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Biochem > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Requirements for life

A
  • source of energy to drive processes
  • raw materials
  • catalysts
  • compartmentalization
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2
Q

Phototrophs

A
  • use sunlight for energy
    examples:
  • plants, green bacteria, cyanobacteria
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3
Q

Chemotrophs

A
  • use fuels for energy (oxidize fuels)
    examples:
  • animals, most bacteria
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4
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

energy of the universe is constant
- free energy of catabolic processes drives anabolic processes

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5
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

Entropy of the universe is increasing
- life persists because a system can be ordered at the expense of disordering its environment to a greater extent

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6
Q

3rd Law of Thermodynamics

A

perfect crystal entropy at 0 K is zero

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7
Q

Exergonic Process

A
  • breakdown of some metabolites releases significant amounts of energy
    examples:
  • ATP, NADH, NADPH synthesis from sunlight, fuels
  • cellular concentration&raquo_space;» equilibrium concentration
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8
Q

Endergonic

A
  • synthesis of complex molecules, metabolic rxns require energy
  • unfavorable (G>0)
  • metabolite is kinetically stable
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9
Q

Catalysis

A
  • increases rate, lowers activation energy
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10
Q

coupling

A
  • coupling of energonic and exergonix rxns allows otherwise unfavorable rxns
  • high energy molecule (ATP) reacts directly w/ metabolite
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11
Q

Cell: universal building block

A
  • living organisms are made of cells
  • simplest living organisms are single-celled
  • larger organisms consist of many cells w/ different functions
  • not all cells are the same
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12
Q

supramolecular complexes

A
  • chromatin
    • plasma membrane
    • cellular movement
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13
Q

macromolecules

A
  • DNA
  • protein (long polymers of amino acids)
  • cellulose
  • polymers
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14
Q

monometric units

A
  • nucleotides
  • amino acids
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15
Q

2 ways to express molecular mass

A
  1. MR = relative molecular mass (unitless)
    eq) mass of molecule/mass of 1/12 C atom
  2. Dalton
    1/12 mass of C (Da)
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16
Q

∆G

A

free energy under standard state conditions
- 1 m for all reactants and products
- 1 bar if gas reactants and products
- 298 K, 25 celsius

17
Q

ΔG0’

A

free energy under standard state conditions EXCEPT [H3O+] = 1.0x10^-7 , 55.5 M H2O

18
Q

Amphibolic

A

pathway serving both anabolic and catabolic role
ex) TCA cycle

19
Q

amphipathic

A

has both a nonpolar and polar portion

20
Q

hypotonic

A

lower osmotic pressure/concentration

21
Q

hypertonic

A

higher osmotic pressure/concentration

22
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure applied to pure solvent to prevent osmosis
eq: π = icRT

23
Q

Noncovalent interactions

A

weak forces maintain biological functions
- transient chemical interactions form basis of biochem and life itself
- weak bonds allow for dynamic, repeated interactions

24
Q

H-bonding

A
  • unique properties of water
  • structure and function of proteins, DNA, polysaccharides
  • binding of substrates to enzymes, hormones to receptors
  • matching of mRNA and tRNA
25
Q

hydrophobic effect

A
  • association of folding of nonpolar molecules in aqueous solution
  • main factor in
    1. protein folding
    2. protein-protein association
    3. formation of lipid bilayers and micelles
    4. binding of steroid hormones to receptors
  • doesn’t arise b/c of some attractive direct force between 2 nonpolar molecules
26
Q

amphipathic

A
  • has hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions
  • nonpolar portions of the amphipathic molecule aggregate so that fewer water molecules are ordered
27
Q

relationship between cell size and surface area

A

cell size increases, surface area decreases
- increased ratio = higher rate of material uptake
- dimensions limited by diffusion

28
Q

plasma membrane

A
  • defines periphery of cell
  • lipid and protein molecules form hydrophobic barriers
  • barrier to inorganic ions, most charged or polar molecules
  • transport proteins allow for passage of certain ions
  • receptor proteins send signals
29
Q

cell makeup

A
  • H, O, N, C makeup > 99.9% of most cells’ mass
  • <30 elements are essential to life
30
Q

biomolecules

A
  • carbons with functional groups
  • covalently linked carbons
  • hydrocarbon derivatives
31
Q

autotrophs

A
  • can synthesize all biomolecules directly from CO2
32
Q

hetrotrophs

A
  • require organic nutrients produced by other organisms
33
Q

universal molecules

A
  • amino acids
  • nucleotides
  • sugars with phosphorylated derivatives
  • mono, di, tri carboxylic acids
34
Q

buffers

A
  • resist changes in pH

Biochem (8 decks)

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