gluconeogenesis and regulation

Question 1

gluconeogenesis step 1 rxn

Answer 1

pyruvate to oxaloacetate
oxaloacetate to PEP

Question 2

gluconeogenesis step 1 enzymes

Answer 2

pyruvate carboxylase
PEP carboxykinase

Question 3

gluconeogenesis step 8 rxn

Answer 3

F16BP to F6P

Question 4

gluconeogenesis step 8 enzyme

Answer 4

fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase-1

Question 5

gluconeogenesis step 10 rxn

Answer 5

glucose 6-phosphate to glucose

Question 6

gluconeogenesis step 10 enzyme

Answer 6

glucose 6-phosphatase

Question 7

gluconeogenesis cost

Answer 7

4 ATP, 2 GTP, 2 NADH

Question 8

regulation: ATP decrease

Answer 8

glycolysis

Question 9

regulation: AMP increase

Answer 9

glycolysis

Question 10

regulation: AMP decrease

Answer 10

gluconeogenesis

Question 11

tissue-specific metabolism: muscles

Answer 11

muscles consume glucose for energy production

Question 12

tissue-specific metabolism: liver

Answer 12

maintains blood glucose homeostatis by removing or producing glucose depending on conditions

Question 13

insulin

Answer 13

released from pancreatic B cells in response to increased blood glucose
triggers movement of GLUT4 transporters to muscle and adipose tissue

Question 14

glucagon

Answer 14

released by pancreatic a-cells when blood glucose drops
stimulates glucose release from glycogen into blood

Question 15

low blood sugar stimulates

Answer 15

FBPase-2 activity increased
PFK-2 activity decreased
CAMP stimulated, protein kinase A stimulated
gluconeogenesis must occur

Question 16

high blood sugar stimulates

Answer 16

PFK-2 activity increased
FBPase-2 activity decreased
insulin released
phosphatase stimulated
glycolysis must occur