Quick stats Flashcards
What event/when did the 1st socialist edu prog come from
10th Party Plenum (24-27th Sep ‘62)
List dif phases of socialist edu prog
- Early 10 Points- Feb ‘63- affirmed M’s apporach
2, Later 10 points- Sep ‘63- Deng shift 2 party led campaign - Revised 10 points- Liu’s wife Wang uncover still rampent corruption t/f inc dictorial ‘waves of party’ = purge 5mil
List major early decrees by Sovnarkom
-116 w/in 1st few weeks
-Decree on Peace (26th of Oct ‘17)
-Decree on Land 27th of Oct
-Decree on the Cheka 7/12/17
-Decree on Workers Control 14/11- allowed workers to inc control > factories
-Decree on Press 27/11- banned Kadet’s N/paper+ 28/11 Decree on Political parties banned non-soc parties
What were the results of the constituent assembly elections
SRs= 370 seats vs Bol= 175 seats + Kadets 2nd largest urban pol party (17 seats)
-Lenin claimed was a form of bourgeoise parlimentarism’ + invalid b/c ballet x destinguish clearly b/w Left-SRs (alligned w Bol from 12/12) + subsequently on 5/1/18 Martial law declared in Pet
What were the causes of the 1921 famine
Severe draught in 1/2 of food producing regions (e.g. Samara where May rainfall av of 38.8mm vs actual of 0.3mm in ‘20) + 20% of food producing regions= total crop failure
-Exacerbated by policies of grain req- I.e. peas X have 2 yrs emergency grain 2 cope w draught + dec incentive 2 produce (17-21 cultivated land dec by 40%)
-LostlargeamountsofUktotreatyofRiga
How many ppl died in 1921 famine
-5mil from starvation or disease caused by inc in poor hygine
-1000’s victims of cannibalism
How did international com assist in responding to 1921 Great Famine
Pres Hoover + American Relief Admin + Br’s ‘Save the Children in Russia Fund’ provided food saving 14mil lives
-In summer of ‘22 est ARA fed 10mil ppl p/day
How did peas respond to WC (i.e. greens)
-Inc violence- 20k green armies/local militia- e.g. Killed 8k cheka who were trying to access grain
-Esp in Tambov region- ‘no go’ zone until late ‘21
-Inc confussion of political allegiences- E.g. Long Live Lenin! Down w Trotsky (despite same policies being endorsed)
What were the economic/material impacts of war communism
-Wages had 2% of buying power compared to ‘14
-Industrial output 13% of pre-war levels
-Lack of fuel- 30k wooden houses in P had to be burnt
-Reduced rations 1/3 in Feb ‘21
What was the impact on the party following WC
-Inc authoritism + consolidation of highly centralised power
-1. B/c inc highly disciplined + compliant RG join Bol
-2. Sverdlov reduce checks + ballances- 68/480 decrees in 1st yr in role as Chairman of CEC checked + following his death party restructured so Politburo= 5 top bols had inc dictatorial powers/able to act w/o check
-On Party Unity- March 1921- inc dif for formal internal op
Who was the leader of the Socialist Revolutionaries?
Kerensky
When did the Left SR’s leave + join Sovnarkom
-Joined 12/12/17
-Left- 19/3/18- Because of X agree w policies over Treaty of Brest-Livisk- believe in continue 2 agitate 4 war= July ‘18 SR assassinated Ger ambassador 2 continnue to push 4 rev via war (outcome tho = inc ability 4 bol 2 claim legit victory)
List key articles from the fundamental laws
23rd Ap 06
Article 4- TN2 has supreme authority and all laws must be ratified by him, can appoint his own ministers, retrains complete control > FA, military matters + declarations of states of emergency
Article 8- Only w TN2’s approval can the fundamental laws be reformed
Article 87- The Tsar can dissolve the Duma + legislate independently whenever he wants
Positives of WW1
-Inc nationalism/dec strikes- Jan-July 14 =3493 strikes vs 41 b/w Aug-Dec ‘14
-4th Duma suspended itself in support 4 TN2
-95% of conscripted ppl complied w orders
Weaknesses of Russia going in to WW1
-6.5mil men h/w only 4.6mil rifles, 1bil cartages short, only 3 rounds of artilary p/day p/person
-X modernised 2 point where industry able to cope w demands (e.g. need 100k rifles p/month yet only able to produce 42k)
-Leadership X based on merit t/f General Nicholai = X sound mil advice
-Troops only received 6 weeks of training
-Lack infrastructure 2 enable effective mobalisation of troops + resources e.g. grain (failure of Witte’s great spurt)
Impacts of June Offensive
Initial success= Inc rev support= 30km advance by Russian + Inc moral under Kerensky’s guise of ‘Revolutionary Defencism’
-Failure- 230km advance of ger in op fist punch
-Inc desertions- 100k vs 40k in 1st
Witte’s eco reforms list
Witte establish heavy industry (increase investment 616% over 10yrs), invest in railways as basis of modernisation amount of track x 3 + trans-Siberian railway started, increased foreign investment (increase from 13mil in 1898 to 2.2 bil in 1913)
Eco impact of world war
Inflation rouble 30% of 1913 buying power in 17 + wages only 35% of real value while food prices inc 4x Inc public discounted
Impact on consumers access to resources in WW1 Russia
1/3 of usual food supply getting to M + P by 1916
1/3 of bakeries + 2/3 of butchers shut
-1916 acute food shortage–> workers inc calorie deficit by 1/4
-Banned sale + production of vodka –> 26% dec in tax rev h/w also inc production of illegal alcohol
Human impact of world war
23mil ppl live under Ger occupation
4mil ppl die, wounded or MIA by mid 1915 (most of any Euro country)–> 1mil die b4 great retreat
-IMR inc 2x
-Treated peas as inexhuastible resource/ army was ‘peas in uniform’ t/f inc desertions + disatisdation
How did Liberals respond to world war 1 intially
-All Russian Union of Zemstvo + Union of Unions offered to help inc transportation of goods to front + care for wounded
-War Industries Committee (headed by Octoberist Gorchov) try to inc efficiency of goods prod by offering war contracts to Moscow businesses
-Duma 4 dissolved itself in support 4 Tsar
How did the Libs respond to WW1 post 1915
-July ‘15 Duma 4 reformed
-Aug ‘15 Progressive Bloc formed- 236/422 Deputies in alliance to make gov of pub conf
Causes of the Feb rev
-Good shortage- 1/6th of required grain 2 M daily
-Inc protests/pub :(- Jan 9th 1917- 150k protesters + 27th of Jan= general strike in P- 400k workers + 70k mutinies
-Rasputina + TA- dec support from libs- E.g. Min of Interior Protopopov sort advice from R’s ghost
When + where was TN2 forced to abdicate
March 2nd on train in Pskov by memb of Duma
List Stolypin repressive measures
‘Suppression first, then, and only then, reform
-August 06 declared martial law- suspended civil rights
-Show trials- b/w 06-11- 3376 ppl killed
-Reformed electoral syst post D2- Only 1% of ppl voted for 300/441 deputies
List some features of Stolypins ‘wager on the strong’
-Agraian Reform Act- Nov 06- abolished land redemption pmt + made inc gov land av @ actual prive
-Social- proportional tax based on income, National Insurrance Act + compulsory primary ed
-Industrial- Banned women + children from working underground
Impacts of Stolypins reforms
-2x inc in PS enrollement
-15% of peas become Kulaks- 2mil+ families (by ‘13) + 3mil accept offer of land in Siberia
-Duma 3 functional- passed 2571 bills
-Show trials- 06-13=3376 killed
-Reduced representativeness of Duma’s- 1% of pop vote for 300/441 deputies (post D2)
How did justice system change after the NEP
-Feb ‘22 OGPU replaces CHEKA + becomes enshrined in cont in July ‘23 as means to ensure gov surveillance- only 14k killings
- First Soviet Criminal Code- June ‘22- broaf defn of subversive actions + no rights 4 defendents
How were opposing pol groups treated after NEP
-OGPU used 4 survialence
-Mens + SR made illegal in ‘21- 2k Mens arrested
-June-Aug ‘22 34 SRs brought to show trials- 5 found guilty 4 life- ‘exemplaray educational trials’ -Lenin
How was the Church treated following NEP
Seen as the ‘opium of the masses’
-22-23 valuables confiscated + bloody conflicts–> 7k Monks killed + 1k arrests
List arts ways 2 est ‘new proletarian identity’
-Prolekult- offer ops 4 workers to dev skills in arts e.g. workshops @ peak 80k memb
-Presimfans- orchestrates made socialist by operating w/o conductor
-Constructivism- art style which combined pol + cultural purposes- esp in architecture
-Promotes art to inc values e.g. factory life, battels from civ war, steel
-Agitprop- propagnda focussing on merits of rev
How did the Bol attempt to reduce illiteracy after NEP
‘The illiterate person stands outside of politics’ -Lenin
-1919 Decree on the Elimination of illiteracy (Likbiz)
-Free urban reading rooms/Liquidation points= 40K+
-16k reading rooms vol run in country
-RA forced 2 do 2 days learning + 7 days work w ‘literacy marches’
-Primary schooling standardized, compulsory, coed + free 4 ages b/w 8-13
How much of the pop were literate in 1919
25-30% + 97% in central asian region COULNT
Outcome of Likbez
-Inc enrolment in p/school- 45% in ‘15 vs 80% in ‘26
-Inc literacy rate to 51%- h/w higher in men @ 2/3 vs 37% 4 women (1926) despite equal op (men @37% + women 13% in 1917)
List measures taken to imp womens rights
1917 decree on Marriage- M = mutual consensual act, divorce inc ease, guaranteed the right to equal pay in the workplace, 8hr workday) +
- 1919 formation of Women’s Department of Com Party= Zhenotdel- headed by Kollontai from 20 onwards
-Bolsheviki- e.g. Kollanti
How did the Bol respond to the challenge of KR- immediately
Soviet Chairman addressed sold- threatening violence if continue to protest in anchor square
-7th March Trosky announces 50k RA to attack KS
-300 delegates of 10th Party Congress sent to boast morale
-Cheka used to punish sailors who uprise- 6459 sent to prison + labour camps + 2.3k killed
How many ppl died/wounded in KR (1921)
-March 7th offensive- 700 deaths + 2.5k wounded
-Overall- 10k RA, 5k KS + afterwards Cheka kill 2.3k + send 6459 to prison + labour camps
When was the NEP implemented?
8th of March 1921 (day after RA offensive against KR start)
NEP impact on ecomony
-HI progress stagnant- iron ore still 1/2 of pre war + 1922 500k workers fired from HI b/c X able to cover costs of wages
-Some industries imp- E.g. electricity- 1913= 1945mil kWh vs 1926= 3508mil kWh
-grain production levels sim to 1909-13 + livestock no. >
How was the scissor crisis resolved?
-Scissor committee est
-1923 export of grain
-250k+ businesses forcibly shut b/w 23-24
-Commissariat of Trade inc role in distribution of goods +S gov buying + selling goods
List issues facing the 10th party congress
NEP- surrendoring to the peasantry
-The role of unions
-Inc bureaucratisation w/in the party + Politburo’s inc role
-emergence of opposition groups + inc factionalism e.g. Workers’ Opposition group (led by Kollanti)
What/When was the decree on party unity
-When- @ 10th party congress
-Declared all demands of opposition as ‘inconcistent’ to memb of CP + t/f all groups illegal h/w individuals able to voice criticism
How many people died on the 1st day of the July days/when
-When- 3rd of July 1917
-400 ppl
What were the eco cond for the worker’s before the rev
-1 rouble p/day av wage= poorest paid in EU
-av 11.5hr workday + no unions
What were the political cond for workers b4 rev
-Strikes banned- 1900=522 violent strikes suppressed
-Voting rights in Duma’s limitted (esp post No.2)= gentry elected 60% despite =1% of pop
When was the Russo-J war
Feburary 04-Sept 05
List key events of the RJ war
-Seige of Port Aurther- Jan 05 (only warm water port)
-Battle of Mukden- Feb 05- lost 90k troops
-Battle of Tshumina- Ap 05- Lost 8 battleships + 5k men (vs J’s 2 + 118 men)
What treaty ended the RJ war + key provisions
-Treaty of Portsmouth- August 05
-Lost control of Port Aurthur/lease on Liaodong peninsula + forced to recognize J SOI in Manchuria + NK
What was the impact of RJ war
-Int + dom humilation
-Inc price of consumer goods- bread 35% inc + wages dec 25%
-Inc rev violence- minister plehv killed by SR
-Yr of red cockrel (1903-04)-inc peas uprising
List impacts of Bloody Sunday 7th Jan 05 for peas + workers
-Catalysed festival of mobilastion= 400k protestors by end of Jan–> Oct 14th general strike =1.5mil
-Inc soviets-Oct 05 SPB sov created –> 80 by end of 05
-Inc peasant revolts- 15% of manor houses burnt (3k) + Jan-Oct=2.7k incidences of TN2 asking to supress peas
-Creation of Union of Peas- 200k memb + inc desire to have interest meet (May)
How did BS impact libs
-Loss in :) 4 TN2= ‘Bloody Nicholas’ X Little Father
-Inc organsiation-May 05 Union of Unions created by Milyukov + inc discussion for univesal sufferage + elective rep + increased unity w workers
Impact of BS on military
-Inc mutinies- e.g. on Trans-siberian railway + June 05 Mutiny on Potemkin in Odessa –> fire on gov troops
How many bills did Duma 3 pass inc e.g.
2571
-Inc National Insurance Bill + inc schooling 4 poor
When were the Fundamental laws implemented + list provision
-April 1906- 5 days b4 1st Duma-
A4- TN2 has supreme authority + must ratify all laws, can appoint own ministers, retain complete control > FA, mil + declaration of SOE
A87- can dissolve duma any time
When was Lenin’s April Thesis
April 4th 1917- followig abdication of TN2 t/f safe to return 2 Russia
Briefly describe impact of April Thesis
-Dev slogans- “Turn the imperial war into a civil war, all power to the soviet’- Inc pub opinion (esp b/c sov had 20mil voters by mid ‘17)–> 360k memb by Sep + maj of seats in P + M Sov by Oct= legit alt 2 PG
-A rearming of the bolshevik ranks- Trotsky
When were the Red Gaurd formed
Following 28/8/17 Committee of Struggle seeing neg release of Bol (post July days)
How many Bol arrested post july days
800 (inc trotsky)
-Lenin forced into exile
When + Why was Milrevkom created
Following 18/10/17 troop movement by Kerensky- seen as necessary to stop right win coup (like Korni)- 3 Bol leaders (inc Trotsky)
-Gained support from PG by 21/10
What was the pop break down pre-rev
-1% nobality (h/w owned 25% of land)
-0.5% MC aka intellegensia (1897 #) h/w inc
-Urban workers- 7%
-Peasants- 80%
What was the pop trend in R pre-rev
-Rapidly inc- 4x inc b/w 1815-1914
-Inc in cities- SPB= 76% inc b/w ‘97 + ‘14
Describe LT eco causes 4 R rev
-Peas X $$ 4 land= 1/4 cultivated land into disuse + less then 10acre plot + inherentance syst
-X efficent agrarian eco-1/2 amount of grain p/acre compared to other ag eco
-Indust. start in ‘70 t/f 5% of railroad as Br + import 25% coal
-Workers worst pay in Eu =1 rouble p/day
How many ppl did Cheka kill in RT
-50-100k (50k # from 1929 former Cheka agent)
List White Army groups
-Armed Forces of S. Russia- led by Gen Denkin -150k
-Kochak’s Siberian Forces- from Komuch
-North-Western Army- (14.4k @ peak), near Estonia, Gen Yuedenich
FACTs about geo + impact in CW
-Bol inc ethnic unified= 70mil 2 draw from vs WA = 8-10mil x unified ethnical
-Inc railways + production in SPB + M
List ways Trotsky helped to win CW
-Commissar as War–> 500k RG to 5mil RA by ‘20
-Hold fams of 50k former Tsarist officers hostage to inc expert leadership
-Conscritipion reintro (b/c 360k vol)
-Harsh discipline= RA oath + DP
-Special armoured train 2 inc leadership + morale
When was the 1st Duma
April-July 06= 73 days
How did Cheka inc power
+when
-Decree on Red Terror 5th Sept 1918- seen as necessary in WC + ass of Uritisky (SR led)
-March ‘18- Combat detachment + 1K + ppl following multiple assassination attempts of L
What were the eco outcomes of WC
-13% of pre-war industrial production
-40% dec in cultivated land + harvests 37% of pre-war
-Illegal trade made up 60% of bread in cities (70+% rural)- 18-19
-Inc pov 4 Bour-42% of prost in M =Bour
-‘Bagmen’ profit of banning trade
List key reasons for the Feburary Rev
-Rasputin + Tsarina undermined the support from Liberals (esp following dissolution of progressive bloc 3rd Sep)- ‘Is this stupidity or treason’
-War put inc pressure on resouces- Meat price inc 300% + food 4x + women 40hrs per week in food ques
-Loss of trad mil- 70k mil on 27th Jan in protest
What was the Progressive bloc
When/What was Kornilov’s attempted coup
-Post July Days Korni C-in-C –> Moscow State Confrence 12th Aug
-19th Aug K demands Cossaks to advance on Pet to ‘disperse soviet so it never reassemble’
How was the Korni affair ended
-Committee for Struggle (soviets) see Bol released in exchange for stopping K advance (28/8)
-Union of All Russian Railroad workers stop K on 30/8
How many agents did the Cheka have by 1919
100,000 vs March 1918= 240
Cheka + rule of law?
Dzerzhinsky= Ideological fanatasisit= drove much of the violence
-Operated outside of the rule of law- only required to report on executions + arrests AFTER they occured (following 1918 clash w commissariat of trade)
-Lenin’s Hanging Order- Aug 1918= Phenze Cheka to hang 100+ Kulaks in full view of pub
Why did Rasputina gain influence?
-Appealed to Tsarina that could cue Alexei (haemaphilic) in 1905
-1912 letter leaked rumors of sex b/w TA +Rasp
-Inc inf following TN2 to front in Sep ‘15
Egs of ministerial leap frog
-Sep ‘15- Feb ‘17 -4x PM, 3 war ministers +5 ministers of interior- usually at Rasp beheast
Provisional government initial reforms
March 3rd- 8 point manifesto- freedom of speech/press/assembly, amnesty for all troops who had disserted
-promissed 8hr work day
-promised CA elections based on universal sufferage
What was the outcome of the July Offensive
-400k deaths + 230km Ger advance
-Ker sack C-in-C and replace w Korni (inc discipline)
List key policies affecting the Bourgeoise in WC
Oct ‘18- forced labour of Bour
July ‘18- class based rationing system ‘he who doesn’t work nor shall he eat’
WC policies effecting workers
-Nov ‘20- all factories w 10+ workers + 5+ workers w machines nationalised
-‘Communist Sundays’- replaced
-Decree on Nationalism- June ‘18- state take full control of metalergical, textile + mining
-Food commisariat take full control of supplying food from May
