Quick stats china Flashcards
List autocratic reforms implemented by Yuan Shakai
-November ‘13 banned GMD
-Jan 14 dissolved national + provincial parliaments (replaced w advisory council)
-May ‘14 created new const (extended term limits from 5-10yrs + inc ability to make dec > eco, mil + FA)
-Made Emperor in Jan ‘16
What triggered inc in Yuan Shakai’s autocratic measures
2nd Revolution- July ‘13- GMD funded provience declared independence to central gov –> inspo 4 6 other proviences
What was day of shame in response to
When was it
-Response to 21 Demands + gov’s acceptance (saw loss of mining in central C + extensive resource rights in Manchuria + Inner-Mongolia) = :( b/c foreign imperialism continuing influence
-May 7th 1915
CCP inc support w UF
-Inc visability- Only 420 membs in 1924 h/w grow to 57k+ in 1927
-May 30 Martyrs- Response
-24 seats in GMD central ex committee given to CCP in 1st UF (NB limited to weaker positions esp following SY’s death)
-
When did Sun-Yatsen die?
12th March 1925
Briefly describe Jiang Jieshi’s rise to power
-C-in-C + head of Huyanqu mil accademy (from May 3rd 1924)- mil loyal to him
-March 1926 used ostensible ‘gunboat attempted kidnapping’ to reduce confidence in CCP + Comintern (dec inf on pannels) + attack Wang Jingwei’s via rumours
-July 1926 made chairman of CEC (t/f full control > mil + pol)
When was the Northern Expedition announced + OG aim
1st of July 1926 (5days b4 made chairman of CEC)
-Aim- unify China by reducing no. + inf of warlords to ‘protect welfare of ppl’ + implement SY’s 3PP
List early events in NE/hard facts
-85k Nat Rev Army troops + 8k from Huangpu officers w J as C-in-C vs 750k nothern warlord troops (26th of July ‘26) = ‘hopeless folly’
-End of ‘26- Successfully marching on Shanghai + Nanjing (due to weak op)
-March ‘22 successfully captured shanghai
Impacts of Shanghai massacre
-12th Ap ‘27- Big Ears Du + 2k malitia kill 5-10k com + com supporters killed
-Cause white terror –> spread to other nat cities= 100ks+ killed
-Reduced overt support 4 com- Memb dec from 57k in ‘27 to 10k + 6th Party Congress held in Moscow
-CCP leadership mess + ‘like taking a bath in shit’ (Chen Dixhui)
-JJ accused of a ‘massacre of the ppl’ + expelled from GMD 17/4/27
List modernisation successes of the nationalist decade
-Transport + railway- Radio stations established + telegraph lines extended to inc com, C gov created airline (no. of aircraft inc from 56 in ’29 to 2290 in ’36), highways inc 606% b/w ’27 to ’36 (inc from 28k km to 169.35k km), inc rail system= 100s new trains + new stations = imp 4 improved com, resource distribution + trade
-Finance- F min (TV Soong) reformed banking + currency sector (inc gov reg); measurements standardized + income tax system established
How secure was nationalist power in nationalist decade
-Only ever control 1/3 of territory + 2/3 of pop
-Spent 80% of budget on mil –> Launched 23x campaigns to suppress opposition
-Only controlled 4 provinces- in central Yangzi region
-Deficit of 13mil yuan p/month (esp due to probs w collecting taxation)
Political/governance successes in Nationalist decade
-Jiang Jieshi elected chairman of CEC in Oct ‘28 + head of state)
-Announced was entering political tutelage phase of 3PP + gov mandate based on achieving 3PP
-Establish 5x Yuans (Control, Executive, Legislative, Judiciary + Examination)
-C sov/nationalism- 10/23 foreign concessions administrated by Euro powers given up + C regain right to change tariffs + customs duties + C joined LON + inc no. of dip missions
Corruption stats during Nationalist Decade
69.5k complaints to control Yuan- only 268 found to be at fault w only 13 sacked (1931-37)
-Some provinces = taxes 11x higher then stated level w authorities pocketing extra
-JJ acknowledge incompetence- ‘many of the staff do not seem to know what they’re supposed to do’
Taxation of peas during Nat decade
Special taxes’ on every day items (e.g. in Guansu = 44 dif taxes)
Some officials collected taxes yrs in advance (e.g. in Sichian 1971’s taxes collected in 1933),
some provinces saw taxes 11x higher than official rate (esp b/w Oct 31 and Mar 33) w extra pocketed by officials
Little red book stats + intro
-Published in May ‘64 as ‘Quoatations from Chairman Mao’ by Lin Bao 4 all PLA as part of emulation campaign
-Sep ‘66 = 1+bil LRB +40bil LRB by end of CR
How was art used to launch CR
-Seen as superstructure x conducive to the current state of China’s ‘socialist eco’
-Jiang Qing appointened as Minister of Culture- used to justify ‘sheer scale of ideological rot’ as pretence for reform- E.g. ban ghost dramas in Beij in ‘63
What/when was Hai Rai dismissed from office
-Allegory critical of M’s treatment of Peng Dahui in Lushan Plenum (July ‘59 + subsequent anti-rightest campaign)- by Deputy Mayor of Beijing Wu Han
-Made into play in 1961
Impact of Hai Rai dismissed from office (1961)
-Jan 1965 created ‘5 man group’ to investigate + instigate the start of cultural rev
What was the February outline report + M’s response
-Feb ‘66- report by Five-Man-Group which dismissed Wu Han matter as prob for literary debates X gov
-M responded- created Foroum on Work in Lit + Art in Armed Forces (headed by Lin Bao + Jiang Qing) which produced doc denying Feb out + demands ‘great cultural + soc rev’
What was Mao’s good swim
-16th July 1966 in Yiangxi river- M ostensibly swam 15km in 65 mins (B. Review) in front of 10k specators
-He was as healthy as ever and ready to lead China through rev waters’ (Ryan)- inc cult of pers
What was the May 16 Circular
-Doc pub by Maoists (drafted by M)- announcing formation of cultural rev small group
-Had demands 4 inc obediance to M, need to expose counter-revs (esp w/in CCP), set aside Feb outline report + seize leadership in cultural sphere
What were the 16 points
-Doc reinforcing May 16th Circular h/w inc detail to ideas e.g. how to target bour + labelled Liu Shaoqi as ‘capitalist roader’ + inc aggressive rhetoric
When were the 16 points published
8th August 1966
How was Dazibao popularised
Nie Yuanzi (Maoist uni student) supported by party (pre M-16-C)-> Dazibao asking ‘what r ppl up to in cultural rev’
-June 1st supported by Mao in Ppl’s daily
-Chen Boda + Lin Bao encouraged students 2 get involved w hyperbolic lang ‘Chairman M is a genuis’
-65k Dazibao in B uni
List ways the CCP supported the cultural rev
-Red Guard Rallies
-Linking up campaigns
-Supportive of rev violence + lack of gov direction in ‘Four olds’
How many ppl were involved in Red Guard rallies
-18th of August in TS w 1+mil ppl waving LRB + loyalty dances
-10mil in total
Outcome of RG rev violence
-Ritual humilation- e.g. put placards w demunaising names e.g. snake spirit
-All groups targeted- e.g. Aug ‘66 Provincial Party Sec Ren declared ‘black gang element’
-Condoned by CCP- Senior minister asked pol 2 x intefere
-250k ppl killed according to official stats in 2yr period
How many ppl died in RG factional infighting
650k b/w ‘66-‘68 est
-10k in single battle in Chongqing in 1967 (inc use of heavy artillery + anti-aircraft weapons)
List causes for the Xi’an incident
-Pop discontent + inc strikes bc JJ ‘31-‘37 ‘uninspired approach 2 S-J war- e.g. 1933 Fuijian uprising=1+ yr to quell
-JJ focus on CCP (‘disease of the soul’) vs J (‘disease of the skin’) w 6th bandint extermination camp
-7th Comintern Congress encourage CCP 2 coop w anti-facist forces
When was the Xi’an incident
12th Dec 1936
BRIEFLY- what happened in the Xi’an incident
-12th Dec 1936 division of Zhang (JJ mil leader) capture JJ at temple staying + place under house arrest
-Zhang + Zhou Enlai negotiate how to precede in Xi’an
-Stalin insist on JJ release + form 2nd UF + end anti-CCP campaign
When was 2nd UF formed
Officially 22nd Sep 1937
-H/w 9month delay by JJ + only b/c of J invasion of C 7/7/37 + M’s declaration that CCP would engage in conflict from Aug even w/o GMD that process speed up
Eco impacts of GMD involvement in Sino-J war
-Inflation- 50% in 1 month- 251% b/w Jan-Aug 1945
-Reduced eco act b/c Chongqing iso w little infra + railway t/f inc smuggling –> dec income + customs tax from 67% to 6.3% of gov rev
-Inc taxes on peas-70-90% of harvest
-Gov main $$ via insider trading
Human impact of C’s involevement in S-J was
-3mil soldiers died (50% due to neglect)
-18mil civ killed
-95mil ppl became refugees (towns + cities destroyed)
-2-3 ppl died in 1942-43 Henan Famine + 500k died from destruction of Yellow River Dykes (June ‘38)
Examples of corruption during SJ war
-30% of US aid ended up on black market
-70-90% of peasants crops collected
-Insider trading main way of gov $$ during SJ war + repressed opposession w ‘Blue Shirts’
How did CCP contribute to SJ war
-1940 Hundred Regiment Offensive- 22k died vs 4k J
-Involved in 2nd UF + nationalistic rhetoric e.g. in Yan’an University for anti-Japanese resistance
Examples of JJ’s poor mil dec in SJ wr
-15th Aug ‘37 ‘War of Self-defence’
-X allow troops to retreat from S/Hai = 250k (60% die)
-April ‘44 Ichigo victory for J b/c JJ x act on good mil intel (lost key airport + cities)
-6th Bandit extermination camp + ‘double dealing on coalesce scale’ w Lend-Lease = Dec US support
How were GMD troops treated in SJ war
-Conscripted (oft from poor fam)
-Chained together naked 2 stop escaping -> 1.5mil deaths from preventable neglect (50% of troops)
-Officials corrupt (X report deaths + pocket extra wages)
CCP size b4 + after YS
1937- 40k memb vs 800k by 1940 + 1mil+ by 1945
-Governed 50mil ppl (vs 3mil @ Jiangxi Sov)
RA size b4 + after YS
Post LM- 90% of # gone
-92k in ‘37 vs 860k by ‘45
List key events in CW
-Aug-Oct ‘45 Hurley neg fail
-US flew GMD troops into Manchuria + forced PLA to retreat
-General Marshal org cease fire in Jan ‘46
-Strong Point operation- March ‘47- Saw CCP lose YS
-Ap-May ‘47- Lin Biao + Liu reposition army 4 offensive
-Dec-Jan ‘48/49 Pinjing offensive= take Beijing -
-JJ resign Jan
-April cross Yiangxi river- take Nanjing 23/4 + go on to take S/hai = sig psych vict
-Oct 1st Mao declare creation of PRC
When was Mao’s rectification campaign
Started February 1942 in YS + lasted 3 yrs- helped to make absolute M’s power + struggle sessions for Maoism
When/Why did the second United front end
Late 1940- New Fourth Army remainders attacked near Yangzi river- 9k massacred, imprisoned or raped
List changes to the CCP in the second united front
-YS autonomous region
-RA absorbed into nationalist army (renamed 8 Route Army) w com generals still in charge
-2nd Com army approved- New 4th Army
List social changes in YS
Inc in literacy rates- 1% in ‘36 + 50% in ‘43
Created local uni of anti-J resistance
IMR + MMR reduced
When was the battle of Xiang River
How many people died
-70% of com die or dessert- 30k @ end
-25th of Nov and 3rd Dec 1934
How many battles did the CCP have w the GMD in the LM
-15 battles
List initial weaknesses in the LM
-4 hours on 4 hour off- av pace of 27km p/day
-convential warfare + Bo Gu + Agent Bordin leadership
-Long walking column 80km
-Heavy equipment- e.g. printing press, library + xray machine
When was the Red Guard created
May 1966
List why RG movement turned violent
-Gave C youth op to express grievances
-Pressure to be violent of deemed counter-rev/ reactionary
-Little gov intervention t/f op to lash out @ authority + inc own autonomy
-provide way to feel like engaging in rev
List ways the cult of Mao manifested during the CR
-2.2bil portraits + 40bil LRB (seen as ans 4 all)
-ppl bow 2 M portrait 2x p/day- way to get divine orders
-Aviation ind ran out of aliminium b/c so many badges
-loud speakers broad cast Mao’s Thoughts on street corners constantly
When did the workers get involved in the CR
November 1966
How many factions did the workers split into in CR/ main ones
600
-Revolutionary rebels (demanding complete over hall) vs proletarian rebels (demanding inc landreform)
Why did Mao seek to end the CR- interp
‘Mao had looked into the Abyss- and he didn’t like what he saw’- Short
What was the outcome of the worker rebels in CR
-Shanghai Ppl’s Commune januray ‘67- direct form of ppl’s democracy
-January Storm- Inspired by S/hai ppl commune + use slogans e.g. ‘seize power’ to motivate inc seizure of ppl power
-600+ factions
When did the LM start and end
Start- 16th October 1934
End- October 1935
What and when was the Zunyi Confrence
-Jan 15th-17th 1935 (post capturing Zunyi, following battle of Xiang River)
-Mao criticized Bo Gu + Otto Braun for tactics during 6th encirclement campaign + march start –> inc support from politburo (e.g. Lou Fu + Zhou Enlai)
List reforms implemented by Mao after the Zunyi Confrence (Jan 35)
-‘March north to fight the Japanese’- slogans
-return to guerrila warfare
-Return to discipline of 8 action areas + 3 key rules + inc pol commissar + link to peas
When was the Jiangxi sov
(and where)
1928-1934
-based around Ruijin- how came to govern 30k sq km + 70 other communist regions
How many ppl were governed in the Jiangxi sov
3mil + 3mil in additional soviets under Jiangxi control
List key events of furitian purges
-Oct 30 Mao purge 1k ppl from RA units of ‘questionable loyalty’ à protests in 12/30 in Futian w banners proclaiming ‘Down w Mao’
-Mao call to meet w 200 of movements leaders in June 31 under pretence of resolving issue + had them executed à killing spread through J.Sov = up to 20k ppl killed
How did M lose influence in Jiangxi Sov
-CCP moved CEC to Ruijian in Jan ‘32
-Campaign by Bo Gu saw M removed as chief pol commissar in Oct ‘32 + dec pol/policy inf
Why did the Jiangxi sov end
-5th encirclment camp= 1+mil men, 200+ aircrafts + advice by German Gen Seekt
-CCP X use guerrila tactics
-1000s CCP killed + by Sep ‘34 60/70 Sov fall
Briefly describe ‘Learn from PLA’ emulation campaign
-Why- Inc exposure + adulation to MZT/Mao
- What- inc involvement in soc via political bureaus in schools, factories + workplaces+ inc role in pop pol edu + sponsoring arts etc
-General Lin Biao provided all PLA w ‘Quotations from Chairman Mao’ (LRB) in May ‘64 -> 1bil by 66
-Endorsed by M in ppl’s daily in Feb ‘64 directive ‘Learn from PLA’
What was the immediate anntecedent to the CR
-Liu Shaoqi’s reappointment as pres Jan ‘65
-Liu’s dip tour in March ‘66
-M form Forum on Work in Lit + Art for the Armed Forces- headed by Lin Biao + Jiang Qing- demand dissolution of 5-Man Group + retraction of Feb Outline
What were the outcomes of the 16 points (Aug 66)
-Liu Shaoqi demoted to 8th Position in politburo
-Lin Biao appointed to 1st Vice-chairman of CEC
-Inc aggressive rhetoric that promote targetting of CCP leadership
When did shift of focus occur in CR/how
-Late ‘66
-Mao’s 1st Big Char poster @ CCP HQ
-Inc political denouncements- 23rd Oct ’66 Liu Shaoqi + Deng brought b4 Cent. Com 2 deliver self crit = single to RG change in focus
How did the RG target the CCP
=Mid ’67 RG had set up camp outside CCP HQ + blasted contempt à v few exempt- inc Zhu De + Deng, Liu, Peng Zhen (x200+ denouncement meetings)
-Inc violence directed toward CCP (e.g. Peng Dehaui assaulted 135x= ½ of bones broken)
How was land reform initially conducted post 1949
-Policies of fanshen
-28th June 1950- created Agrarian Reform Law which established a People’s Tribunal to judge landlords.
-Speaking bitter meetings -> 2-5mil peas killed
When was thought reform implemented
September 51
E.g. of denouncement during thought reform
Hui Shi (founder of NCM + popularisation of Baihau) denounced
- Liang Shuming (memb of dem league party) directly attacked by Mao- ‘That is the kind of murderer you are’
List the Three Anti’s + when introduced
Nov 51-Sanfen
-Corruption, waste + bureaucracy
List outcomes of Sanfen
-1mil party officials removed e.g. Liu Qingshing prefect in Timjin provience
List outcomes of Sanfen
-1mil party officials removed e.g. Liu Qingshing prefect in Timjin provience\
-Created culture of fear -> inc compliance 2 Mao
When was the first five yr plan implemented
Oct 1953-1957
-4yr anniversarry of PRC+ creation of Mutual friendship treaty w Russia
How was the five yr plan implemented
-Funded by agriculture + 300mil$ loan from USSR (3% of $$)
-89% of $$ 4 HI -> creation of 700+ HI enterprises e.g. oil refinery
-10k Soviet engineers + advissors to C to help establish HI + 28k C to R to learn
-11% gov funding 4 light industry
-Production quotas- Stalinist model= Central Planning Committee
What were the outcomes of the first five yr plan (1953-57)
-Exceeded targets/quotas by 10-16% p/y = basis 4 eco
-1st time C make own planes, cars + trucks =inc indep
-Coal production x2 b/w ‘52-‘57 + steel inc from 1.31mil met tonnes in ‘52 to 4.48mil met tonnes in ‘57
Briefly describe staged collectivastion
-Why- to inc ag production to fund FYP (inc socialist tech)
-Mutual aid teams-6-10 fams (dem benefits) + peas own land still
-Lower ag coops- 20-40 fams + got to keep grain once meet 1/4 quota
-Higher ag coops- 100-300fams- X own any land, coordinated by party + paid 4 labour
Who were the gradualists + what did they believe
-Liu Shaoqi
-‘No collectivisation w/o modernisation’ t/f X collectivise farming until supply w tech t/f invest $$ in ag
What were the outcomes of collectivisation (x ppls communes)
-X improve ag output- b/c peas prioritise own land 1st
-4% p/y inc in ag production - grain =2-3% p/y +Cotton/soybean dec (C pop inc 2.2% p/y t/f lim surplus)
-Limitted ability to fund FYP
What triggered the high tide of collectivisation
-Politburo X accept M’s collectivisation -> speech Questions of Agricultural Coop July 1955= ‘electrifying effect’ Ryan
-Mao set goal of ½ rural workforce collectivised by end of 1957
What/when was the 2nd NE
-Jan 1st JJ return 2 C + C-in-C–> capture Nanjing
-June-July ‘28 capture Beijing = end
What/When were the 5 anti’s
-Aka Wufan- tax evasion, fraud, cheating, theft of gov property + bribery (expansion of 3 antis)
-1952
Outcome of 5 antis
-320k/450k buisnesses investigated found guilty of 1+ anti
-Inc nationalism > businesses found to be guilty, fines + imprisionment to ‘pulverise China’s elite’
-Many capitalists turned red when the heat went on, silently, like lobsters put in hot water’-Terril-> inc ease in High Tide
Outcome of cleaniness campaigns after rev (50’s)
-Inc LE from 36 in ‘50 to 57 in ‘57
-Dec STD rates
What was the outcome of the High Tide of Collectivisation
-97% of peas collectivised by end of ‘56 (goal end ‘57)
-M’s goal of joint SOE-priv enterprise achieved w/in month (Jan ‘56) + celebrated in TS by 200k+ ppl
What were the social impacts on the peas post CR
-by ‘76 15x more junior middleschoolers than in ‘65
-Inc LE from 57 in ‘57 to 63 in ‘75 (‘relatively effective HC syst’ -Mabo Gu on Barefoot Drs)
What were the pol impacts on peas following CR
-‘Cleaning the Class Ranks’- Target anyone seen as bad–> 1.5mil deaths + 30mil persecuted- ‘neighbours killing neighbours’ (Dikotter) =X ideological
-Election of village elders independent of part officials
How much land was redistributed after the Agraian Reform Law
-47% of China’s farmland to peas
When was the GLF introduced
2nd Meeting of 8th Party Congress- May ‘58 = declaration of revolutionary intent
What inspired the GLF
Oct ‘57 USSR lauch of Sputnik + Krus announce that would in 15 yrs inc HI prod > US= ‘east wind has defeated the west’
-‘Seeking truth from facts’ mission in ‘57 saw M see massive water infra proj + inc belief in ‘rev zeal’
Impact of retreat recovery on workers
-Inc incentive to work- HI inc 17% b/w ‘63-‘65
-Light ind inc 27%
When/what was the New Life movement
-Launched Feb ‘34
-Attempt to ‘thoroughly militarise the lives of the citizens’ by restoring Conf + Christ values + 96 rules (counter com + unify the ‘loose grains of sand’ (SY)
What were edu levels like before rev
-15-20% in ‘49
-No pub edu syst at all (all priv)
-Women oft denied access to edu
What was edu like post rev
-Inc from 20% to 70% literacy rates
-Inc # trained scientists + engineres from 50k to 5mil (‘49 to ‘76)
-CR saw dissruption of edu + then 13mil sent down to countryside (‘68)
-Compulsory primary edu intro- 218mil children enrolled in ‘76
When/Why was the 100 Flowers campaign launched?
-May 1956
-Fear of destalinisation spreading (Krush Feb ‘56 speach)
-8th Party Congress saw direct ref to MZT removed from const + M moved 2 ‘second line of leadership’- want to preserve power= undermining ‘Hightide of soc’
-Seen as necessary to inc rev sentiment in party + challenge inc bureacracy in party
How did 100 FC inc in effect
-M speech ‘On correctly handling contradictions’ Feb ‘57 to supreme state conf (X party memb)
-Ap ‘57 M travel through C promoting ‘unity-criticism-unity’ = ‘gentle breeze + fine rain’
-Ap ‘57 ppl’s daily pub endorsement
List criticisms made in 100 flower camp
May ‘57- ‘Treated like dog shit and then 1000 ounces of gold the next moment’
-‘fine rain of criticism grew into a heavy downpour of resentment’- Ryan- crit party’s non-dem power
How did 100 FC end
-Ppl’s daily republished ‘on contradictions’ w distinguishment b/w ‘antiginistic’ + ‘non-antiginistic’ criticisms’ - June ‘57 –> anti-rightest movement
How did GMD respond to invasion on Manchuria
-X resist in early days- 1931 seize Man- 1932 puppet state w Pu Li as head (aka former)
-1937 GMD controlled only 8 prov (1935 JJ give J 5x more prov= 7 total)
