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Gr 12 Bio > Metabolism Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Metabolism Quiz 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is metabolism?

A
  • Organized but chaotic chemical assembly line.
  • raw materials, half finished products and waste materials are constantly being used, produced, transported, and excreted.
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2
Q

Why is energy important?

A

Organisms must continuously capture, store, and use energy in order to carry out numerous functions and processes.

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3
Q

How is biological energy stored?

A

As chemical potential energy in bonds that hold molecules together.

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4
Q

What happens in every energy transfer?

A

Some useful energy in system becomes unstable

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5
Q

Is energy required to start a reaction? T/F. What is this energy called?

A

T-activation energy

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6
Q

What are the types of reactions?

A

Exergonic reactions- energy is released

Endergonic reactions- energy is absorbed

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7
Q

Describe ATP

A
  • made of ribose, adenosine, 3 phosphate groups
  • ATP is stored between phosphate groups
  • energy is released from ATP by breaking off terminal phosphate group (high energy bond)
  • source of energy
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8
Q

Draw ATP cycle

A

In notes

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9
Q

How is ATP formed and broken down

A

Formed- condensation rxn during cellular respiration

Broken down- hydrolysis rxn catalyzed by enzyme ATPase

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10
Q

How is ATP formed?

A

Phosphorylation

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11
Q

What ways can ADP be phosphorylated?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation

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12
Q

Describe substrate level phosphorylation

A

An enzyme is used, occurs during glycolysis abd citric acid cycle

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13
Q

Describe oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • ATP is formed indirectly through a series of redox rxns

- occurs during electron transport chain

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14
Q

Describe ATP regeneration

A 
Endergonic rxn (requires energy)
Energy comes from exergonic rxns (cell respiration)
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15
Q

Describe redox reactions

A

-substances undergoing reduction and oxidation which refers to the transfer of electrons, hydrogen atoms, and oxygen atoms.

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16
Q

Describe Oxidation

A

Loses one or more electrons or hydrogen atoms

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17
Q

Describe Reduction rxns

A

Gains one or more e or h atoms

Loses one or more oxygen atoms

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18
Q

What is a reducing agent

A

Substance that provides the e in redox rxns

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19
Q

Oxidation agent

A

Substance that accepts e im redox rxn

20
Q

What does a redox reaction involve?

A

Involves the movement of a proton(H+) and e

21
Q

What are examples of redox reactions

A

Cellular respiration, photosynthesis

22
Q

What is important to remember in energy transfer?

A

More stable the valence shell, less potential energy/ less stable, more potential energy

23
Q

What is the more efficient way of releasing energy?

A

Controlled oxidation because little thermal energy is lost

24
Q

What is the energy carrier used for glucose?

A

Dehydrogenases enzymes are used

25
Q

What do dehydrogenases do?

A

They facilitate the transfer of hugh energy electrons from food to molecules that act as carriers/ shuttles

26
Q

Where are dehydrogenases used

A

Used in electron transport chain

27
Q

What is aerobic cellular respiration?

A

A series of enzyme-controlled redox reactions that covert glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, watee, and ATP

28
Q

What type of reaction is the combustion of glucose?

A

Exothermic

29
Q

What are the four stages of aerobic cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis
Pyruvate oxidation
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain

30
Q

Describe Glycolysis stage

A

-Takes place in all living cells
-In cytoplasm
-anaerobic conditions
-consists of 10 enzyme catalyzed rxns that oxidize glucose(6c) produce 2 molecules of pyruvate (3c)
-

31
Q

Draw glycolysis stage

A

In notes

32
Q

Describe pyruvate oxidation stage

A

Matrix of mitochondria

Converts 1 molecule of pyruvate into one mol of CoA

33
Q

Draw pyruvate oxidation stage

A

In notes

34
Q

Describe citric acid cycle stage

A

Occurs in matrix in mitochondria
8 enzyme catalyzed rxns to oxidize CoA
Converts each mol of CoA into 3 mol of NADH, 1 mol of FADH2, 2 mol of co2, 1 mol of ATP

35
Q

What happens by the end of citric acid cycle?

A

Entire mol of glucose should be used up and converted into co2

36
Q

Draw the energy transfer cycle

A

In notes

37
Q

What is the use of electrons in the ETC

A

Electrons provide the energy used to transport H+ across membrane

38
Q

Where does the ETC occur?

A

Inner membrane of mitochondria

39
Q

What does the ETC produce?

A

6 molecules of H2O and 32 Atp molecules

40
Q

What type of reaction does NADH and FADH2 undergo in ETC?

A

Oxidation

41
Q

What are the roles of each of the complexes ( 1-4)?

A

1,2,4 pull electrons through with increasing electro negativity
1- NADH is oxidized, transport H+
2- FADH2 is oxidized, transport H+
3,4- transport H+

42
Q

What is oxygens role in ETC?

A

Final electron acceptor
Has the highest electro negativity and keeps electroms following across protein complexes
Used to create water

43
Q

What is chemiosmosis and what is the force used to power this?

A
  • the production of ATP by ATP synthase, powered by H+ moving back across the membrane of the mitochondria
  • H+ are moved across due to the proton-motive force
  • proton motive force is from high concentration of protons, and positive repulsion of protons due to like charges
44
Q

What is the reason for the mitochondrial membrane to be folded?

A

Increased surface area

45
Q

How efficent is the metabolic cycle?

A

35% efficient and waste energy is given off as heat

Gr 12 Bio (9 decks)

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