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Fall 2013- 710 Research > Questions, Variables, Hypotheses > Flashcards

Questions, Variables, Hypotheses Flashcards

1
Q

What does a good research problem do?

A

fills the gaps and conflicts in literature

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2
Q

The research question starts out ____ and _____.

A

broad, general

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3
Q

The research question becomes more ______ thru the literature review.

A

precise

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4
Q

The research question specifies _____ and _____ to be examined

A

factors, behaviors

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5
Q

The research question specifies the type of _____ to be collected

A

data

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6
Q

The research question must pass the “So What?” test which is ____________ and the study should be ________

A

answerable, feasible

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7
Q

What is the TOPIC?

A

area of knowledge

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8
Q

What is the PROBLEM?

A

broad framework for the study

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9
Q

What is the PURPOSE (aims)?

A

examine specific research QUESTION

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10
Q

What is the QUESTION?

A

specific approach to understanding; PROBLEM

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11
Q

Who does the target population refer to?

A

the group of individuals to which results of the study are applied to.

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12
Q

What is the research rational?

A

this is a “logical” explanation that shows how an why the question was developed

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13
Q

In research rationale the ______ and ______ are the bullet points, the ______ is the narrative.

A

objectives, aims, rationale

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14
Q

What does the research rationale support?

A

it supports a THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK by explaining the constructs and mechanisms behind the question

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15
Q

What does the research rationale include?

A

References to previous research & logical assumptions that can be made from current theory.

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16
Q

Variables are the ______ of the research question.

A

building blocks

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17
Q

Variables represents a _____ or _____ that can have more than one value

A

concept, factor

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18
Q

What can the property of the variable do?

A

it can differentiate members of a group or set

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19
Q

What is an independent variable (IV)?

A

predictor or “cause” variable; causes change in the DV

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20
Q

What is the dependent variable (DV)?

A

outcome, response or effect variable; DV is a function of the IV

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21
Q

What is the categorical or moderator variable?

A

IV that cannot be manipulated; AKA attributed variable (ex., age, sex, race)

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22
Q

What are control variable(s)?

A

a factor that possible influences study results

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23
Q

What are extraneous variable(s)?

A

can affect relationship between IV & DV; usually brought out in the discussion section

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24
Q

What does an operational definition define?

A

it defines a variable according to its unique meaning within the study

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25
Q

One must differentiate the various “____” of the IVs, which can be considered the experimental interventions or descriptor levels.

A

levels

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26
Q

____ are defined by describing the method of the measurement; they are measured

A

DVs

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27
Q

What are the operational terms?

A

IVs & DVs

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28
Q

____ are operationalized according to how they are manipulated.

A

IVs

29
Q

IV has at least __ levels. Levels can also be looked up as ____, _____, or _____

A

2, values, conditions, groups

30
Q

Do DVs have levels?

A

no

31
Q

Can you have multiple DVs?

A

yes

32
Q

In a predictive study the ___ is predictive of the ___.

A

IV, DV

33
Q

A predictive study has regression modules which includes both a _____ and a _____ procedure.

A

design, statistical

34
Q

What is an example of an independent variable for a comparative study?

A

IV = type of exercise. Level 1, no exercise. Level 2, aerobic exercise.

IV= gender related toys. Level 1, male oriented toy preference. Level 2, female related toy preference.
DV= how many times they picked an object.

IV= bicep strength exercise. Level 1, barbells. Level 2, theraband. DV= dynamometer reading on how much they can pull with the biceps

IV= gait pattern. Level 1, gait deviation of ___. Level 2, no gait deviation of _____.

35
Q

Dependent variables are operationally defined by describing the __________. This includes specific details about the ______ and ________ used to obtain ________.

A

method of measurement, tools, procedures, obtain mearurements

36
Q

“low back pain” could be defined operationally as the score on a VAS. What type of variable is this?

A

DV

37
Q

The research objectives may be presented as _____, _____, and/or the ____ of the study

A

hypotheses, specific aims, purpose

38
Q

What must the research objectives specifically and concisely delineate?

A

what the study is expected to accomplish

39
Q

What are the 4 types of research objectives?

A

descriptive, measurement instruments, exploration of relationships, & comparisons to define a cause-and-effect.

  1. The intent of the study may be DESCRIPTIVE.
  2. It may be to address the lack of appropriate MESURING INSTRUMENTS to document outcomes (psychometrics properties).
  3. The EXPLORATION OF RELATIONSHIPS to determine how clinical phenomena interact.
  4. COMPARISONS in the attempt to define a CAUSE-AND EFFECT relationship using an experimental model
40
Q

When choosing the type of research objective it will frame the ________, __________, and ________ to be used

A

research design, the type of data collection, the applicable data analysis procedures

41
Q

The purpose statement is a concise to tell the reader ____.

A

why the study is being done

42
Q

May have a _________ in place of a research question and/or hypothesis

A

purpose statement

43
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

a statement by the researcher as to the “true” expectation of results.

44
Q

What does the hypothesis guide?

A

the interpretation of outcomes and conculsions

45
Q

Data analysis is based on testing a ______ hypothesis no the ______ hypothesis.

A

statistical, research

46
Q

What is the null hypothesis? How do you state it?

A

statistical hypothesis (HO). Stated as no difference or no correlation.

47
Q

What is the research hypothesis? How do you state it?

A

expected results (Hr). States differences or correlation.

48
Q

What is a nondirectional hypothesis?

A

These do not predict a direction of change. Uses a “two-tailed” test for analysis.

“providing” the null hypothesis would show no significance in either a positive or negative direction. The stated significance level is “divided” among the positive and negative ranges: a two- tailed test

49
Q

What is a directional hypothesis?

A

These do predict a direction of change. They also describe the relationship between variables. Uses a “one-tailed” test for analysis.

“proving” the null hypothesis would show no significance in the predicted direction. The stated significance level is concentrate in the predicted range: a one-tailed test.

50
Q

What is an example of a nondirectional hypothesis?

A

Cause-and-effect
“There is no difference in perceived learning between students enrolled in online classes and those enrolled in one-campus courses”
Relationship (association)
“Improvements in exercise capacity following training programs for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders are related to changes in body composition”

51
Q

What is an example of a directional hypothesis?

A

Cause-and-effect
“Patients with chronic plantar fasciitis who are managed with a structure-specific plantar fascia-stretching program for 8 weeks have a better functional outcome than do patients managed with a standard Achilles tendon-stretching protocol”
Relationship (association)
“These is a positive association between decreased length of stay and reduced functional status at follow-up for patients receiving inpatient rehabilitation”

52
Q

What are the 5 things included in a literature review?

A

scope, assumptions, primary sources, secondary sources, organization

It demonstrates your command on the topic.

53
Q

What is a literature review?

A

A thorough review of written (published) material on the proposed topic of study.

54
Q

What does a literature review demonstrate about the author?

A

It demonstrated the author’s knowledge in the field/topic being studied.

55
Q

A good literature review not only presents an overview of the relevant work on your topic, but also includes a _________________.

A

critical evaluation of the works

56
Q

When are literature reviews done? (4 times)

A

BEFORE the research question is finalized.
BEFORE the research proposal is submitted.
BEFORE the methodology is finalized.
DURING the discussion of results.

57
Q

How long is a literature review in a thesis or dissertation?

A

20-40 pages

58
Q

How long is a literature review in a manuscript?

A

3-7 pages

59
Q

How many individual citations do you need in a literature review? What are some source examples of citations?

A

7-60 individual citations. Source examples are articles, textbooks, published books, monographs, electronic media with authenticate sources, personal communications with “expert” status.

60
Q

What are the 5 ways you can do a literature review.

A

Make notes as you read literature.
Analyze the sources you have.
Divide the articles/sources into concepts, constructs, theories, principles, designs.
Watch for chronological evolutions of concepts.
Make charts, tables, etc of what you have.

61
Q

How can you analyze the sources?

A 
Key concepts. 
Other research in related fields. 
Sources to support your design. 
Sources to support your analysis methods. 
Look wider into related concepts.
62
Q

How can you divide into categories?

A

Concepts (ideas).
Constructs (working hypothesis).
Theories (a belief, policy or procedure proposed or followed as the basis of action).
Principles (a comprehensive and fundamental law, doctrine or assumption).
Design (survey, sample selection, method, instruments, analysis).

63
Q

What are 3 chronological evolutions? What is an example?

A

Watch for date of publication.
Consider date of references.
Concepts change over time as does terminology.

For example: Bobath —NDT

64
Q

Why would you make a chart?

A

Multiple concepts, theories. Group related concepts.

65
Q

What are 3 elements of writing?

A

Introduction.
Discuss each concept, construct, principle, theory, and model in current literature.
Review of related study designs and results.

66
Q

What 2 things need to be included in ones introduction?

A
  1. repeat the “purpose”

2. give the organization of your chapter (this chapter will discuss the….)

67
Q

What 3 things do you need to remember when discussing each category?

A
  1. have a logical order
  2. group references
  3. all statements need references
68
Q

True/false: critical appraisal includes analysis by others and yourself

A

true

69
Q

The 3 things to analyze when looking at design and method of a research article are:

A

design appropriateness, instruments or implementation, & data analysis

Fall 2013- 710 Research (11 decks)

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