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Quick stats china Flashcards

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1
Q

List autocratic reforms implemented by Yuan Shakai

A

-November ‘13 banned GMD
-Jan 14 dissolved national + provincial parliaments (replaced w advisory council)
-May ‘14 created new const (extended term limits from 5-10yrs + inc ability to make dec > eco, mil + FA)
-Made Emperor in Jan ‘16

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2
Q

What triggered inc in Yuan Shakai’s autocratic measures

A

2nd Revolution- July ‘13- GMD funded provience declared independence to central gov –> inspo 4 6 other proviences

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3
Q

What was day of shame in response to
When was it

A

-Response to 21 Demands + gov’s acceptance (saw loss of mining in central C + extensive resource rights in Manchuria + Inner-Mongolia) = :( b/c foreign imperialism continuing influence
-May 7th 1915

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4
Q

CCP inc support w UF

A

-Inc visability- Only 420 membs in 1924 h/w grow to 57k+ in 1927
-May 30 Martyrs- Response
-24 seats in GMD central ex committee given to CCP in 1st UF (NB limited to weaker positions esp following SY’s death)
-

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5
Q

When did Sun-Yatsen die?

A

12th March 1925

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6
Q

Briefly describe Jiang Jieshi’s rise to power

A

-C-in-C + head of Huyanqu mil accademy (from May 3rd 1924)- mil loyal to him
-March 1926 used ostensible ‘gunboat attempted kidnapping’ to reduce confidence in CCP + Comintern (dec inf on pannels) + attack Wang Jingwei’s via rumours
-July 1926 made chairman of CEC (t/f full control > mil + pol)

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7
Q

When was the Northern Expedition announced + OG aim

A

1st of July 1926 (5days b4 made chairman of CEC)
-Aim- unify China by reducing no. + inf of warlords to ‘protect welfare of ppl’ + implement SY’s 3PP

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8
Q

List early events in NE/hard facts

A

-85k Nat Rev Army troops + 8k from Huangpu officers w J as C-in-C vs 750k nothern warlord troops (26th of July ‘26) = ‘hopeless folly’
-End of ‘26- Successfully marching on Shanghai + Nanjing (due to weak op)
-March ‘22 successfully captured shanghai

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9
Q

Impacts of Shanghai massacre

A

-12th Ap ‘27- Big Ears Du + 2k malitia kill 5-10k com + com supporters killed
-Cause white terror –> spread to other nat cities= 100ks+ killed
-Reduced overt support 4 com- Memb dec from 57k in ‘27 to 10k + 6th Party Congress held in Moscow
-CCP leadership mess + ‘like taking a bath in shit’ (Chen Dixhui)
-JJ accused of a ‘massacre of the ppl’ + expelled from GMD 17/4/27

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10
Q

List modernisation successes of the nationalist decade

A

-Transport + railway- Radio stations established + telegraph lines extended to inc com, C gov created airline (no. of aircraft inc from 56 in ’29 to 2290 in ’36), highways inc 606% b/w ’27 to ’36 (inc from 28k km to 169.35k km), inc rail system= 100s new trains + new stations = imp 4 improved com, resource distribution + trade
-Finance- F min (TV Soong) reformed banking + currency sector (inc gov reg); measurements standardized + income tax system established

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11
Q

How secure was nationalist power in nationalist decade

A

-Only ever control 1/3 of territory + 2/3 of pop
-Spent 80% of budget on mil –> Launched 23x campaigns to suppress opposition
-Only controlled 4 provinces- in central Yangzi region
-Deficit of 13mil yuan p/month (esp due to probs w collecting taxation)

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12
Q

Political/governance successes in Nationalist decade

A

-Jiang Jieshi elected chairman of CEC in Oct ‘28 + head of state)
-Announced was entering political tutelage phase of 3PP + gov mandate based on achieving 3PP
-Establish 5x Yuans (Control, Executive, Legislative, Judiciary + Examination)
-C sov/nationalism- 10/23 foreign concessions administrated by Euro powers given up + C regain right to change tariffs + customs duties + C joined LON + inc no. of dip missions

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13
Q

Corruption stats during Nationalist Decade

A

69.5k complaints to control Yuan- only 268 found to be at fault w only 13 sacked (1931-37)
-Some provinces = taxes 11x higher then stated level w authorities pocketing extra
-JJ acknowledge incompetence- ‘many of the staff do not seem to know what they’re supposed to do’

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14
Q

Taxation of peas during Nat decade

A

Special taxes’ on every day items (e.g. in Guansu = 44 dif taxes)
Some officials collected taxes yrs in advance (e.g. in Sichian 1971’s taxes collected in 1933),
some provinces saw taxes 11x higher than official rate (esp b/w Oct 31 and Mar 33) w extra pocketed by officials

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15
Q

Little red book stats + intro

A

-Published in May ‘64 as ‘Quoatations from Chairman Mao’ by Lin Bao 4 all PLA as part of emulation campaign
-Sep ‘66 = 1+bil LRB +40bil LRB by end of CR

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16
Q

How was art used to launch CR

A

-Seen as superstructure x conducive to the current state of China’s ‘socialist eco’
-Jiang Qing appointened as Minister of Culture- used to justify ‘sheer scale of ideological rot’ as pretence for reform- E.g. ban ghost dramas in Beij in ‘63

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17
Q

What/when was Hai Rai dismissed from office

A

-Allegory critical of M’s treatment of Peng Dahui in Lushan Plenum (July ‘59 + subsequent anti-rightest campaign)- by Deputy Mayor of Beijing Wu Han
-Made into play in 1961

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18
Q

Impact of Hai Rai dismissed from office (1961)

A

-Jan 1965 created ‘5 man group’ to investigate + instigate the start of cultural rev

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19
Q

What was the February outline report + M’s response

A

-Feb ‘66- report by Five-Man-Group which dismissed Wu Han matter as prob for literary debates X gov
-M responded- created Foroum on Work in Lit + Art in Armed Forces (headed by Lin Bao + Jiang Qing) which produced doc denying Feb out + demands ‘great cultural + soc rev’

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20
Q

What was Mao’s good swim

A

-16th July 1966 in Yiangxi river- M ostensibly swam 15km in 65 mins (B. Review) in front of 10k specators
-He was as healthy as ever and ready to lead China through rev waters’ (Ryan)- inc cult of pers

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21
Q

What was the May 16 Circular

A

-Doc pub by Maoists (drafted by M)- announcing formation of cultural rev small group
-Had demands 4 inc obediance to M, need to expose counter-revs (esp w/in CCP), set aside Feb outline report + seize leadership in cultural sphere

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22
Q

What were the 16 points

A

-Doc reinforcing May 16th Circular h/w inc detail to ideas e.g. how to target bour + labelled Liu Shaoqi as ‘capitalist roader’ + inc aggressive rhetoric

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23
Q

When were the 16 points published

A

8th August 1966

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24
Q

How was Dazibao popularised

A

Nie Yuanzi (Maoist uni student) supported by party (pre M-16-C)-> Dazibao asking ‘what r ppl up to in cultural rev’
-June 1st supported by Mao in Ppl’s daily
-Chen Boda + Lin Bao encouraged students 2 get involved w hyperbolic lang ‘Chairman M is a genuis’
-65k Dazibao in B uni

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25
Q

List ways the CCP supported the cultural rev

A

-Red Guard Rallies
-Linking up campaigns
-Supportive of rev violence + lack of gov direction in ‘Four olds’

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26
Q

How many ppl were involved in Red Guard rallies

A

-18th of August in TS w 1+mil ppl waving LRB + loyalty dances
-10mil in total

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27
Q

Outcome of RG rev violence

A

-Ritual humilation- e.g. put placards w demunaising names e.g. snake spirit
-All groups targeted- e.g. Aug ‘66 Provincial Party Sec Ren declared ‘black gang element’
-Condoned by CCP- Senior minister asked pol 2 x intefere
-250k ppl killed according to official stats in 2yr period

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28
Q

How many ppl died in RG factional infighting

A

650k b/w ‘66-‘68 est
-10k in single battle in Chongqing in 1967 (inc use of heavy artillery + anti-aircraft weapons)

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29
Q

List causes for the Xi’an incident

A

-Pop discontent + inc strikes bc JJ ‘31-‘37 ‘uninspired approach 2 S-J war- e.g. 1933 Fuijian uprising=1+ yr to quell
-JJ focus on CCP (‘disease of the soul’) vs J (‘disease of the skin’) w 6th bandint extermination camp
-7th Comintern Congress encourage CCP 2 coop w anti-facist forces

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30
Q

When was the Xi’an incident

A

12th Dec 1936

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31
Q

BRIEFLY- what happened in the Xi’an incident

A

-12th Dec 1936 division of Zhang (JJ mil leader) capture JJ at temple staying + place under house arrest
-Zhang + Zhou Enlai negotiate how to precede in Xi’an
-Stalin insist on JJ release + form 2nd UF + end anti-CCP campaign

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32
Q

When was 2nd UF formed

A

Officially 22nd Sep 1937
-H/w 9month delay by JJ + only b/c of J invasion of C 7/7/37 + M’s declaration that CCP would engage in conflict from Aug even w/o GMD that process speed up

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33
Q

Eco impacts of GMD involvement in Sino-J war

A

-Inflation- 50% in 1 month- 251% b/w Jan-Aug 1945
-Reduced eco act b/c Chongqing iso w little infra + railway t/f inc smuggling –> dec income + customs tax from 67% to 6.3% of gov rev
-Inc taxes on peas-70-90% of harvest
-Gov main $$ via insider trading

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34
Q

Human impact of C’s involevement in S-J was

A

-3mil soldiers died (50% due to neglect)
-18mil civ killed
-95mil ppl became refugees (towns + cities destroyed)
-2-3 ppl died in 1942-43 Henan Famine + 500k died from destruction of Yellow River Dykes (June ‘38)

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35
Q

Examples of corruption during SJ war

A

-30% of US aid ended up on black market
-70-90% of peasants crops collected
-Insider trading main way of gov $$ during SJ war + repressed opposession w ‘Blue Shirts’

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36
Q

How did CCP contribute to SJ war

A

-1940 Hundred Regiment Offensive- 22k died vs 4k J
-Involved in 2nd UF + nationalistic rhetoric e.g. in Yan’an University for anti-Japanese resistance

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37
Q

Examples of JJ’s poor mil dec in SJ wr

A

-15th Aug ‘37 ‘War of Self-defence’
-X allow troops to retreat from S/Hai = 250k (60% die)
-April ‘44 Ichigo victory for J b/c JJ x act on good mil intel (lost key airport + cities)
-6th Bandit extermination camp + ‘double dealing on coalesce scale’ w Lend-Lease = Dec US support

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38
Q

How were GMD troops treated in SJ war

A

-Conscripted (oft from poor fam)
-Chained together naked 2 stop escaping -> 1.5mil deaths from preventable neglect (50% of troops)
-Officials corrupt (X report deaths + pocket extra wages)

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39
Q

CCP size b4 + after YS

A

1937- 40k memb vs 800k by 1940 + 1mil+ by 1945
-Governed 50mil ppl (vs 3mil @ Jiangxi Sov)

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40
Q

RA size b4 + after YS

A

Post LM- 90% of # gone
-92k in ‘37 vs 860k by ‘45

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41
Q

List key events in CW

A

-Aug-Oct ‘45 Hurley neg fail
-US flew GMD troops into Manchuria + forced PLA to retreat
-General Marshal org cease fire in Jan ‘46
-Strong Point operation- March ‘47- Saw CCP lose YS
-Ap-May ‘47- Lin Biao + Liu reposition army 4 offensive
-Dec-Jan ‘48/49 Pinjing offensive= take Beijing -
-JJ resign Jan
-April cross Yiangxi river- take Nanjing 23/4 + go on to take S/hai = sig psych vict
-Oct 1st Mao declare creation of PRC

42
Q

When was Mao’s rectification campaign

A

Started February 1942 in YS + lasted 3 yrs- helped to make absolute M’s power + struggle sessions for Maoism

43
Q

When/Why did the second United front end

A

Late 1940- New Fourth Army remainders attacked near Yangzi river- 9k massacred, imprisoned or raped

44
Q

List changes to the CCP in the second united front

A

-YS autonomous region
-RA absorbed into nationalist army (renamed 8 Route Army) w com generals still in charge
-2nd Com army approved- New 4th Army

45
Q

List social changes in YS

A

Inc in literacy rates- 1% in ‘36 + 50% in ‘43
Created local uni of anti-J resistance
IMR + MMR reduced

46
Q

When was the battle of Xiang River
How many people died

A

-70% of com die or dessert- 30k @ end
-25th of Nov and 3rd Dec 1934

47
Q

How many battles did the CCP have w the GMD in the LM

A

-15 battles

48
Q

List initial weaknesses in the LM

A

-4 hours on 4 hour off- av pace of 27km p/day
-convential warfare + Bo Gu + Agent Bordin leadership
-Long walking column 80km
-Heavy equipment- e.g. printing press, library + xray machine

49
Q

When was the Red Guard created

A

May 1966

50
Q

List why RG movement turned violent

A

-Gave C youth op to express grievances
-Pressure to be violent of deemed counter-rev/ reactionary
-Little gov intervention t/f op to lash out @ authority + inc own autonomy
-provide way to feel like engaging in rev

51
Q

List ways the cult of Mao manifested during the CR

A

-2.2bil portraits + 40bil LRB (seen as ans 4 all)
-ppl bow 2 M portrait 2x p/day- way to get divine orders
-Aviation ind ran out of aliminium b/c so many badges
-loud speakers broad cast Mao’s Thoughts on street corners constantly

52
Q

When did the workers get involved in the CR

A

November 1966

53
Q

How many factions did the workers split into in CR/ main ones

A

600
-Revolutionary rebels (demanding complete over hall) vs proletarian rebels (demanding inc landreform)

54
Q

Why did Mao seek to end the CR- interp

A

‘Mao had looked into the Abyss- and he didn’t like what he saw’- Short

55
Q

What was the outcome of the worker rebels in CR

A

-Shanghai Ppl’s Commune januray ‘67- direct form of ppl’s democracy
-January Storm- Inspired by S/hai ppl commune + use slogans e.g. ‘seize power’ to motivate inc seizure of ppl power
-600+ factions

56
Q

When did the LM start and end

A

Start- 16th October 1934
End- October 1935

57
Q

What and when was the Zunyi Confrence

A

-Jan 15th-17th 1935 (post capturing Zunyi, following battle of Xiang River)
-Mao criticized Bo Gu + Otto Braun for tactics during 6th encirclement campaign + march start –> inc support from politburo (e.g. Lou Fu + Zhou Enlai)

58
Q

List reforms implemented by Mao after the Zunyi Confrence (Jan 35)

A

-‘March north to fight the Japanese’- slogans
-return to guerrila warfare
-Return to discipline of 8 action areas + 3 key rules + inc pol commissar + link to peas

59
Q

When was the Jiangxi sov
(and where)

A

1928-1934
-based around Ruijin- how came to govern 30k sq km + 70 other communist regions

60
Q

How many ppl were governed in the Jiangxi sov

A

3mil + 3mil in additional soviets under Jiangxi control

61
Q

List key events of furitian purges

A

-Oct 30 Mao purge 1k ppl from RA units of ‘questionable loyalty’ à protests in 12/30 in Futian w banners proclaiming ‘Down w Mao’
-Mao call to meet w 200 of movements leaders in June 31 under pretence of resolving issue + had them executed à killing spread through J.Sov = up to 20k ppl killed

62
Q

How did M lose influence in Jiangxi Sov

A

-CCP moved CEC to Ruijian in Jan ‘32
-Campaign by Bo Gu saw M removed as chief pol commissar in Oct ‘32 + dec pol/policy inf

63
Q

Why did the Jiangxi sov end

A

-5th encirclment camp= 1+mil men, 200+ aircrafts + advice by German Gen Seekt
-CCP X use guerrila tactics
-1000s CCP killed + by Sep ‘34 60/70 Sov fall

64
Q

Briefly describe ‘Learn from PLA’ emulation campaign

A

-Why- Inc exposure + adulation to MZT/Mao
- What- inc involvement in soc via political bureaus in schools, factories + workplaces+ inc role in pop pol edu + sponsoring arts etc
-General Lin Biao provided all PLA w ‘Quotations from Chairman Mao’ (LRB) in May ‘64 -> 1bil by 66
-Endorsed by M in ppl’s daily in Feb ‘64 directive ‘Learn from PLA’

65
Q

What was the immediate anntecedent to the CR

A

-Liu Shaoqi’s reappointment as pres Jan ‘65
-Liu’s dip tour in March ‘66
-M form Forum on Work in Lit + Art for the Armed Forces- headed by Lin Biao + Jiang Qing- demand dissolution of 5-Man Group + retraction of Feb Outline

66
Q

What were the outcomes of the 16 points (Aug 66)

A

-Liu Shaoqi demoted to 8th Position in politburo
-Lin Biao appointed to 1st Vice-chairman of CEC
-Inc aggressive rhetoric that promote targetting of CCP leadership

67
Q

When did shift of focus occur in CR/how

A

-Late ‘66
-Mao’s 1st Big Char poster @ CCP HQ
-Inc political denouncements- 23rd Oct ’66 Liu Shaoqi + Deng brought b4 Cent. Com 2 deliver self crit = single to RG change in focus

68
Q

How did the RG target the CCP

A

=Mid ’67 RG had set up camp outside CCP HQ + blasted contempt à v few exempt- inc Zhu De + Deng, Liu, Peng Zhen (x200+ denouncement meetings)
-Inc violence directed toward CCP (e.g. Peng Dehaui assaulted 135x= ½ of bones broken)

69
Q

How was land reform initially conducted post 1949

A

-Policies of fanshen
-28th June 1950- created Agrarian Reform Law which established a People’s Tribunal to judge landlords.
-Speaking bitter meetings -> 2-5mil peas killed

70
Q

When was thought reform implemented

A

September 51

71
Q

E.g. of denouncement during thought reform

A

Hui Shi (founder of NCM + popularisation of Baihau) denounced
- Liang Shuming (memb of dem league party) directly attacked by Mao- ‘That is the kind of murderer you are’

72
Q

List the Three Anti’s + when introduced

A

Nov 51-Sanfen
-Corruption, waste + bureaucracy

73
Q

List outcomes of Sanfen

A

-1mil party officials removed e.g. Liu Qingshing prefect in Timjin provience

74
Q

List outcomes of Sanfen

A

-1mil party officials removed e.g. Liu Qingshing prefect in Timjin provience\
-Created culture of fear -> inc compliance 2 Mao

75
Q

When was the first five yr plan implemented

A

Oct 1953-1957
-4yr anniversarry of PRC+ creation of Mutual friendship treaty w Russia

76
Q

How was the five yr plan implemented

A

-Funded by agriculture + 300mil$ loan from USSR (3% of $$)
-89% of $$ 4 HI -> creation of 700+ HI enterprises e.g. oil refinery
-10k Soviet engineers + advissors to C to help establish HI + 28k C to R to learn
-11% gov funding 4 light industry
-Production quotas- Stalinist model= Central Planning Committee

77
Q

What were the outcomes of the first five yr plan (1953-57)

A

-Exceeded targets/quotas by 10-16% p/y = basis 4 eco
-1st time C make own planes, cars + trucks =inc indep
-Coal production x2 b/w ‘52-‘57 + steel inc from 1.31mil met tonnes in ‘52 to 4.48mil met tonnes in ‘57

78
Q

Briefly describe staged collectivastion

A

-Why- to inc ag production to fund FYP (inc socialist tech)
-Mutual aid teams-6-10 fams (dem benefits) + peas own land still
-Lower ag coops- 20-40 fams + got to keep grain once meet 1/4 quota
-Higher ag coops- 100-300fams- X own any land, coordinated by party + paid 4 labour

79
Q

Who were the gradualists + what did they believe

A

-Liu Shaoqi
-‘No collectivisation w/o modernisation’ t/f X collectivise farming until supply w tech t/f invest $$ in ag

80
Q

What were the outcomes of collectivisation (x ppls communes)

A

-X improve ag output- b/c peas prioritise own land 1st
-4% p/y inc in ag production - grain =2-3% p/y +Cotton/soybean dec (C pop inc 2.2% p/y t/f lim surplus)
-Limitted ability to fund FYP

81
Q

What triggered the high tide of collectivisation

A

-Politburo X accept M’s collectivisation -> speech Questions of Agricultural Coop July 1955= ‘electrifying effect’ Ryan
-Mao set goal of ½ rural workforce collectivised by end of 1957

82
Q

What/when was the 2nd NE

A

-Jan 1st JJ return 2 C + C-in-C–> capture Nanjing
-June-July ‘28 capture Beijing = end

83
Q

What/When were the 5 anti’s

A

-Aka Wufan- tax evasion, fraud, cheating, theft of gov property + bribery (expansion of 3 antis)
-1952

84
Q

Outcome of 5 antis

A

-320k/450k buisnesses investigated found guilty of 1+ anti
-Inc nationalism > businesses found to be guilty, fines + imprisionment to ‘pulverise China’s elite’
-Many capitalists turned red when the heat went on, silently, like lobsters put in hot water’-Terril-> inc ease in High Tide

85
Q

Outcome of cleaniness campaigns after rev (50’s)

A

-Inc LE from 36 in ‘50 to 57 in ‘57
-Dec STD rates

86
Q

What was the outcome of the High Tide of Collectivisation

A

-97% of peas collectivised by end of ‘56 (goal end ‘57)
-M’s goal of joint SOE-priv enterprise achieved w/in month (Jan ‘56) + celebrated in TS by 200k+ ppl

87
Q

What were the social impacts on the peas post CR

A

-by ‘76 15x more junior middleschoolers than in ‘65
-Inc LE from 57 in ‘57 to 63 in ‘75 (‘relatively effective HC syst’ -Mabo Gu on Barefoot Drs)

88
Q

What were the pol impacts on peas following CR

A

-‘Cleaning the Class Ranks’- Target anyone seen as bad–> 1.5mil deaths + 30mil persecuted- ‘neighbours killing neighbours’ (Dikotter) =X ideological
-Election of village elders independent of part officials

89
Q

How much land was redistributed after the Agraian Reform Law

A

-47% of China’s farmland to peas

90
Q

When was the GLF introduced

A

2nd Meeting of 8th Party Congress- May ‘58 = declaration of revolutionary intent

91
Q

What inspired the GLF

A

Oct ‘57 USSR lauch of Sputnik + Krus announce that would in 15 yrs inc HI prod > US= ‘east wind has defeated the west’
-‘Seeking truth from facts’ mission in ‘57 saw M see massive water infra proj + inc belief in ‘rev zeal’

92
Q

Impact of retreat recovery on workers

A

-Inc incentive to work- HI inc 17% b/w ‘63-‘65
-Light ind inc 27%

93
Q

When/what was the New Life movement

A

-Launched Feb ‘34
-Attempt to ‘thoroughly militarise the lives of the citizens’ by restoring Conf + Christ values + 96 rules (counter com + unify the ‘loose grains of sand’ (SY)

94
Q

What were edu levels like before rev

A

-15-20% in ‘49
-No pub edu syst at all (all priv)
-Women oft denied access to edu

95
Q

What was edu like post rev

A

-Inc from 20% to 70% literacy rates
-Inc # trained scientists + engineres from 50k to 5mil (‘49 to ‘76)
-CR saw dissruption of edu + then 13mil sent down to countryside (‘68)
-Compulsory primary edu intro- 218mil children enrolled in ‘76

96
Q

When/Why was the 100 Flowers campaign launched?

A

-May 1956
-Fear of destalinisation spreading (Krush Feb ‘56 speach)
-8th Party Congress saw direct ref to MZT removed from const + M moved 2 ‘second line of leadership’- want to preserve power= undermining ‘Hightide of soc’
-Seen as necessary to inc rev sentiment in party + challenge inc bureacracy in party

97
Q

How did 100 FC inc in effect

A

-M speech ‘On correctly handling contradictions’ Feb ‘57 to supreme state conf (X party memb)
-Ap ‘57 M travel through C promoting ‘unity-criticism-unity’ = ‘gentle breeze + fine rain’
-Ap ‘57 ppl’s daily pub endorsement

98
Q

List criticisms made in 100 flower camp

A

May ‘57- ‘Treated like dog shit and then 1000 ounces of gold the next moment’
-‘fine rain of criticism grew into a heavy downpour of resentment’- Ryan- crit party’s non-dem power

99
Q

How did 100 FC end

A

-Ppl’s daily republished ‘on contradictions’ w distinguishment b/w ‘antiginistic’ + ‘non-antiginistic’ criticisms’ - June ‘57 –> anti-rightest movement

100
Q

How did GMD respond to invasion on Manchuria

A

-X resist in early days- 1931 seize Man- 1932 puppet state w Pu Li as head (aka former)
-1937 GMD controlled only 8 prov (1935 JJ give J 5x more prov= 7 total)

History (8 decks)

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