on the inside (sugar phosphates like water)
46
What is chromatin?
-DNA + protein -complex macromolecule found in cells, consisting of DNA and protein
47
What is nucleosome?
DNA + histone octamer -basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes -consisting of a segment of DNA wound in sequence around 8 histone protein cores
48
Besides DNA and RNA, what are the other forms/functions of nucleotides?
-energy carriers (ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP) -coenzymes (FAD, NAD, CoA) -cellular communication with cAMP (carries messages from cell surface when hormone attaches)
49
are coenzymes active?
yes! They help enzymes function, its the active form of vitamins
50
What are the energy carriers we learned about?
-ATP -GTP -CTP -UTP can also be diphosphate or monophosphate, or have different base than adenine
51
anything ending with -ase=
enzyme
52
anything ending with -ose=
sugar
53
What is another name for riboflavin?
vitamin B2
54
What is the active form of riboflavin (vit B2)?
flavin adenine dinucleotide (in electron transfer), also known as FAD is the active form/coenzyme will catch hydrogens for energy = FADH2 dinucelotide= 2 nucleotides (sugar, P, and base) -the base here would be riboflavin
55
What is another name for nicotinamide?
vit B3, or niacin
56
What is the active form of nicotinamide (vit B3, or niacin)?
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) (transfers hydride)
57
What is another name for pantothenate?
vit B5
58
What is the active form of pantothenate (vit B5)?
CoA (coenzyme A, transfers an acyl group)
59
What are the 2 types of hormones?
lipid and protein lipid hormones can easily get through cell membrane because of phospholipid bilayer, for ex: steroids protein hormones like insulin and glucagon cannot penetrate cell membrane and need a 2nd messenger to get through
60
What is the major function of nucleotides?
make RNA and DNA

Biochemistry 1 (12 decks)

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