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Gr 12 Bio > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe london forces

A
  • weakest or three vanderwal forces
  • form between molecules
  • exist between all atoms and molecules
  • it is the attraction of electrons and protons of different molecules
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2
Q

Describe dipole diple forces

A
  • stronger than londons but weaker than hydrogen bonds

- formed befween s+ and s- sides of a polar molecule

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3
Q

Define electronegativity

A

The strength with which an element will attract a shared pair of of valence electrons.

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4
Q

What are hydrogen bonds

A
  • Strong dipole dipole forces between hydrogens and neighboring N, O, F
  • very biologically important (water, proteins, DNA)
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5
Q

Why is water unique

A

Water when in liquid form is heavier than when it is in solid form due to the fact that the atoms are denser. In ice, atoms form crystal lattices.

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6
Q

What are the macromolecules

A
  • carbs
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
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7
Q

Describe hydrocarbons

A
  • only carbons and hydrogen
  • non polar
  • non reactive
  • can be saturated or unsaturated
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8
Q

What is it called when hydrocarbons have singular, double, or triple bonds

A
  • alkanes
  • alkenes
  • alkynes
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9
Q

Describe functional groups

A
  • the reactive cluster of atoms attached to a carbon backbone of an organic molecule.
  • they are very polar or ionic
  • they determine the chemical properties that molecules have
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10
Q

Describe condensation reactions

A
  • macromolecules are formed by this
  • when two functional groups come together
  • covalent bond is formed and water is given off
  • this is an anabolic reaction
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11
Q

Describe hydrolysis reactions

A
  • macromolecules are broken down by this
  • separation of two subunits
  • water is used to break covalent bind between functional groups
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12
Q

What do carbs do?

A
  • provide structural support
  • provide long term and short term energy
  • provide communication between cells
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13
Q

What are carbs made from?

A

Simple sugar molecules

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14
Q

What are simple sugar molecules made from?

A

Hydrocarbon chain, hydroxyl groups, carbonyl group

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15
Q

What does the molecules of carbs look like?

A

Linear or ring structure

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16
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Carbs that consist of 1 simple sugar molecule

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17
Q

What do monosaccharides do?

A

Provide quick energy

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18
Q

What are examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose, galactose, fructose

19
Q

Describe glucose

A

6 carbons, can be beta or alpha, or D and L, it can be linear or come in a ring

20
Q

Draw a glucose molecule in alpha and beta form, as well as D and L glucose

A

(In notes)

21
Q

Why is glucose and fructose related

A

They are structural isomers

22
Q

What are disaccharides?

A
  • Made up of 2 sugars
  • formed by condensation reactions between simple sugar molecules
  • have glycosidic linkages
23
Q

What are examples of disaccharides?

A

Maltose( two a-D-glucose) , sucrose(a-D-glucose and a-D-fructose)

24
Q

Describe oligosaccharides

A

Made from 3-9 sugar molecules, found on plasma membrane, play a role in cell to cell communication

25
Q

Describe polysaccharides

A
  • made from many simple sugar molecules

- long term energy storage and structural support

26
Q

What are examples of polysaccharides?

A

Glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin

27
Q

Describe glycogen

A

-used in animals for energy storage, muscle and liver cells, formed from linked a-D-glucose molecules

28
Q

Describe starch

A
  • used by plants for long term energy storage
  • formed from linked a-D glucose molecules
  • two different types: amylose and amylopectin
29
Q

Describe cellulose

A
  • linear molecule for structural support
  • B 1-4 glycosidic linkages
  • cannot be broken down by human enzymes
  • long chains held together by hydrogen bonds
  • has alternating alpha and beta linkages
30
Q

Describe chitin

A
  • used my insects and fungi for structural support
  • formed from linked N-acetylglucosamine molecules
  • B linkages cellulose with N-acetyl group
31
Q

What is the functions of lipids?

A
  • long term energy storage
  • insulation
  • protection of internal organs
  • chemical signals
  • cellular membranes
32
Q

What are the structure of lipids?

A
  • hydrocarbon chain

- Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl functional groups

33
Q

What types of lipids are there?

A

Triglycerides (fats), phospholipids, steriods, waxes

34
Q

What is the structure of a triglyceride?

A

Glycerol backbone and three fatty acid chains

35
Q

Describe glycerol

A
  • Three carbon chain with 3 hydroxyl groups

- can form a bond with three fatty acid chains

36
Q

Describe fatty acid chains

A

Hydrocarbon chains can be long or short and unsaturated or saturated.

37
Q

What is the bond called between glycerol molecule and a fatty acid chain?

A

Ester linkage

38
Q

Describe an unsaturated fat

A

Has a bend in its chain that makes it liquid at room temp, has a double or triple bond

39
Q

Describe Saturated fats

A

Does not have double bonds, they are straight, solid at room temp but stay liquid in humans

40
Q

What does mono unsaturated mean?

A

One double bond

41
Q

What does poly unsaturated mean?

A

Has multiple double bonds

42
Q

Describe phospholopids

A
  • Glycerol backbone, a polar phosphate group, a nitrogen group and two fatty acid chains
  • they have a head and tail
43
Q

Describe the head of a phospholipid?

A

It is hydrophilic (attracts water)

Gr 12 Bio (9 decks)

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