Otto Textbook, Chapter 2, things to consider Flashcards
In diastole the aortic cusps are open or closed…
CLOSED!
In diastole the aortic cusps
In systole, the aortic cusps are open or closed…
OPEN!
In diastole, the mitral valve leaflets are open or closed?
OPEN!
In systole, the mitral valve leaflets are open or closed?
CLOSED!
In PLAX view, this lies between the the proximal ascending aorta and the superior aspect of the LA but usually is not well seen on transthoracic images.
RIGHT pulmonary artery
what is pericardial effusion?
A condition in which extra fluid collects between the heart and the pericardium (the sac around the heart). The extra fluid causes pressure on the heart.
this view is particularly useful for recording flow velocities the RV outflow tract and pulmonary artery.
RVOT, right ventricular outflow tract (PLAX)
In this PLAX view, you can sometimes see these two important features.
coronary sinus and IVC.
To go from PLAX view to SAX view, rotate the transducer how many degrees
90 degrees
These nodules normally enlarge with age.
Nodules of Arantius
what are the nodules of arantius
nodules (or nodes) of Arantius are thickenings of the tunica intima layer covering the ventricular aspect of the leaflets of the aortic valve, also known as the ventricularis layer. The thickening happens at the point of coaptation of all three leaflets. The shape and size of these growths varies from person to person and with age.
when taking high quality electrocardiographic images… these small but normal filaments attached on the ventricular surface of valvular cusps can be easily mistake for pathologic conditions. (pg 42)
Lambl excrescences
The central location of this valve illustrates how disease processes can extend from the aortic valve or root into the RV outflow tract, RA, or LA.
Aortic valve
A noncircular appearance of the left ventricle in systole (at the papillary muscle SAX view), can indicate what
myocardial disease, such as a myocardial infarction or aneurysm formation, or abnormal septal curvature due to right heart disease.
The left ventricle wall is divided into segments… knowing this could be extremely helpful.
divided into anterior (septum and free wall), anterolateral, inferolateral AKA posterior wall, and inferior (free wall and septum). Know these segments… they are consistent descriptors of the location of abnormalities.
The segments are further defined by their location along the length of the ventricle as basal, mid ventricular, or apical.
In an APICAL 4-CHAMBER VIEW, the LV will appear foreshortened if
the transducer is not positioned at the true apex. Foreshortening must be distinguished from disease processes, such as chronic aortic regurgitation, which result in increased sphericity of the ventricle and little tapering. The LV should appear as a truncated ellipse with a longer length than width and a tapered but rounded apex.
The moderator band traverses what chamber near the apex?
RV
From an APICAL 4 CHAMBER VIEW, if you angle the transducer anteriorly you will see these structures in an oblique long view, this view being referred to as an entirely new view.
APICAL 5-CHAMBER VIEW
can see the AORTIC valve and root
How to get to a 2-chamber view from a 4-chamber view
rotate counterclockwise about 60 degrees from 4-chamber view
To ensure the proper rotation has been made for a 2-chamber view…
angle the transducer posteriorly to intersect both papillary muscles symmetrically. Then slightly angle anteriorly so that neither papillary muscle is seen in its long axis.
How to get to a Long Axis-View? AKA 3-chamber view
Rotate 60 degrees from the 2-chamber view (or 120 degrees from 4 chamber)
Looks like a tilted PLAX view
How its different from PLAX, can see LV apex!
But aortic and mitral valves are at greater image depth and have poorer resolution.
Positioning of patient for Apical views?
steep left lateral decub position
Positioning of patient for Subcostal views?
supine and the legs bent at the knees to relax the abdominal wall
