1
Q
What were the initial challenges facing the CCP
A
- Economic probs- Industrial production 50% less then pre-war figures, inflation @ 85,000% by 1949, large scale u/e
- Governance probs- break down of law + orders + most of world x recognize CCP as C gov (dec legitimacy) + communications + infrastructure destroyed by war
- -> lack of capable CCP memb (only 1% of pop= 4.5mil memb) + predominantly experienced w war time + rural governance
- Ppls livelihood- Food shortage (esp in cities) b/c of food production down 25% + pop growing @ rate of 15mil ppl p/y
2
Q
How did the initial challenges cause probs for CCP leadership
A
- Eco probs- X able to fund dev + eco rebuild/ HI
- Admin probs- lack of experience + X effectively control t/f have to rely upon bourgeois
- ppl’s livelihood- X want to lose support of pub b/c only had 1% of pop in CCP, l8er X able to fund 5YP
3
Q
Key features of C’s new pol system
A
1954 saw est of const @ 1st NPC –> CCP members t/f retain ult control- PARTY retains ult power + quickly supress opposition (e.g. 100 FC + thought reform + 3anti’s)
-Pol structures- National People’s Congress (NPC)- elected head of state (Mao) + had a standing committee to preside > matters of congress- overall acted like a parliament (h/w only rhetorically) + memb appointed by indirect elections (candidates always CCP memb)
o State council- cabinet of ministers- premier= Zhou Enlai (min 4 FA)
o Provincial, county + municipal gov created to help w implementing policies @ local levels
- CCP org- Standing committee of Politburo (inc Zhu, Zhou, Mao, Chen Tun, Liu Shaoqi)- made most sig decisions (Mao = chairman)
o National Party Congress- delegates rep ppl from lower level party bodies (6 regional committees, 29 provincial + 2500 county + city- all w chairman, secretary, pol commissar + mil commander = inc effective governance)
o Party Congress voted in central committee that debate key policies + elect polit memb
o Secretariat- headed by Deng Xiaoping- responsible 4 supervising _ facilitating communication b/w dif levels of party
o Mil affairs committee- ran by politburo (t/f inc alignment b/w party + mil)
4
Q
How did the new pol structures help CCP 2 cons power
A
- Mil affairs committee- ran by politburo (t/f inc alignment b/w party + mil) –> mil used 2 bring ALL regions of C under control (inc Xingjiang + Tibet) by 1951 = inc ability to govern a united C
- All candidates for National People’s Congress memb of party t/f provide allusion/ ‘window dressing’ of dip t/f inc pub appeal b/c able 2 vote 4 those who vote 4 pol reps
- creation of coalition of 8 ‘democratic parties’ 2 govern alongside CCP = 11/24 ministers non CCP t/f seen as way to inc support from pub b/c only have 1% of pop in CCP (4.5mil)
5
Q
How did CCP address challenges of setting up effective admin
A
-Admin system rebuilt (esp b/c CCP struggle w no. + experience going 2 cities post only war admin) via encouraging GMD civil servants to remain in role 4 $$ + ability 2 build new C
-appealed to expat edu C ppl 2 return home 2 build homeland
-Sanfan (from Nov ‘51)- aimed to purge of gov officials (esp 4 corruption, waste + bureaucratism = 3 evils)
o Inc id of corrupt CCP officials or those inc leniency + bribes from industry + derived excessive benefit from role
–> 1mil pub officials removed or executed
6
Q
How did CCP address challenges of maintaining law + order
A
- Use of PLA- Inc control > rural areas by force so by ’51 all outlying areas of Qing Dynasty (inc Tibet + Xinjiang) brought under control + pol commissars oft held roles in both civilian gov + PLA
- Mil affairs committee- ran by politburo (t/f inc alignment b/w party + mil) –> link mil 2 gov
7
Q
How did CCP address challenges of reviving eco
A
- worked w national capitalists (exploit their resources + expertise- also inc in dem class) - hoped 2 😊 support from managerial
- Inc control > banking, transport, electrify + gas supply + all industries owned by foreign powers nationalised (h/w x USSR)
- New Currency- May ’49 intro yuan or renminbi (‘ppl’s currency’) + inc control > currency in exchange + nationalised banks + banned foreign currency decreased paper $$ in circulation inflation dropped from 85 000% in 49 to 15% in 51
- Wages tied 2 value of 5 basic goods (flour, coal, oil, cotton cloth + rice) + price controls so wages stayed inline w basic goods
- Tax reform = inc fair t/f inc gov revenue from 6.5bil in ’50 to 13.3bil in ’51
- $$ from USSR= $300mil
8
Q
Why did the CCP become involved in KW
A
- Mao belief that Kim Il-sung had secured support from Stalin + that the assurances from the US Secretary of State (Acheson) that SK wasn’t in the ‘defensive perimeter’ of interest t/f held naïve view wouldn’t need to provide troops + could focus on Taiwan (b/c ROC still viewed as legit gov)
- X want com ally to fall 2 capitalist US- ‘you are fighting the chief imperalist’ (Mao)
- X want hostile gov bordering Manchuria (imp eco region + boarders NK)
- 3/5 of Politburo standing com memb viewed it as necessary (Mao, Zhou Enlai + Zhu De)
- Belief that USSR would provide sov air force h/w when promise w/drawn viewed own withdrawal x pos
9
Q
What were the pos impacts of involvement in KW
A
- Intensified land reform + pol movements esp b/c of inc paranoia about counter-revs perpetuated by the Com media (e.g. campaign to ‘Resist America, Aid Korea’) e.g. Davin est 2-5mil landlords killed as peasants inc violence of Fanshen
- Inc national morale b/c CCP had been able to credibly stand up to the ‘biggest imperialist’ (flow on from nationalist movement) –> inc support 4 ccp
- showed were a new force in int politics
10
Q
What were the neg impacts of involvement in KW
A
- Reduced int standing + inc US antagonism - in ’51 US funded UN res declaring China an aggressor t/f excluded from UN until ‘70s t/f US strategic ambiguity in Taiwan vowing to support if C invades- X able to address GMD
- Economic cost- embargo enforced = decreased trade =set eco back (e.g. decreased $$ able to be invested into national reconstruction seen by Mao in ‘52 claiming that $$ in KW in ’51 = same as $$ 4 national reconstruction)
- Human cost- (esp due to use of human wave tactics + -30c temp + ill-equipped)- 900k dead, MIA or wounded (500k dead)
11
Q
Key features of agrarian land reform
A
-Fanshen- peasantry lead land reform for themselves
-Mass campaign saw 1000s of cadres sent 2 countryside 2 help organise + facilitate the peasantry’s denouncement of landlords + redistribution of land
o Established Peasants Associations to identify reactionary + counter-revs in local area + inc trust in peas
-Speaking Bitter meetings- provided the op 4 peasantry 2 stand up + publicly express anger @ previous mistreatment by id’ed landlords
-Ppl’s tribunal decided fate of accused w ‘local despots’ and J collaboraters executed or beaten (est range b/w 1mil to 3-5mil deaths) + those less ‘despodic’ provided higher taxes, forced to give cheaper rent + cancel debts
12
Q
What were the key features of the three Anti?
A
When- Start Nov 1951
Why- aimed 2 uncover politically unreliable + corrupt gov + party memb (esp GMD) 2 stop the growth of corruption + inc efficiency of gov + inc control > party
What- - purge of gov officials (esp 4 corruption, waste + bureaucratism = 3 evils) t/f id of corrupt CCP officials or those inc leniency + bribes from industry + derived excessive benefit from role
Impact- 1mil party memb removed (many executed) e.g. Liu Qingshan (secretary of Timjin Prefatory) + Zhang Zishan were ‘exagerant bourgeois lifestyle) + create culture of fear
13
Q
What were the key features of thought reform?
A
When- Sep '51 onward Why- target intellectuals 2 create uniform thought + inc party control t/f reducing credible opposition + create culture of fear How- Asked intellectuals 2 self-criticize based upon Marxist texts (admitting had incorrect thought) @ mass meetings w smaller groups 4 intense discussion t/f struggle sessions afterward where report on progress 2 CCP cadres, peers, workers + students 2 be judged t/f if ID’d as x reformed re-edu via hard labour in countryside = USED fear of PUB DENOUNCEMENT Impact- Scared intellectual class into submission while preserving skills/knowledge e.g. Hu Shi (founder of NCM + popularised Baihua) + Liang Shuming (memb of dem league party) directly attacked by Mao
14
Q
What were the key features of the 5-anti’s?
A
When- 1952 onward
What- aka Wufan- target businessmen + capitalists by expanding of 3 antis (target tax evasion, fraud, cheating [i.e. excessively profiting from gov contracts], theft of gov property + bribery-
Why- esp following KW + success of early rebuild (re-eco) Mao inc paranoid 2ward capitalists t/f target 2 reduce influence
Impact- 320k/450k businesses investigated found guilty of 1+ 5-A’s = removed untrustworthy ‘reactionary’ class (h/w punishments usually lenient (range from fines 2 imprisonment + inc nationalisation of business pressured) = step 2ward soc. + inc state control)
15
Q
Why did land reform escalation?
A
- KW inc nationalistic sentiment + inc paranoia about counter-revs perpetuated by the Com media (e.g. campaign to ‘Resist America, Aid Korea’) –> inc rev of peasantry + harshness toward landlords
- Speaking Bitter meetings- provided the op 4 peasantry 2 stand up + publicly express anger @ previous mistreatment by id’ed landlords = inc class consciousness + t/f inc violence/extremity of peas toward landlords
16
Q
How did land reform escalation?
A
- Inc hard-line approach against L.lords = 2-5mil killed (Becker)
- Some landlords allowed to keep land cultivated by immediate fam + any rented land or fields farmed by hired labour provided X 50% of holdings
17
Q
How did women’s rights imp under CCP?
A
- May 1950- Marriage Law- gave women same legal rights as men, banned customs e.g. arranged marriages, polygamy + footbinding (LT trads in C), permitted women 2 divorce abuse husbands + chose own partners
- W right’s enshrined in const Art 48- ‘W in PRC enjoy equal rights w men in all spheres of life… state protects the rights + interests of women, applies to the principals of equal pay
- Additional laws- equal pay, maternity benefits + in some cases work based childcare
- Inc work opportunities- e.g. in street committees + responsibilities w/in party (i.e. actually have administrative role esp in lower level/local gov roles
- 1949 creation of All-China Women’s Federation- set up 2 support pursuit of women’s rights= 76mil memb, offices in every level of gov + own magazine (Women of China)- sig b/c provided platform 4 women 2 voice on own opinion
18
Q
Limitations to imp in women’s rights under CCP
A
- Difficult 2 gain state recognition 4 rights e.g. divorce
- All-China Women’s Fed- rubber stump org x develop own pol sig policies
- Domestic work still seen as responsibility of women + inc demands under cleanliness drive t/f limited op 2 contribute 2 soc
- Rural areas staunchly patriarchal t/f limited success
- Limited 2 lower roles in party/society
19
Q
How did the gov address cleanliness + pub health?
A
- Cleanliness- Danwei street committees (workplace) had imp role in social welfare- roles inc explaining gov decrees + organsising mass meetings (e.g. speak frankness) –> inspected homes/workplaces + encouraged pub 2 spend time cleaning pub spaces + home
- Pub health- mass inoculations e.g. cholera + small pox, edu campaigns re spitting in the street t/f dec TB, inc edu of imp 4 midwives 2 use sterilised birthing equipment, close brothels + retrained sex workers, opium addicts put into rehab + those selling op severely punished
Outcome-
- Inc disease prevention t/f LE inc from 36 in ’50 2 57 in ‘57
- STD rates dramatically dropped
20
Q
Origins/Why of 1st FYP
A
Why-Success of early social + pol campaigns (mass campaigns) t/f able to inc consolidation of power, inc eco strength b/c inflation managed + mil inc unity of nation
- Mutual friendship treaty w USSR + desire 2 progress 2ward socialism in Oct ’53 (PCR’s 4th anivessery) viewed Stalinist model of 5 yr plans as best approach 2 begin the ‘general line for the transition to socialism’ (Mao)
- Belief peas would revert to capitalism + belief ‘socialist technique’ would produce superior farming method t/f inc harvest t/f X need 2 fund ag development - IE BASED ON R MODEL of fund via ag
21
Q
Key policies of 1st FYP
A
- Prioritise HI- received 89% of gov capital + created construction of 700 new industrial enterprises e.g. oil refineries, coal mines + power stations (11% capital 4 manufact)
- Production quotas- Stalinist model of quotas via central admin (State Planning Commission) which heads of ind required 2 meet
- Ag reform/Staged collectivisation- approached collective farming in more gradual + persuasive manner- e.g. start @ mutual aid teams (6-10 fams) then inc 2 lower coop (10-40 fam) + then finally higher coop (100-300 fam) t/f X need to invest in ag b/c would inc production (+ advance soc b/c higher coop = only paid 4 labour X own land)
- :) w sov= 3% of investment (alt. loans) + inc role of experts = 10k sov engineers from USSR + 28k C 2 USSR 4 training
22
Q
Pos impacts of 1st FYP
A
- HI- exceeded or meet targets- inc of 10-16% p/yr in annual production + laid basis 4 future eco growth = inc coal production from 66mil met tonnes in ‘52 to 130mil in ‘57 + 4 1st time R able to produce cars, trucks etc
- High tide of soc- e.g. Mao set goal of ½ rural workforce collectivised by end of 1957 h/w outcome= 97% peasantry collectivised by end of 1956 + almost all businesses joint coop b/w state + priv by Jan ‘57 (1month post announcement) = laid foundations 4 ‘great leap’
23
Q
Neg impacts of 1st FYP
A
- Progress limited b/c lack of investment into ag t/f X inc yields = farming production inc 4% p/an, grain prod inc 2-3% p/an + cotton/soybean prod dec + inc pop (2.2% p/an) t/f X surplus 2 fund industry = Liu- ‘no collectivisation w/o modernisation’
- Inc debate around collectivisation = gradualists v Mao= dems lack of unity w/in party- e.g. by early 1955 Politburo agreed Ag Coops should be implemented carefully + gradually h/w Mao still disagree =inc autocracy + Gao Gang affair
- Inc discontent among peas b/c of forced collectivisation
24
Q
What is meant by the high tide of socialism?
A
Period in which Mao pushed 4 more socialist policies- applied in both rural + urban settings b/c adopted by rural party leaders
- E.g. in speech July 1955 speech (‘Question of Agricultural Cooperation) stated ‘socialist mass movement is imminent through out the countryside’
- E.g Mao set goal of ½ rural workforce collectivised by end of 1957 outcome= 97% peasantry collectivised by end of 1956 +
- E.g. Dec ’55 M declares goal that by end ’57 all priv enterprise would have joint state-priv ownership t/f achieved by mid-Jan ’56
25
How was Mao's position challenged during the 1st FYP?
- Mao pos challenged by gradualists (e.g. Liu Shique) + inc debate w/in party + policies x directly endorsed
- E.g. early 1955 Politburo agreed Ag Coops should be implemented carefully
- Politburo X agree w policies re collectivisation t/f appeal 2 regional ppl-
- 8th Party Congress in Sep ’56- party dec M power by removing direct ref of MZT from const + new leadership team (Liu Shaoqi + Deng Xiaoping = 1st line of leadership) M relegated 2 ‘2nd line of leadership’
26
What were the aims of the 100 Flowers Campaign?
M’s response 2 ’56 challenges- wanted 2 inc expression among intellectuals + inc free speech
-B/c 1. Saw as way to make party more responsive 2 pop sentiment (variation of mass line)
o Sought 2 shake up party bureaucracy (inc crit of dif elements)
-2. Allow pub to express pop grievances (via words x protests like in Hungary + Po)
o Sought 2 ‘vaccinate’ the masses against suppressed discontent
-3. Inc support from intellectuals 2 fix sig shortage of tech experts (sig hinderance 2 dev)
o Belief intel > peas able 2 find unique socio-eco policies + solve collectivisation debate
o E.g. Mao claimed ‘let a hundred flowers bloom, let a hundred schools of thought contend’ – emphasising Zhou’s ideas + encouraging variety of op
-4. Mao viewed self as vuln to reduced inf as result of destalinisation t/f want to change image esp following brutality of 3-A,5-A + Thought-Reform (link 2 goal 1 + 2)
27
What were the results of the 100 Flowers Campaign
- Public response- Inc pop unrest- e.g. workers striked in some cities + student riots esp b/c criticesed the fundamentals of CCP role (ie 1 party state x purely administrative crit)
- ‘Poisonous weeds’ = shift- 1month in- Ppl’s daily republished in June 1957 ‘On Criticism’ making clear denouements x tolerated = end of movement --> distinguished b/w ‘non-antag’ contridictions (e.g. beneficial + could be resolved peacefully) + ‘antagonastic’ contradictions (e.g. bourgeoisie, dangerous rev) aka ‘b/w fragrant flowers and poisoness weeds’ (aka any idea contrary to socialism, divisive, crit of dem dictatorship) – Mao = ANTI-RIGHTEST movement
Interp-‘fine rain’ of criticism grew into a heavy downpour of resentment (Ryan)
28
Outline the factors that inspired the GLF
- Success of the Little Leap (aka the High Tide of Socialism)
- End of five Year Plans- mid-57 1st 5YP ending t/f inc debate about weaknesses of 1st 1- inc op 2 intro new ideas
- Inspo from USSR- Oct 4th ’57 USSR launched Sputnik + Khruschev declared goal that in 15 yr USSR inc > US in electricity, coal, iron etc production = sig b/c inc euphoria that com > cap + sense of possibility --> reinforced Mao's ambitious pursuit 4 socialism
- Seeking Truth from Facts- 4month trip in provincial areas 2 find out pub opinion M met w adoring (staged) crowds reinforced M’s grandeur + belief was in touch w ppl +saw peasant made massive water conservation proj (e.g. dams, irrigations etc) by millions of peas in absence of machinery- sig b/c reinforced belief that collective will + Y. Spirit all need 4 success of soc
29
When was the GLF introduced
- 2nd meeting of 8th Party Congress b/w 5-23rd May ’58)- only a declaration of rev intent
- Following M inc support 4 rev virtue in eco (announced @ 1958 meetings w policy makers e.g. Supreme State Con, NPC + provincial/central CCP leaders)
30
Outline what was meant by the General line of GLF
- A rev rhetoric/ideal that believed that the peasants are able to overcome any material weakness + achieve 'better' 'more' - X invest in peasantry h/w inc labour organisation etc to meet inc ambitious goals
- Fundamental beliefs- backwardness good, social values only emerge when eco structures fully realised + b/c human consciousness more decisive then mat cond collectivisation pursuable
31
Initial response to GLF
- Embraced by the party- Inc support from Politburo- 17-30th Aug ’58- Mao called meeting @ Politburo 2 inc communes --> provincial party cadres consolidation 740k cooperatives into 26k ppl's communes by end of 1958 (av 5k households)
- Ppl genuinely enthusiatic- Ryan- 'Whatever the aims of the CCP leadership , many ordinary peopple were genuinely enthusiastic for the ppl's communes'
- Ppl embraced com components e.g. Communal kitchens allowed ppl to eat as much as want + organised along mil lines (units of 10 or 20 brigades made up dozens of smaller work teams) + inc admin > pub welfare, schooling, happiness homes + small industry =dec bureaucracy
- Ppl competitive in production of backyard steel- 'the drive to make steel became manic' (Ryan) + vast woodlands destroyed 4 fuel
32
Purpose of ppl's communes?
- Mao felt would end to the ‘Three Great Differences’ (b/w city + country, worker + peasant, manual + mental labour)
- Seen as way to end expert planners + red bureaucracy- b/c admin of pub welfare placed in realm of commune --> part of technical revolution + inc production of small industry t/f self sufficent
- Larger collective ownership of land- Inc sharing of farm techniques = inc productivity of ag t/f inc ability to fund 5YP
- Inc mobilised Peas 4 labour intensive proj (by effective org) t/f allowing inc production + imp of rural infrastructure + encouraged collective value --> self sufficency + eco to 'walk on two legs'
33
Impact of ppl's communes on peas
- Inc reliance on the state 4 food- I.e. communal kitchen provide all u can eat --> unsustainable consumption
- Red incentive to work- Work points equal despite amount of goods individually + X able to farm own area
- Backyard steel production- Peas x work in fields t/f dec ag productivity- inc risk of famine
- Inc expectation of high levels of production -high grain levy + lack of incentive 2 produce grain --> red grain in ’59 (170mil tonnes vs 300mil in ’58) = inc vuln of peas to famine b/c left w v little
34
Why was the backyard steel campaign launched
Why- X going to meet proposed targets (i.e. exceed UK w/in 15 yrs) + need to save face
Why- Belief would reduce need to invest in HI (e.g. steel mills) t/f were cheaper, easier + quicker produce
Why- Mao visit to Anhui province (governed by v Maoist fanatic) to tour backyard steel --> inc support 4 idea b/c viewed as good steel) dems M’s naivety + alleviates anxieties
35
Pos response to backyard steel production
Pos reaction- b/c made of mud brick = easy + cheap 2 engage in
-Inc competition among ppl --> inc ambition + belief in Maoism (t/f woods destroyed, search for scrap metal woks, tools etc + vast woodlands) = dems enthusiasm of pub + buy into Maoist support 4 peas > material weaknesses
-The drive to make steel became manic- Ryan
36
Problems caused by Communal kitchens
- Set dangerous precedent b/c created expectation of food- gov x always able to fulfil --> inc disgruntled pop
- peasants consumed food @ unsustainable rate + push 2 make steel was taking men away from working t/f inc risk of famine
- Inc reliance on state 4 food t/f when ended in 1958 @ Wuhan Plenum (Nov-Dec '58) --> inc vulnerability 2 famine
37
How did Lysenkoism + 4 pest campaign backfire
-Both forwent trad Chinese peas knowledge in favour 4 ineffective Maoist policies- X mass line
- Lysenkoism- close planting (believing that inc yields as seedlings x compete if same species) + deep ploughing
- Outcome- made topsoil Barron + red amount of wind b/w rice t/f X quality + many crops x grow due to not
- 4 Pest campaign- attempt to get rid of flies, mosquitoes, rats + sparrows ( b/c ate 4kg of grain p/y)
- Outcome- b/c sparrows imp in balancing eco syst (e.g. in in locust + rodents b/c larger birds die due to x having sparrows to eat)- t/f ostensibly beijing had to ask Moscow for 200k sparrows + Sparrow replaced by bedbug + red crops b/c eaten by loctus
-Both waste of resources + exacerbated the likelihood of famine
38
How did M's culture of fear impact the GLF
- Resulted in hyperbolic displays of success- authorities shown ‘show fields’ + told of good harvests = created unrealistic image of capacity + b/c statisticians purged during 100 F.C t/f official state stats replaced w ‘Good news reporting stations’ legitamising overinflated figures
- Ppl X challenge bad ideas- e.g. in Mao visit to Anhui province (governed by v Maoist fanatic) to tour backyard steel --> shown real steel
- July 1959 Central committee meeting --> M challenge Peng's criticism --> new 'anti-rightest' movement
39
What was outcome of Wuhan Plenum?
- Agreed General Line still sufficient + agreed 2 minor reform
- Production quotas reduced (making commune more accountable)- 450mil tonne to excessive t/f red to 370mil tonnes
- Inc incentive to prod- some priv markets allowed 2 reopen + fam inc time 2 tend 2 own small veg plot
- X food provided by communal kitchens
- Leadership- M stand down as C’s pres (remain CCP chairman) + Liu Shaoqi appointed head of state + pres in Ap ’59
40
What happened @ Lushan Plenum
July 1959- made to discuss outcomes of fact finding mission
- Peng letter published (16th/7/59) + due to culture of fear ‘few dared to criticise’ Mao
- B/c X mention letter in L. Plenum t/f interpreted as approval inc criticism of M
- 23rd July ’59 M began counter offensive post ‘luring enemies in deep’ by 1st addressing own short comings (‘no good @ construction’ -M) h/w condemned them 4 ‘x having backbone’ + dec r/ship b/w P +M
- Inc autocratic rule- claimed ‘I won’t attack you, but if you attack me I for sure will attack you!’ + threatened Politburo that if x follow leadership would raise another RA + over throw them
41
How did the Lushan Plenum inc M's control > party by 1960
-Outcome of Peng- 16th Aug Central Committee released doc condemning Peng as anti party element + reaffirmed Gen Line of GL + launched new anti-rightest movement 2 punish other ‘little Peng Dehuias’ in CCP/gov
- Sig- made clear Mao had utmost authority + no one challenged his views- ‘Mao turned his band of brothers into a claque, clapping hands and nodding heads like mechanical dolls.’
- Double down on ineffective policies e.g. Lysenkoism + suggestion of implementing communes in urban areas
42
Causes of 3yrs of Bad Famine
'Mao made catastrophe' - Liu est 70% man made + 30% natural (tho probs higher)
- Gov policies- 4 pests camp (killed sparrows t/f inc locus), lack of invest in ag/high exports of grain (2 fund FYP), ppls communes, distraction of backyard steel workers x working in fields, work point syst (dec incentive 2 produce)
- Culture of fear- officials cont 2 report 2 central authorities that A.OK + prevent info of famine leaking (e.g. pub security bureaus intercept mail + locked down entire villages + arrest those escaping 4 ‘vagrancy’) t/f x acknowledge or address prob until RLLY bad
- Inaccurate stats- kept grain targets high (270mil ton vs actual 170mil harvest) t/f less 4 ppl (esp b/c fanatical supporters inc grain req) – efficient bureaucracy replaced w ideological fantasists (esp post mass camp) t/f red op 2 M+M’s policies
- Mao’s insistence on maintaining Gen Line
43
Consequences of Three Bad Yrs of Famine (1959-62)
- Est b/w 30-45mil ppl died
- inc cannibalism (eat neighbours children- ‘swap child, make food,’ husbands sold wives + daughters into prostitution 4 $ or food,
- 1000s of children abandoned or orphaned,
- inc diet of sawdust, soil, grass + bark
- Mao response- mainly callous ‘even if there’s a collapse that’ll be alright .The worst thing that will happen is that the whole world will get a big laugh out of it’
- Widespread nature (despite geo variety) suggestive of systemic gov failure
44
Impact/Significance of Sino-Sov split
When- 14th July 1964 C ended dip r/ship w USSR
- Significance- Dems M’s inc in fear that something similar might/is happening in C (re-‘cap road’
- Eco impact- Loss of experts t/f half finished proj + factories C X able to do = limit of purging ‘expert class’ (‘The Russian’s have landed us in shit’-M)
- Mil impact- X able to rely on US 4 support
45
What were the pragmatic solutions adopted by the CCP to help recovery from the GLF
- Pragmatic solutions- Communes- dec in size (approx. 50%) + farming managed in units of 30 (x 100-1k) + priv plots re intro, markets 4 handicrafts + surplus 😊+ communal kitchens closes (PLA mobilised to distribute food more efficiently)
- ‘Household responsibility system’ – set up committees 2 giv land to indiv fam land = ‘save yourself production’
- Higher wages intro 4 efficient + hardworking urban fact workers inc incentive
- Inc grain imports from Aus + Canada (allowed by Zhou Enlai) 2 fix famine
- Inc bureaucracy- e.g. lower level party cadres inc power + instruction 2 supervise accuracy of prod figure reporting t/f inc able to allow eco to recover
46
Y did M's frustration w the party build by the mid- 60's
-Pragmatism > idealism = ‘White cat, black cat-either will do as long as it catches mice’- Deng Xiaoping
-Jan '62 @ 7000 Cadres Confrence- - Liu identified famine as ‘man-made’ – 30% nature + 70% manmade + desire to reign in soc policies of GLF
-Socialist Edu movement- While OG seen as way to spread M ideas @ 10th Party Congress Sep '24- belief become corrupted
oLater 10 Points (created Sep 63 by Deng Xiaoping)- Use work teams of officials appointed by central officials 2 travel 2 regions w suspected corruption, observe + guide peasants + X disrupt ag production of peas + X class struggle
oRevised Later Ten Points (Sep 1964)- Larger work teams to uncover corruption + take control if party cadres deemed incapable- ‘human wave’ of work teams oft act in dictatorial manner (dec respons of peasnt assoc) = no longer element of class consciousness + X address M's concern w the capitalist tendencies of peas
-Overall- M frustration --> shift in view that policies x wrong h/w was those in high party pos that distorting
47
What was the socialist edu movement
-When- Created @ 10th Party Congress (Sep 24-27th 62)
-Collection of policies/campaigns that aimed to reduce corruption in party (+ 4 M seen as way to reinvigorate rev virtue into movement + inc class struggle by addressing probs of caps)
-E.g. Improv admin via ‘Four Clean-Ups’ (esp in collection of communal grain, distribution of work point, accounting + pub property)
E.g. Early Ten Points (adopted Feb ’63 + formalise M’s approach = mass line t/f party cadres advise + peas conduct 2 identify, expose + judge officials (also inc class struggle)
E.g. Later 10 Points (created Sep 63 by Deng Xiaoping)- Use work teams of officials appointed by central officials 2 travel 2 regions w suspected corruption, observe + guide peasants + X disrupt ag production of peas + X class struggle
E.g. Revised Later Ten Points (Sep 1964)- Larger work teams to uncover corruption + take control if party cadres deemed incapable- ‘human wave’ of work teams oft act in dictatorial manner (dec respons of peasnt assoc)
48
How did the views toward implementation of soc edu movement differ?
-Mao + loyalists believed was way to advance rev virtue= party cadres only 2 advise peas in conduct of 'weeding out poisoners weeds'
-Liu, Chen + Deng Xiaoping- belief was a matter for party to internally address corruption- t/f Revised 10 Point Plan in
Sep 1963 + Later 10 point plan (Sep 64)- shift back to party control + reduce elements of class conflict + inc pragmatic approach to purging corruption --> purged 5mil ppl from party
49
What were the outcomes of the socialist edu movements?
- Early 10 points- Inc burden on peas + X effective
- Later 10 Points- X successful in addressing corruption --> Liu’s wife Wang Gauangmei undercover on fact finding mission in rural + provincial areas + uncovered peas complaints being stifled + cadres exploit peas/peas resources 4 selves --> Inc frustration w/in party + more rad approach
- Revised Later Ten Points- purged 5mil ppl from CCP + inc dictatorialness w/in party + backtrack on empowerment made by M’s peas associations
50
Significance of Socialist edu movement-
- Re-emphasised that despite same goal = v different methods (e.g. Liu belief corruption is internal party matter + inc reliability of party 2 transition 2 marx vs M belief in revolutionism + ☹ 4 cap attitudes)
- Inc M frustration t/f shift in view that policies x wrong h/w was those in high party pos that distorting + diluting their implementation + inc frustration was being held back
51
What were the emulation campaigns + why introduced
- What- Examples provided by Mao of how want pub to act/ how to emulate socialist values
- Why- M inc concern about corruption of values esp w/in party + want to provide e.g. of replicable rev ideals t/f attempt to make PLA rev e.g. 4 broader public
E.g. Marshal Lin Bao (run sev mil campaigns @ same time as soc edu move)- published Little Red Book (May 1964 aka ‘Quotations from Chairman Mao’) --> Provided to all PLA personale + encouraged 2 emmulate soc values of being hard working etc
52
2 E.g.s of emulation campaign
-Learn from PLA- Inc ideological indoctrination following mass dissemination of LRB (1bil by 1966)- seen as virtuous heroes + inc engagement in com-
-E.g. PLA inc involvement in soc via political bureaus in schools, factories + workplaces _ inc rope in pop pol edu + sponsoring arts etc
(Feb 1964 M pub directive in ppl’s daily (aka M’s learn from PLA) 2 inc accessibility to masses)
-Learn from Lei Feng- ostensibly a PLA truck driver who recorded devoted Maoist lift in diary (e.g. giving away $$ 4 rebuilding post disaster + supportive/dutiful soldier) --> diary becomes text book in schools + ppl encouraged to replicate behaviour 2 be good socialist
53
What were the key insights of the May 16 Circular?
- announced formation of ‘Cultural Rev Small Group’ (headed by Jiang Qing, Chen Boda + Kang Sheng (head of secret police))
- Inc demands 4 inc obedience 2 M + need to expose Bour + reactionary elements of both CCP + culture + those inc power 2 rep Mao h/w x use specifics t/f ALL targets
- Demanded setting aside of Feb Outline Report
- 'Need to thoroughly criticise + repudiate reactionary + Bour ideas' in culture + 'seize leadership in these cultural spheres'
54
What impact did the May 16 have in C ('66)
- W/in party- Inc agreement of denunciation of Peng Zhen by Deng Xiaoping, Zhou Enlai + Lin Biao + create culture of accusations mounted against fellow party memb e.g. Peng Zhen accused of planning mil coup by Lin Biao (b/c doc x clearly outline target t/f all sus)
- Nie Yuanzi published 1st dazibao on June 1st - condemning Bei uni = start of RG movement --> e.g. 65k dazibao in Beijing uni calling 4 change of CCP + edu h/w oft w violent undertones ‘we’re going to make the air thick w the pungent smell of explosives’
- Encouraged inc hyperbolic + Maoist lang
- Reduced Liu Shaoqi's inf
55
What motivated M to have cultural rev
- Culture- seen as key battle ground 2 instigate cultural reform by Mao + belief ‘superstructure’ of art, lit etc x change despite ‘established a socialist foundation in our eco’
- M’s desire to win power struggle against Lu Shaoqi spread to Luist vs Maoist factions w/in party
- Inc awareness of own mortality- Mao = 73 in ’66 t/f wanted to create an ideological legacy that would immortalise him for the next gen
- Literary + historical influences- ‘M read history more than Marx when preparing for political battle’- e.g. Monkey King from Journey to the West could perform amazing feats e.g. ‘covers thousands of miles in one leap’ = wants to replicate e.g. in GLF + explicitly reference in 1966 to Western Jounralists
-Ult saw as way to create chaos that would undermine Liu's influence + allow him 2 inc power w/in party
56
Who were the Red Gaurd
- Fanatical Maoist students + young academics
- 1st coined by- May 1966 group of middle school students used term ‘Red guard’ to describe group = spread to all student activists
- Early movement- Nie poster replicated by students w great enthusiasm- e.g. 65k dazibao in Beijing uni calling 4 change of CCP + edu h/w oft w violent undertones ‘we’re going to make the air thick w the pungent smell of explosives’
- Sought to carry out cultural rev + enforce M's ideology
57
How did Red Guard help to carry out cultural rev
- Initially- dazibao + aggressive rhetoric
- Later- public humilation of ppl deem to be reactionary elements e.g. placards dehumanising as ‘snake-spirit.’
- Extreme violence- e.g. forced ppl to kneel on hot coals or glass for hrs, beat w sticks w nails, leather belts + torture
- Condoned/x suppressed by authorities- E.g. Senior Minister Xie Fuzhi instructed police to X interfere in RG activities
58
Impact of Mao's good swim
- When/what- 16th June 1966 in Yangzi river near Wuhan =10k spectators as M ostensibly swam 15km in
- Impact- Sig b/c reinvigorated cult of personality + cemented symbolically that ‘he was in fine health + ready as ever to steer C through rev waters (Ryan) esp b/c returned 2 B 2days l8er
59
How did day to day life change during cultural rev
- certain clothes (e.g. blue jeans) deemed bourgeoise + RG would give hair cut + rip clothes from violator, chess = too Russian, pets + house plants :(
- Outward displays of M essential- e.g. 2.2bil portraits of M (esp as disembodied head radiating light), so many M badges that C aviation industry ran out of aluminium, businesses renamed selves w Maoist slogan- ‘Easy is Red’ + ‘Defend Mao Zedong’
- Rhetorical shift- All convo start w Long Live Chairman Mao + then interactions begin dif based on (8) dif classes + desciples shout 4 ‘ten thousand yrs of Chairman M’
- Inc ideological devotion 2 solve probs- loudspeakers in streets broadcast Thoughts on Mao constantly + LRB seen as ans 4 all probs (e.g. how to do sugery, train as an athlete + grow better crops) = 40bil by end of cultural rev + ppl bowed 2 M’s image 2x a day = way of ‘receiving instructions + reporting to the chairman’ due to his divine properties
History
flashcards
Decks in class (8)
# Cards
