Quick Vocab Flashcards by Daniel R.

Homogeneous, heterogenous, anechoic, hyperechoic, hypoechoic, isoechoic

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Parenchyma is a fancy word for

Soft tissue.

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Homogenous parenchyma means

The normal organ soft tissue is uniform in texture.

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Heterozygous parenchyma means that there is not a uniform texture to the soft tissue and can be an indicator of disease, either ____ or _____ with varying degrees of _________.

Diffuse (infiltrative), localized, echogenicity.

Diffuse means not central to one area of the body and localized means within the same area of the body.

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Asepsis

A germ free condition

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Aseptic condition

Procedure used to prevents spread of pathogens and prevent patient from infection

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IF patient is cold, thirsty, hungry, etc… here’s what you should do

Ensure that the patient is kept as comfortable as possible during the examination; provide blankets or additional pillows as necessary. Use angled wedges to comfortably position the patient as needed for different views. If a patient is not comfortable or unable to lie flat, adjust the angle of the head of the stretcher or examina-tion table. If a patient asks for something to drink or eat, check the chart or ultrasound request form to see whether the patient is allowed to have fluids or food. He or she may be scheduled for another examination that involves fluid/food restriction. Therefore check all avail-able patient information and/or contact the referring physician, floor nurses, or the outpatient’s physician’s office and let the patient know whether food or drink can be allowed after the ultrasound examination”=

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Prior to the exam, answer any questions the patient may have.

Asdf’

Explain the examination process and offer to answer any questions they may have.

Ultrasound does not hurt or require any radiation.
The lights will be dimmed so that the images on the computer monitor can be seen more clearly.
The body area that is being examined will be exposed, and privacy will be maintained for the surrounding area with coverings to ensure patient comfort.
A warm scanning gel will be applied to the exposed area to facilitate imaging.
An imaging transducer will be placed on the gel and moved in various positions and directions to visualize the area(s) of interest.
You may be asked to change your position to facilitate imaging.
You may be asked to take in or hold your breath to exhale.

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During an exam, conversations should be ____________ and your facial expressions should remain__________.

Kept to a minimum

Calm, relaxed, and never show any sign of confusion, shock, or surprise.

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Acoustic Enhancement-

because sound traveling through fluid-filled structure is barely attenuated, the structure distal to a cystic lesion appear to have more echoes than neighboring areas.
It is the amount of sound passing through a structure

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Also referred to as “through transmission “

Acoustic Enhancement

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Attenuation-

progressive weakening of the sound beam as it travels through the body tissue.

It is caused by scatter, absorption, and reflection.

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Acoustic Enhancement

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progressive weakening of the sound beam as it travels through the body tissue.

It is caused by scatter, absorption, and reflection.

Attenuation

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Also known as “anti-acoustic enhancement”

Attenuation

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Foot print-

descriptive term for the amount of transducer face in contact with the patient (i.e., a small-head transducer has a small footprint).

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descriptive term for the amount of transducer face in contact with the patient (i.e., a small-head transducer has a small footprint).

Foot print

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Focus aka

Focal Zone

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Focal zone aka

Focus

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Focus or focal zone

It is moved to improve image quality
You can have one or multiple focal zones Keep in mind multiple focal zones decrease
the frame rate
Cardiac ultrasound usu useS one focal zones for this reason

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True or False, transducers have different footprints AND frequencies

TRUE!

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Difference between high frequency probes (transducers) and low frequency probes (transducers)

Higher frequency probes More resolution
Loss of depth of penetration More far field attenuation

Lower frequency probes Less resolution
More depth of penetration Less far field attenuation

*Great analogy; think of actual sound waves and how low frequency like a bass, it the volume is loud, can be felt penetrating deep in your body.

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Gain

Gain- ratio of output to input electrical power.
The gain control determines how much amplification is accomplished in the receiver (like turning up the volume on your sound system at home).
It can apply to 2D, m-mode, color flow Doppler, PW Doppler and CW Doppler
Each of theses modes have independent controls

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ratio of output to input electrical power.
This control determines how much amplification is accomplished in the receiver (like turning up the volume on your sound system at home).
It can apply to 2D, m-mode, color flow Doppler, PW Doppler and CW Doppler
Each of theses modes have independent controls

GAIN

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2 types of gain

Overall 2D gain (already shown) TGC which stands for time gain compensation This compensates for beam attenuation (loss of acoustic energy with increasing imaging depth); depth-dependent amplification of echoes using sliding controls on display panel (apply based on appearance of image display) Proper adjustment is a “curve” meaning less gain in the near field and more in the far field

Noise

Noise- artifactual echoes resulting from too much gain rather than from true anatomic structures (like static on your sound system).

artifactual echoes resulting from too much gain rather than from true anatomic structures (like static on your sound system).

Noise

Echolucent and Sonolucent are synonymous terms that mean what?

Anechoic! Without internal echos… DOESN’T NECESSARILY MEAN THEY’RE CYSTIC!

Complex

Complex - a structure that has both fluid- filled (echo-free) and solid (echogenic) areas.

a structure that has both fluid- filled (echo-free) and solid (echogenic) areas.

Complex

Cyst (spherical) different than “cystic”

fluid-filled structure with well defined walls that contain few or no internal echoes and exhibits good acoustic enhancement.

Cyst (spherical) (Different than “cystic”)

Cystic

in ultrasonography, the word cystic does not necessarily refer to a cyst. The term is used by some to describe any fluid-filled structure (e.g., urine-filled bladder or bile filled gallbladder).

term is used by some to describe any fluid-filled structure (e.g., urine-filled bladder or bile filled gallbladder).

CYSTIC

Echogenic

Describes a structure that produces echos Ex. The pericardium is more echogenic than the myocardium

Echo-rich and hyperechoic are synonymous terms for the word

ECHOGENIC

Echopenic

STILL HAS ECHOS!! Not anechoic Echopenic- a few echoes within a structure; less echogenic. Echo-poor- same as echopenic. Hypoechoic- same as echopenic

Echo-poor or hypoechoic are synonymous terms that mean

ECHOPENIC

In echo, “texture” can be described in two ways…

Homogenous or heterogenous abnormal or heterogenous textures can be indicative of pathology

Interface

Strong echoes that delineate the boundary of organs and that are caused by the difference between the acoustic impedance of the two adjacent structures. An interface is usually more pronounced when the transducer is perpendicular to it.

Strong echoes that delineate the boundary of organs and that are caused by the difference between the acoustic impedance of the two adjacent structures. is usually more pronounced when the transducer is perpendicular to it.

INTERFACE

Isoechoic

of the same echogenicity as a neighboring area, but not necessarily of the same texture.

Isoechoic

Reverberation

an artifact that results from a strong echo returning from a large acoustic interface to the transducer that causes the echo to bounce back and forth resulting in multiple echoes on the image. Be mindful that sometimes nothing is there and it could just be reverb.

an artifact that results from a strong echo returning from a large acoustic interface to the transducer that causes the echo to bounce back and forth resulting in multiple echoes on the image.

Reverberation Be mindful that sometimes nothing is there and it’s just reverb.

Ring down

extreme form of reverberation artifact that occurs when a long series of echoes, caused by a very strong acoustic interface.

Ring down

Shadowing

Failure of the sound beam to pass through an object.  This blockage is caused by reflection or absorption of the sound beam and may be partial or complete. For example, air bubbles in the duodenum allow poor transmission of the sound beam and most of the sound is reflected back to the transducer.  A calcified gallstone or metallic heart valve does not allow any sound to pass through, the sound beam is absorbed, and shadowing is pronounced.

Shadowing

SOLID aka homogeneous

a mass or organ that contains uniform low-level echoes because the cellular tissues are acoustically very similar.

SOLID aka Homogenous

Sonodense

A structure that transmits sound poorly.   A dense structure can attenuate sound so greatly that the back wall is poorly defined. If it is very homogeneous there may be few or no internal echoes, but the lack of acoustic enhancement and poor back wall help differentiate it from a cystic structure.

SONODENSE

handsome ultrasound image (like photogenic); for example, a very good example of the cardiac or vascular anatomy.

Sonogenic

handsome ultrasound image (like photogenic); for example, a very good example of the cardiac or vascular anatomy.

Specular Reflector

structure that creates a strong echo because it interfaces at right angles to the sound beam and has a significantly different acoustic impedance from a neighboring structure (e.g. diaphragm/liver or posterior bladder wall/bladder) Ex. Pericardium would be an example of this

Specular Reflector

Static scan

not real time, B scans produced with a fixed arm system. Obsolete technique.

Static scan

a position in which a recumbent patient is tilted so that the feet are higher than the head.

Trendelenburg

a position in which a recumbent patient is tilted so that the feet are higher than the head.

Fowler’s position what degree

About 45 to 60 degrees A lot of people with congestive heart failure sit like this

45 to 60 degrees (position of patient)

Fowlers Position

Slight Fowlers position (what degree)

20 degrees

Sims Position

On side with arm and leg bent

Sims Position