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SON102B Lecture (SUMMER ‘23) > Exam #2, study these > Flashcards

Exam #2, study these Flashcards

1
Q

Aortic root normal measurements are what?

A

1.9 - 4.0 cm

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2
Q

Aortic cusps normal measurement is what?

A

1.5 - 2.6 cm

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3
Q

Aortic cusps are measured at the onset of

A

onset of systole

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4
Q

left atrial dimension when measuring at the aorta for m-mode… normal measurement is

A

1.9 - 4.0 cm

measured at end systole

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5
Q

Ao root “motion” reflects the

A

left atrial dimension

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6
Q

measurement of D-E excursion.. what is normal? (measurement at MV m-mode)

A

normal is greater than 1.6cm

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7
Q

measurement of E to F slope, what is normal? (measurement at MV m-mode)

A

normally greater than 70 mm/sec

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8
Q

measurement of EPSS, what is normal? (measurement at MV m-mode)

A

normally no greater than 1cm

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9
Q

RVd (measurement at LV) normal dimension is

A

no greater than 3.0cm

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10
Q

IVS (measurement at LV) normal measurement is

A

between .6 - 1.1cm

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11
Q

LVPW (measurement at LV) normal measurement is

A

between .6 - 1.1cm

Think “small wall”

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12
Q

LVEDD (measurement at LV) normal measurement is

A

3.5 - 5.7cm

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13
Q

LVESD (measurement at LV) normal measurement is

A

measured at smallest dimension

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14
Q

Measurement at LV, normal ejection fraction is (EF)

A

> 55%

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15
Q

Measurement at LV, normal fractional shortening is (FS)

A

normally >30%

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16
Q

A more accurate mode of calculating EF and/or chamber dimension volume sizes is

A

Simpson’s or MOD

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17
Q

2-d measurements you measure leading edge?

A

inner edge to inner edge

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18
Q

RA/RV View aka

A

tricuspid valve inflow view

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19
Q

where can the eustachian valve be seen?

A

sometimes seen at the junction of the IVC and RA

20
Q

To see more of the ascending aorta in a standard PLAX view… do what?

A

slide the transducer along left sternal border towards neck 1-2 intercostal spaces

21
Q

Color Doppler in PLAX used to detect what pathology

A

VSD, MV, AoV pathology

22
Q

After 2D evaluation of the SAX views is done, what’s next?

A

Doppler exam is done next!

23
Q

In SAX, Dopper is used to evaluate what?

A

PV, TV, AoV, Interatrial septum, portion of IVS

24
Q

PMI stands for

A

point of maximal impulse, used to palpate where the apex for apical views

25
Q

In Apical 4 chamber view, its best to look first at

A

the different segments of the ventricles (basal, mid, apical) to help estimate motion. then check overall function

26
Q

Moderator should be seen at the

A

apex of the Right Ventricle

27
Q

Eustachian valve can be seen where?

A

RA

28
Q

What structures are seen from an apical 2 chamber view

A

Left Ventricle (anterior AND inferior wall, and the apex)

Left Atrium

Left Atrial Appendage
(can’t always be seen, lung in the way)

Coronary sinus

Mitral Valve with both leaflets, posterior leaflet to the left of screen, anterior to the right

29
Q

Normal Variants in a five chamber apical view

A

eustachian valve,
moderator band,
chiari network,
ectopic chordae,
IAS aneurysm

30
Q

what’s the chiari network?

A

It’s a normal variant NOT to be confused with pathology. Chiari network is a fiber in the right atrium near entrance of the IVC (inferior vena cava)

31
Q

what’s an IAS aneurysm?

A

Bulge in the IAS that moves to and fro, seen in a 5 chamber apical view, not to be confused with pathology. It is a NORMAL VARIANT.

32
Q

Ectopic chordae are what?

A

NORMAL VARIANT!
can be seen in a 5-chamber apical view (I think) and are fibrous strands that run from one ventricular wall to another.

33
Q

Apical four chamber, how to view?

A

LEFT SHOULDER, 3 O CLOCK

34
Q

When thinking of the segments for the different apical views… it’s easier to remember that the only difference is understanding the interplay between which side is the septum side and which side is the lateral side. You can remember this by….

A

For Long Axis, the “L” in long axis means the “lateral” root is the side on the left side of the screen and the septum part is the other side. AND just remember the mids… they’ll tell you everything.

4 chamber view
mid inferoseptum
mid anterolateral

long axis view
mid inferolateral
mid anteroseptum

the basal views are the same as the mids, and the apical views are the root word of the mids.

Example:
Long axis segments
Apical lateral / Apical septum
Mid inferolateral / Mid anteroseptum
Basal inferolateral / Mid anteroseptum

35
Q

How to view apical 5 chamber?

A

From apical 4 chamber view (left shoulder, 3 o clock, angle slightly superior or anterior towards chest wall.

36
Q

How to view apical 2-chamber?

A

rotate transducer 30-45 degrees counterclockwise toward 12 (noon) angle toward right shoulder

37
Q

apical long axis view aka

A

apical 3 chamber view

38
Q

how to view 3 chamber view (long axis view)

A

rotate to 11 o clock (from 2 chamber view at noon) toward right shoulder

39
Q

Which apical view is identical to another view of a completely different axis?

A

Apical 3 chamber view (aptly aka “long axis view”) is identical to the left PLAX view or parasternal long axis view.

40
Q

structures seen of 3 chamber view

A

LV (IVS, posterior wall, apex)
LA
Aortic valve
Ascending aorta
MV (both leaflets)
RV (small portion)

41
Q

In Color Doppler blood flow that is either red or blue. That denotes what?

A

Red means blood is traveling toward the probe and blue means away from the probe

42
Q

What Doppler waveform is best for peak velocities?

A

continuous wave!

43
Q

what doppler eliminates aliasing?

A

continuous wave!

44
Q

what doppler has no range resolution? why is this an issue

A

continuous wave has no range resolution… peak velocities could BE ANYWHERE along the cursor line

45
Q

Can make the distinction in determining if you are looking at a continuous wave doppler or pulsed wave doppler… just look at the waves. waveforms in a CW will

A

HAVE NO WINDOWS!

46
Q

Characteristics of PW doppler

A

has range resolution
velocities only in the area of the sample gate are recorded
is used to MAP OUT abnormal flow patterns (remember CW can’t tell you where on the cursor the disturbance lies…) so “gate” must be “walked” through the flow disturbance.
Waveforms have an ENVELOPE and a WINDOW!

47
Q

Flow patterns of the MV:

A

SON102B Lecture (SUMMER ‘23) (14 decks)

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